Jump to content

Theravada New Year

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Songkran Day)
For Theravada New Year in Thailand, see Songkran (Thailand). For the variant of the festival called Sangkran in Cambodia, see Cambodian New Year.
Theravada New Year
Official nameDifferent names denote the festival across South and Southeast Asia
Regional names
  • သင်္ကြန် (Burmese)
  • មហាសង្ក្រាន្ត (Khmer)
  • ປີໃໝ່ (Lao)
  • 泼水节 (Mandarin)
  • संक्रांति (Sanskrit)
  • අලුත් අවුරුද්ද (Sinhalese)
  • มหาสงกรานต์ (Thai)
Also calledSoutheast Asian New Year Songkran
Observed byBurmese, Cambodian, Dais, Laotians, Thais, Bangladeshis (CHT), Sri Lankans, Tai Dam and certain ethnic groups of northeast India
SignificanceMarks the new year
DateGenerally 13–15 April
2024 dateGenerally 13–15 April
FrequencyAnnual
Related toMesha Sankranti
Theravāda New Year celebrations
Paying respects to elders is important in many Theravāda New Year celebrations, such as those in Songkran Thailand.
As Thingyan in Myanmar; water throwing is a cleansing ritual of many Songkran celebrations.
As Choul Chnam Thmey in Cambodia; pouring water on Buddha is important in SE Asia. Often known as blessing in Cambodia
As Aluth Avuruddu in Sri Lanka; the blossoming of the Erythrina fusca symbolizes the advent of the New Year in Sri Lanka.
As Pii Mai in Laos.
Ancestor altars are common during New Year celebrations in Cambodia and Thailand.
Songkran celebrations involve a variety of diverse traditions practiced in the many countries and regions that celebrate the traditional New Year festival

Theravāda New Year, also known as Songkran, is the water-splashing festival celebration in the traditional new year for the Theravada Buddhist calendar widely celebrated across South and Southeast Asia in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, parts of northeast India, parts of Vietnam, and Xishuangbanna, China[2][3] begins on 13 April of the year.

There are many names used to refer to the festival, such as Songkran in Thailand, Aluth Avurudda in Sri Lanka, Thingyan in Myanmar, Sangken in Northeast India, Sangrai in Bangladesh, Choul Chnam Thmey in Cambodia, Pi Mai Lao in Laos, and Pōshuǐ jié in China and parts of northern Vietnam.

Etymology

[edit]

In Thai,[4] Songkran[5] or Songkrant (outdated form)[6] is a contractive form of Sangkran (sim kranti), which itself is a loanword[7][8] from Sanskrit saṅkrānti (or, more specifically, meṣha saṅkrānti)[9] or Pali Saṅkhāra.[10] The original meaning of saṅkrānti, marked of the sun, transits the constellation of Aries, the first astrological sign in the Zodiac, as reckoned by sidereal astrology.[11] It is related to the equivalent Hindu calendar-based New Year festivals in most parts of South Asia, which are collectively referred to as Mesha Sankranti.

Oxford English Dictionary defines Songkran as "The festival of the Thai New Year, characterized by various observances involving the pouring or splashing of water (1727–present.)".[12] Term has also entered other languages, such as French: La fête du Songkran,[13] Dutch: Sonkraen,[14] Japanese: ソンクラーン,[15] Chinese: 宋干节[16] and Korean: 송끄란.[17]

Ethnic groups

[edit]

The word Songkran written in different ethnic groups, languages or cultures as the following,

Khmer language

[edit]

Songkran written as Sankranti can be found in many Khmer inscriptions,[36] namely at these locations;

  • Stone Inscription of Phimeanakas[37] (K.291) dated 910 CE found in Siem Reap Province in Cambodia.
  • Stone Inscription of Prasat Hin Pimai 2[38] (N.M.29, K.953) 1025 CE, Phimai Historical Park, Nakhon Ratchasima province, written as Sankranti.[19]: 9  (Read and translated by Prof. Cham Thongkhamsuwan.)
  • Stone Inscription of Wat Sa Kamphaeng Yai[39] (S.K.1, K.374) 1042 CE, Sisaket province, written as Vishuva Sankranti.[19]: 9  (Read and translated by Amphai Khamtho, the Fine Art Department of Thailand.)
  • Stone Inscription of Prasat Phanom Wan[40][41]: 5  (N.M.1, K.391) 1082 CE, Nakhon Ratchasima province, written as Sankranti which marked the beginning of the New Year. (Read and translated by Thongsub Subhamark.)
  • Stone Inscription of Wat Phra That Choeng Chum[42] (S.N.2, K.369) 1000-1100 CE, Sakon Nakhon province, written as Kranti, meaning of Songkran. (Read and translated by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Santi Pakdekham, Ph.D.).[43]

Songkran in Cambodia written as Maha Sankran[44] in 1904 by Étienne Aymonier and Maha sankrant[45] or Sankrant[45] in 1909 by Adhémard Leclère which marked the beginning of Cambodia New Year found in The Cambodian's Almanac and Its Calendar for 1907–1908.

Étienne Aymonier also distinguished the difference of the term Maha Sankran in Cambodia that only refers to the small official calendar which must appear for the new year, while in Siam (Thailand) which refers to the beginning of New year, Siamese called Sankranta, which pronounced as Songkran.[44]

Thailand

[edit]

Songkran in Sanskrit forms, written as Vishuva Sankranti in Khom[B] script epigraphs, which marked the beginning of the New Year in the Odisha calendar and referred to the sun on midday has equally orbited in the day and night, was found in Thailand at these locations;

The word Songkran not only can be found those Thai archaeological evidences, but also being recorded by foreigners who ever lived in Thailand. Its meaning especially marked the beginning of Songkran festival, holidays, water-splashing and Siamese new year observances different the meaning of the Sanskrit word, saṅkrānti which can be found in these contemporary archives;

  • De Beschryving van Japan (The History of Japan) recorded by Engelbert Kaempfer in 1690 after he sailed reached to Siam in reign of King Phetracha of Ayutthaya Kingdom, Engelbert Kaempfer handwrote of Siamese New year observance as Sonkraen[50] in old-17th century Dutch.
  • Grammatica Linguæ Thai version of J. Bapt. Pallegoix[51] written by Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix in 1850 while was living in Siam in reign of King Rama III. There are the word Songkran both in Thai and English.
  • Sappa Pachana Pasa Thai[52] (Thai: สัพะ พะจะนะ พาสา ไท), the Thai-Latin-German-English Quadrilingual dictionary written in 1854 reign of King Mongkut, by Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix said of the word Songkran such in four languages as spelled in English; SONGKRAN, its meaning in Latin:- "Ad alium locum pergere; angelus qui praesidere anno", in French:- "Aller dans un autre endroit; ange qui préside à l'année." and in English:- "To go to another place; angel preside over the year." as well as written in the contemporary archive, Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam[53] by Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix.
  • Bangkok Calendar written in 1861 by Dan Beach Bradley, an American Protestant missionary to Siam from 1835 of The American Missionary Association (AMA), in reign of King Mongkut.
  • A Journey Round the World in the Years 1875-1876-1877 by John Henry Gray, archdeacon of Hong Kong, in reign of King Chulalongkorn.[54]
  • The Siam Repository (1871) written by Samuel J. Smith, a Baptist missionary in Siam, at his office in Bangkok.
  • The Pearl of Asia: Reminiscences of the Court of a Supreme Monarch (1892) written by Jacob T. Child, said of Songkran Holidays observance in Thailand.[55]
  • Siam: A Handbook of Practical, Commercial, and Political Information (1912) written by Walter Armstrong Graham, an adviser to the Thai government to the state of Kelantan (1903-1909).[56]

Also found in these Thai contemporary archives;

  • Khun Chang Khun Phaen, a Thai epic poem originated around 1600 in reign of King Naresuan, written as Songkran and described Siamese tradition observance at Wat Pa Lelai Worawihan (built in 1200 CE), Suphan Buri Province, e.g. making merit, sand parade procession to temples, forming pile of sand (sand stupas) at temples, and offering food to monks.[57]
  • The Concise Royal Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom of royal forming pile of sand in reign of King Borommakot (1733-1758), written as Maha Songkran[58] with description of tradition-inherited from past generations of King of Ayutthaya of forming pile of sand (sand stupas) with royal ornaments, offering food to monks, the sand parade procession, and musical fanfares.
  • Rattana Gosa newsletter Issue of Chula Sakarat 1239 (1877 AD), reign of King Chulalongkorn, written as Songkran.[41]: 34 

History

[edit]

Variants

[edit]

Outside of Asia

[edit]

Australia

[edit]

Songkran celebrations are held in many parts of the country. One of the most notable celebrations is at the Wat Pa Buddharangsee Buddhist Temple in the Sydney suburb of Leumeah, New South Wales. The festival attracts thousands of visitors each year and involves a water fight, daily prayer, dance performances and food stalls which serve food of Thai, Bangladesh (CHT), Burmese, Cambodian, Laotian, Sri Lankan and Malaysian origin.[61][62] In 2014, the celebration was attended by more than 2000 people.[63] Similarly in the same suburb, the Mahamakut Buddhist Foundation organizes a Songkran celebration featuring chanting, blessing, a short sermon, a fund raising food fete and Southeast Asian traditional dances.[64] Large scale Thai New Year (Songkran) celebrations are held in Thai Town, Sydney in the popular tourist suburb of Haymarket, New South Wales.[65] In Melbourne, the Sinhalese (Sri Lankan) New Year festival is held annually in Dandenong, Victoria.[66] In 2011, it attracted more than 5000 people and claims to be the largest Sinhalese New Year Festival in Melbourne.[67] The Queen Victoria Market held a two-day Songkran event celebrating the Thai New Year in early April 2017.[68] Songkran celebrations celebrating the Thai, Cambodian, Lao, Burmese and Sri Lankan New Year festivals are well known and popular among the residents of the Sydney suburb of Cabramatta, New South Wales which is home to large populations of Cambodians, Laotians and Thais.[69] Temples and organisations hold celebrations across the suburb including a large Lao New Year celebration in the neighbouring suburb of Bonnyrigg organised in partnership with the Fairfield City Council.[70][71] In the Melbourne suburb of Footscray, Victoria a Lunar New Year celebration initially focusing on the Vietnamese New Year has expanded into a celebration of the Songkran celebrations of the Thais, Cambodians, Laotians and other Asian Australian communities such as Chinese who celebrate the New Year in either January/February or April.[72] Taronga Zoo in Sydney, New South Wales celebrated the Thai New Year in April 2016 with its Asian elephants and traditional Thai dancers.[73]

United States

[edit]

Songkran celebrations often occur in cities which host large Sri Lankan, Thai, Burmese, Laotian and Cambodian populations. The UW Khmer Student Association hosts a new year celebration at the University of Washington in Seattle. The White Center Cambodian New Year Street Festival is held at the Golden House Bakery & Deli in Seattle.[74] The Los Angeles Buddhist Vihara in Pasadena, California celebrates the Songkran festival with a focus on the Sri Lankan New Year. The Brahma Vihara in Azusa, California also holds celebrations with a Burmese New Year focus.[75] The International Lao New Year Festival is held annually in San Francisco and celebrates the Lao New Year with acknowledgment of other Asian communities, Thai, Cambodian, Burmese, Sri Lankan and the Dai people of southern China, who also celebrate the same festival.[76] In February 2015, the Freer and Sackler gallery in Washington D.C. held a Lunar New Year event celebrating the "Year of the Sheep" which also celebrated the Lunar New Year that occurs in mid-April for many other Asian countries. It included activities, information and food from China, Korea, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and other Asian countries that celebrated either of the two new year celebrations.[77] Similarly in 2016, The Wing in Seattle held a Lunar New Year celebration centered around the East Asian Lunar New Year however also focused on New Year customs in Laos as part of its "New Years All Year Round" exhibit.[78]

On April 2, 2024, The legislative assembly of New York State, adopted legislative bill of Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April as an important cultural event on the state as Assembly Resolution No. 1059:[79]-

Songkran is Thailand's most famous festival; this water festival marks the beginning of the traditional Thai New Year[80]

— The legislative assembly of New York State, Assembly Resolution No. 1059, The New York State Senate. (April 2, 2024).

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In the Dai zodiac, the elephant is the twelfth zodiac and thus will be considered the "Year of the Elephant".[1]
  2. ^ The term Khom denotation given by Assoc. Prof. Santi Phakdeekham as it refers to the Tai ethnicity prior 1800 CE, inhabited in lower part of Chao Phraya River which is distinct separation between Angkor and Cambodia.[46]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Chinese Zodiac". Warriortours.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  2. ^ "制造传统 关于傣族泼水节及其相关新年话语的研究". Open Times. February 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  3. ^ "Donald K. Swearer The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia" (PDF). Ahandfulofleaves.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  4. ^ V. S. Bhaskar, Government of Assam, India. (2009). "Festivals: Songkran", Faith & Philosophy of Buddhism. New Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. 312 pp. pp. 261-262. ISBN 978-817-8-35722-5. "Songkran is a Thai word which means 'move'..."
    • Taipei City Government, Taiwan (ROC). (2008). Teipei: 2008 Yearbook. [臺北市年鑑2008-英文版 (In Chinese)]. Taipei: Taipei City Government Editorial Group. 386 pp. ISBN 978-986-0-14421-5. p. 269. "(Songkran) is in April, and Thai people celebrate their new year by splashing water at each other, hence the Thai name Songkran, i.e., "Water Splashing Festival."
    • Komlosy, A. (2002). Images Of The Dai : The Aesthetics Of Gender And Identity In Xishuangbanna. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of St. Andrews]. University of St. Andrews Research Repository. 'https://hdl.handle.net/10023/7293'. p. 334. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning to move, here it refers to the Sun which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year". pp. 334–335. "The Thai term Songkran is now used by many Southeast Asia specialists to refer to the New Year festival held in many countries, including Myanmar, Laos and China."
    • Rooney, Dawn F. (2008). Ancient Sukhothai: Thailand's Cultural Heritage. Bangkok: River Books Press. 247 pp. ISBN 978-974-9-86342-8. p. 36. "'Songkran' is a Thai name that derives from a Sanskrit word meaning 'to move to', a reference to the sun's movements.
    • Anouska Komlosy. "Procession and Water Splashing: Expressions of Locality and Nationality during Dai New Year in Xishuangbanna: Songkran", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 10(2). (2004, June). London: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. JSTOR #i370994. p. 357. "The term Songkran is a Thai word meaning ' to move ' , and it refers here to the Sun, which moves into the sign of Aries at this time of the year."
    • Sagar, Vidya. (1994). "Mother India, Children Abroad", Research Journal of the Antar-Rashtriya Sahayog Parishad, Vol. 7. Delhi: Antar-Rashtriya Sahayog Parishad. Research Class No. 294.592. p. 28. "There are similarities in the festivals too like Songkran (the Thai water festival) and Holi and Loi Krathong (the Thai festival of lights) and Diwali."
    • Prakong Nimmanahaeminda, Academy of Arts, Royal Society of Thailand. "Myth and Ritual : A Study of the Songkran Festival", The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand, 29(1–2), (2004, January–March). pp. 345–350. "Songkran is a Thai word which means of movement."
    • Malaysia, Jabatan Perpaduan Negara Dan Integrasi Nasional (JPNIN). (1985). Festivals and religious occasions in Malaysia. (First series). Kuala Lumpur: The National Unity Department of Malaysia, Prime Minister's Dept. 36 pp. p. 26. "‘SONGKRAN’ is a Traditional New Year of the Thai people and this day normally fulls in the month of April. 'SONGKRAN' is a Thai word meaning change of exchange."
    • Sir. Philip John Newling Ward, Maj. Gen. (1974). "THE SONGKRAN FESTIVAL", Bangkok: Portrait of a City. Cambridge, United Kingdom: The Oleander Press. 136 pp. p. 111. ISBN 978-090-2-67544-5. "Thai word ' Songkran ' literally means a move or change".
    • James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray. (1912). "FESTIVALS AND FACTS (Siamese)", Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 886.
  5. ^ Dan Beach Bradley et al, American Missionary Association. (1861). "PRINCIPAL HOLIDAYS OBSERVED BY SIAMESE AND OTHERS", Bangkok Calendar: For the year of Our Lord 1861, Coresponding to the Siamese Civil Era 1222-3 and Nearly so to the Chinese Cycle Era 4498, ... Compiled by D.B.B. (Dan Beach Bradley). Bangkok: American Missionary Association. p. 58. "Songkran—Occurs usually a week or two after Siamese New–Year, it being of 3 days continnanee, and much observed." pp. 113, 127, 136. "SONGKRAN—Will occur about April 12th."
    • Gray, John Henry. (1879). "Chapter V.: SIAM", A Journey Round the World in the Years 1875-1876-1877. LONDON: Harrison and Sons. 612 pp. p. 137. "This privilege is exercised by the people during the festivals, which are respectively termed the Chinese new year, the Siamese new year, and Songkran."
    • United States Department of State. (1984). "Touring and Outdoor Activities", Thailand Post Report. Washington, D.C.: The U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 15. "Songkran (mid-April) is Thai New Year's Day. Young girls dressed in Thai national costumes go to the banks of river in colorful processions."
    • Ach Vidyagama (George Bradley McFarland), Phra. (1944). "สงกรานต์", Thai-English Dictionary. California: Stanford University Press. 1,058 pp. p. 802. ISBN 978-080-4-70383-3
  6. ^ H.H. Prince Bidyalabh Bridhyakon. (1969). Collected Articles By H.H. Prince Dhani Nivat Kromamun Bidayalabh Brdihyakorn, Honorary President The Siam Society: Reprinted From The Journal of The Siam Society on The Occasion of His Eighty-fourth Birthday. Bangkok: Siam Society. 194 pp. p. 25. "according to this the date of the entry of the sun into Aries (April the 13th) was popularly observed under the name of Songkrant (Sankranti)."
    • Samuel J. Smith. (1871). "Article 75 Summary of News (Weekending Feb. 23rd, 1871.): SIAMESE KRUT", The Siam Repository: A Summary of Asiatic Intelligence, Vol. 3, No. 4. by Samuel J. Smith for the Year of Our Lord 1871. Bangkok: S.J. Smith's Office. p. 225. "At the palace will be publicly announced the precise day of Songkrant, the Siamese astronomical new year day. It is said it will occur this year April 9th."
    • The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). "SONGKRANT FESTIVAL IN THAILAND", Unesco Features: A Fortnightly Press Service, 409(1963). p. 20. "Songkrant is very old and probably came to Thailand from Southern India, Songkrant (the accent is on the second syllable, the 't' is not pronounced) was a mythical character."
    • The Siam Society Under Royal Patronage. "No. IV. The "Toa Songkrant". ตัวสงกรานต์", The Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 10., 1935. p. 63. "about the time of the Songkrant, that is March and April, for Songkrant in Siam falls on the 13th April."
  7. ^ Kingkham, W. (2001). Phasa Thai thin [Thai dialects, ภาษาไทยถิ่น (in Thai)]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University. 281 pp. p. 23. ISBN 978-974-9-93471-5
  8. ^ Buapanngam, S. "Influences of Pali-Sanskrit loanwords on Thai", Ramkhamhaeng University Journal, 35(1)(January-June 2016):105–122.
  9. ^ Sir W. M. Jones, Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India). (1869). "The Adjustment of the Hindu Calendar; by Babu Pratapachandra Ghosha.", Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol. XXXVII (Part II.–Physical Sciense, No. IV.–1868). Kolkata, India: Asiatic Society of Bengal. p. 188.
    • SEWELL, R., Gustav Schram, R., and Sankara Balkrishna Dikshit. (1896). "Years and Cycles", The Indian Calendar with Tables for the Conversion of Hindu and Muhammadan into A.D. Dates, and vice versa. LONDON: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., Ltd. 169 pp. pp. 9, 25–31.
    • Swamikannu Pillai, Dewan Bahadur L. D. (Lewis Dominic). (1911). Indian Chronology (solar, Lunar and Planetary): A Practical Guide to the Interpretation and Verification of Tithis, Nakshatras, Horoscopes and other Indian Time-records. B.C. 1 TO A.D. 2000. NJ: Grant & Co., Madras. 347 pp. p. 10.
  10. ^ Yavaprapas, S., Ministry of Culture (Thailand). (2004). Songkran Festival. (2rd Ed.). Bangkok: Ministry of Culture (Thailand). 95 pp. pp. 20-22. ISBN 978-974-7-10351-9. "Songkran is "to progress". Sanskrit in origin, the word can also be taken to mean that "to set up" The original word "Sankranti" in Sanskrit or "Sankhara" in Pali."
  11. ^ "The Origins of the Songkran Festival". Archived from the original on 2016-12-08. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
  12. ^ "Songkran". (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online). Retrieved on 17 April 2024.
  13. ^ DE FELS, JACQUELINE. (1993). Promotion de la littérature en Thaïlande vers les prix littéraires (1882-1982). Paris: INALCO. p. 620.
  14. ^ Erdmann H. J. and Kaempfer E. (1977). Southeast Asia and the Germans. Tübingen, Basel: Erdmann. p. 21. ISBN 978-377-1-10287-6
  15. ^ Aoyagi, Machiko. (2003). 「『文化交流学を拓く』 (Bunka Koryugaku o Hiraku)」. Kyoto-shi: Sekai Shisousha. p. 80. ISBN 978-479-0-70982-4
  16. ^ He, Tian, Fang Ye, Zhou and Institute of Asia-Pacific and Global Strategy, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. (2016). 「『第一章、 概 览』、 泰国 (Thailand)」. Beijing: Social Sciences Literature Press Liguozhi Publishing Center. p. 51. ISBN 978-750-9-78859-2
  17. ^ Dodd S.J. and Techaikovskaya. (2015). 「세계의 가장 놀라운 축제들」 The World's Most Astonshing Festivals. (Translated by Kim Ji-eun). Paju, South Korea: Darakwon. p. 82. ISBN 978-892-7-75051-2
  18. ^ a b Roy, C. (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 488. ISBN 978-185-1-09689-3
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ministry of Culture Thailand, Department of Cultural Promotion. (2021, February). "The Meaning and Origin of Songkran Tradition", Songkran Tradition. Bangkok: The Agricultural Co-operative Federation of Thailand Ltd. 262 pp. ISBN 978-616-543-698-4
  20. ^ Irwin, Alfred Macdonald Bulteel. (1909). The Burmese & Arakanese Calendars. Rangoon: Hanthawaddy Printing Works. p. 14.
  21. ^ Satayasanguan, N., et al. (1998). Thai Life Permanent Exhibition Hall. Bangkok: The National Culture Committee, Ministry of Education Thailand. 131 pp. ISBN 978-974-7-10243-7
  22. ^ Rajesh Kumar Chopra. (2023). Evolution and Science of Indian Hindu and Other Calendars. New Delhi: Anuradha Prakashan. 111 pp. p 62. ISBN 978-939-1-87382-0
  23. ^ Vicheara Houn. (2012). "PART III: Overthrow of Prince Sihanook: NEW YEAR'S DAY, APRIL 1975", Bamboo Promise: Prison without Walls. IN, United States: Abbott Press. 636 pp. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4582-0223-9
  24. ^ FARAUT, F. G. (1910). "CALENDRIER (1re PARTIE)", Astronomie Cambodgienne. SAIGON: F.H. Schneider. pp. 61–62.
  25. ^ a b Ministry of Education Thailand, Office of the National Culture Commission. (1985). Thai Cultural Newsletter, 3(1)(1985). p 5.
  26. ^ Stuart-Fox. M., Creak, S., and Rathie, M. (2023). Historical Dictionary of Laos. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 750 pp. p. 384. ISBN 978-153-8-12028-6
  27. ^ "ᦉᧂᦃᦱᧃ", Dai Lue Dictionary. SIL International. Retrieved on 21 April 2024.
  28. ^ Schein, L. (1993). Popular Culture and the Production of Difference the Miao and China. CA: University of California, Berkeley. 902 pp. p. 266.
    • Wanlong, G., and Weightman, F.. (2012). A Handbook of Chinese Cultural Terms. Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing. 312 pp. p. 148. ISBN 978-146-6-92005-7
  29. ^ Khanittanan, W. (1977). Phasa Phu Thai (Phu Thai language) [ภาษาผู้ไท (in Thai). Bangkok: Thammasat University. 109 pp. p. 97.
  30. ^ Ong Bunjoon. "Khang sumrub Laos: Khwam mai thong tak tang ra wang sumrub chao baan khup shao wang", Silpa Wattanatham, 42(1), (November 2020):57.
  31. ^ a b Kamarupa Anusandhana Samiti. Journal of the Assam Research Society, Vol. 38, 2007. p. 76. ISSN 2349-7459. "Tai New Year’s festival or Water spraying festival commence from the day of sangken or sangkran or sankranti. The day is open on the first full moon of April."
  32. ^ Tandart, S. (1910). Dictionnaire Français-Cambodgien Vol. I. Paris: Société des Missions-Etrangèrs de Paris. 2,242 pp. p. 63.
  33. ^ Hardiman, J. P.. (1900). Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan States Part I, Vol. II. superintendent, Government printing, Burma. p. 47. "Sangkyan days as the beginning of the year."
  34. ^ Bowring, J. (2005). The King of Siam : Sir John Bowring. (Translated by Charnvit Kasetsiri and Kanthika Sriudom of Foundation for the Promotion of Social Science and Humanities). Bangkok: Toyota Thailand Foundation. 463 pp. ISBN 978-974-9-36477-2. p. 6. "...16th year of our reign is in Siamese Astronomical System called in Siam Basu Songkrant tai or in sansckrit Xadasite songkrant i.e. the sun's diameter being largest, ..."
  35. ^ Diphadung, S., Usupharatana, P., and Damsa-aad, P. (1977). Encyclopedia of ethnic groups in Thailand: Mon. [Research Report]. Bangkok: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia, Mahidol University. Mahidol University Repository: 'https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/48615'. p. 22.
  36. ^ "INVENTAIRE CIK DES INSCRIPTIONS KHMÈRES" (PDF). École française d'Extrême Orient.
  37. ^ "Corpus of Khmer Inscriptions". SEA classics Khmer. K.291. Raṅko liḥ 4 pratidina saṅkrānta. 4 liḥ of milled rice daily [and] for the New Year.
  38. ^ จารึกปราสาทหินพิมาย 2. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  39. ^ จารึกวัดสระกำแพงใหญ่. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  40. ^ จารึกปราสาทหินพนมวัน 3. The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (SAC). 13 February 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  41. ^ a b Plainoi, S. (National Artist for 2010 of Literature discipline). (2004). "ตำนาน", ตรุษสงกรานต์: ประมวลความเป็นมาของปีใหม่ไทยในสมัยต่างๆ. (2nd Ed.) Bangkok: Matichon. 159 pp.
  42. ^ จารึกวัดพระธาตุเชิงชุม. Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre, Thailand. 13 Feb 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  43. ^ The Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre (SAC). (2007). Inscriptions: Wat Phra That Choeng Chum, Epigraph Line 11. Bangkok: SAC. cited in Inscriptions in Thailand Database Project Staffs (2555 B.E.), SAC., and Khom Script, 15th-16th Buddhist century. Bangkok: The National Library of Thailand, NLT, 2529, pp. 284-286. "จำมลกฺรานฺต นุ ชา ปี ทุกฺ นา องฺคุยฺ". (Epigraph), "แด่สงกรานต์ และไว้ประจำแก่". (Translation).
  44. ^ a b Aymonier, É. (De L'école Coloniale). (1904). Le groupe d'Angkor et L'histoire Vol. III : Le Cambodge. Paris: Ernest Leroux. p. 565. "Aujourd’hui, chez les Cambodgiens, l'expression Mahâ Sankrân ne se rapporte plus qu'au petit calendrier officiel qui doit paraître pour la nouvelle année; mais chez les Siamois, rentrée du soleil dans le signe du Bélier, qui marque le commencement de l'année, est encore appelé Sankranta, terme qu’ils prononcent songkran."
  45. ^ a b Leclère, Adhémard. (1909). "L’ALMANACH CAMBODGIEN ET SON CALENDRIER POUR 1907-1908", Revue des études Ethnographiques et Sociologiques. p. 367, 370-371.
  46. ^ Phakdeekham, S. (2019). Laelang kham Khamen-Thai. Khmer-Thai Words [แลหลังคำเขมร-ไทย (in Thai)]. Bangkok: Matichon. 376 pp. pp. 70-71. ISBN 978-974-02-1687-2
  47. ^ พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงเก่าฉบับหลวงประเสริฐ [The Royal Chronicle of Krung Sri Ayutthaya, the edition of Luang Prasoet (in English)]. (20th Ed.). Bangkok: The Fine Arts Department of Thailand, 1986. 78 pp. ISBN 978-974-9-94331-1
  48. ^ Royal Society of Thailand. (2007). The Journal of The Royal Society of Thailand, 32(1–2), (2007, January–June). p 414.
  49. ^ Prince Thammathibet. (1919). Nirat Chaofa Thammathibet (กาพย์ห่อโคลงนิราศเจ้าฟ้าธรรมธิเบศร์), A poetic work composed in the form of Kap Ho Khlong. An explanation thereon, given by Prince Damrongrachanuphap. Bangkok: Sophon Phiphat Thanakon Printing House. LCCN n906-32866 – Thammathibēt, Prince, son of Bō̜rommakōt, King of Siam, 1715-1755.
  50. ^ Engelbert Kaempfer, John Gaspar Scheuchzer and Sir Hans Sloane. (1727). De Beschryving van Japan. Door ENGELBERT KÆMPFER, M.D. Geneesheer van bet Hollandſche... (Translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). Netherlands: Gosse en J. Neaulme. 550 pp. p. 29. "Behalven deze hebben zy fommige jaarlykſche plechtige Feeſtdagen, by voorbeeld een in ’t begin van 't jaar, genaamt Sonkraen, een ander Kitimbac genoemt, ook wel Ktimbac, ..."
    • "Songkran" (noun) in Oxford English Dictionary (Online). Retrieved on 17 April 2024. cited in Engelbert Kaempfer. (1727). The history of Japan: giving an account of the ancient and present state and government of that empire (translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). "They [sc. the Siamites] have besides several yearly solemn festivals, as for instance, at the beginning of the year, call'd Sonkraen [Ger. Sonkraan]."
    • The Fine Art Department of Thailand. (2002). Thai nai chodhmaihet kaempfer [ไทยในจดหมายเหตุแกมป์เฟอร์ (in Thai)]. (5th Ed.) Bangkok: Arthit Communication. 99 pp. ISBN 974-419-467-7. p. 97. "นอกจากนี้ ยังมีพิธีประจำปีอีกหลายอย่าง เช่น พิธีซึ่งทำเมื่อขึ้นปีใหม่เรียกว่าสงกรานต์ (Sonkraen)"
  51. ^ Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1850). "Utendum est ส in sequentibus", Grammatica Linguæ Thai, AUCTORE D. J. BAPT. PALLEGOIX EPISCOPO MALLENSI VICARIO APOSTOLICO SIAMENSI. Ex typographià collegii Assumptionis B. M. V. in civitate rcgià Krüng Thèph mahá nàkhon sí Ajùthâja, vulgó. BANGKOK: Anno Domini. p. 7 "สีห ปราช สงกรานต, Sí prãt sôngkran"
  52. ^ Jean Baptiste Pallegoix (Bp. of Mallos). (1854). "ส—S", สัพะ พะจะนะ พาสา ไท DICTIONARIUM LINGUÆ THAĭ. SIVE SIAMENSIS, INTERPRETATIONE LATINA, GALLICA ET ANGLICA illustratum MDCCCLIV. PARISIIS: Jussu Umperatoris Impressum. p. 751 "สงกรานต์. SONGKRAN. Ad alium locum pergere; angelus qui praesidere anno. Aller dans un autre endroit; ange qui préside à l'année, To go to another place; angel preside over the year."
  53. ^ Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix. (1854). Description du Royaume Thai ou Siam. Lagny, France: Vialat et Cie. p. 249. "Ils ont en outre, durant le cours de l’année, plusieurs jours de fêtes civiles ou religieuses, qu’ils célèbrent avec grande pompe : 1°Songkran; c’est leur nouvel an, qui tombe ordinairement dans leur cinquième mois; on le célèbre pendant trois jours; ce n’est qu’à cette époque que le peuple apprend des astro-logues, si l’ange de l’année monte un tigre, un bœuf,-un ours, un cheval; une chèvre, un dragon ou quelque autre animal."
  54. ^ Gray, John Henry. (1879). "Chapter V.: SIAM", A Journey Round the World in the Years 1875-1876-1877. LONDON: Harrison and Sons. 612 pp. p. 137. "This privilege is exercised by the people during the festivals, which are respectively termed the Chinese new year, the Siamese new year, and Songkran."
  55. ^ Jacob T. Child, Col. (1892). "SONGKRAN HOLIDAYS", The Pearl of Asia: Reminiscences of the Court of a Supreme Monarch; Or, Five Years in Siam. CHICAGO: Donohue, Henneberry & Co. 339 pp. pp. 263.
  56. ^ Graham, A.W., M.R.A.S. (1912) "Brahmanic Observances", Siam: A Handbook of Practical, Commercial, and Political Information with 99 Illustrations and a Map. LONDON: Alexander Moring, Ltd., The De La More Press. 637 pp. p. 522. "The Sôngkran festival marks the beginning of the new year"
  57. ^ Chris Baker and Pasuk Phongpaichit. (2015). The Tale of Khun Chang Khun Phaen Abridged Version. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 380 pp. ISBN 978-163-1-02960-8 "Songkran, the new year, all of Suphan came to Wat Pa Leli to make merit by building sand stupas around the grounds."
    • Smith, R. (2017). "The Tale of Khun Chang Khun Phaen", The Kings of Ayutthaya: A Creative Retelling of Siamese History. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 368 pp. ISBN 978-194-3-93278-8
  58. ^ "เริ่มก่อพระทรายครั้งรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมโกศตอนปลายกรุงศรีอยุธยาตามที่บันทึกไว้เมื่อปีเถาะ พ.ศ. ๒๓๒๖ ปีที่ ๒ ในรัชกาลที่ ๑ กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์". The Concise Royal Chronicle Vol. 43: Chapter 69–70: Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom Part I, Nakhon Champassak province, and Khun Borom : ประชุมพงศาวดาร เล่มที่ ๔๓ (ประชุมพงศาวดารภาคที่ ๖๙-๗๐) เรื่องเกี่ยวกับกรุงเก่าตอนที่ ๑ เรื่องเมืองนครจำปาศักดิ์ และเรื่องขุนบรมราชา (in Thai). Bangkok: Kurusapha. pp. 3-6.
    • Office of Literature and History. (1999). The Concise of The Royal Chronicle of Thailand Celebrating Golden Jubilee Vol. 5 : ประชุมพงศาวดารฉบับกาญจนาภิเษก เล่มที่ ๕ (in Thai). Bangkok: Kurusapha. pp. 138-142.
    • The Concise Royal Chronicle Vol. 69: Chronicle of Ayutthaya Kingdom Part I. Being contributed in Royal cremation of Phraya Phiriyawichai (Phiap Suwannin) on 22 Jun 1938 at Wat Makut Kasattriyaram Ratchaworawihan. Bangkok: Phra Chan. 118 pp. pp. 2-5.
  59. ^ Planet, Lonely (21 March 2011). "The Dai water-splashing festival: where China meets Southeast Asia". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  60. ^ "Sawatdee Pee Mai (Happy New Year) to all our devoted wet readers - Pattaya Daily News". Archived from the original on 2016-08-09. Retrieved 2016-06-05.
  61. ^ "Songkran - Sth East Asian New Year Fete - Travel Blog". Travelblog.org. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  62. ^ "Celebrate: Songkran". Sbs.com.au. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  63. ^ Partridge, Amanda (28 April 2014). "Buddhists celebrate New Year". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  64. ^ "Mahamakut Ragawithayalai Foundation - Wat Pa Buddharangsee Buddhist Forest Monastery". Mahamakut.org.au. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  65. ^ "Sydney Haymarket & China Brochure" (PDF). Haymarketchamber.org.au. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  66. ^ "Home". Greater Dandenong Council. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  67. ^ "Sinhalese New Year". Dandenong.starcommunity.com.au. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  68. ^ "Thai Songkran New Year Festival - City of Melbourne". 26 March 2017. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  69. ^ Thang Ngo (14 April 2013). "Lao, Khmer, Thai New Year 2013 in Sydney". Noodlies.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  70. ^ "Lao New Year Festival 2015 - AMUST". Amust.com.au. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  71. ^ "New Leaf" (PDF). Newleafcommunitites.com.au. 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  72. ^ "East Meets West Lunar New Year Festival - Maribyrnong City Council". 7 January 2017. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  73. ^ "Sydney's Taronga Zoo mark Thai new year". Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  74. ^ Saeteurn, Kae (12 April 2016). "April Marks The New Year For Southeast Asians". Ethnicseattle.com. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  75. ^ "Wisdom Quarterly: American Buddhist Journal: Happy Southeast Asian Buddhist New Year!". Wisdomquarterly.blogspot.com. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  76. ^ "International Lao New Year Festival - About ILNYF". Archived from the original on 2017-01-02. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  77. ^ "Celebrate the Lunar New Year at Freer-Sackler". Bento.si.edu. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  78. ^ "Family Programs > Wing Luke Museum". 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  79. ^ New York officially recognises Songkran as an important cultural event. ThaiPBS Worlds. (April 19, 2024). Retrieved on 19 April 2024.
  80. ^ "Commemorating the Asian American community's celebration of Songkran on April". Assembly Resolution No. 1059. (2023-K1059). The New York State Senate. Retrieved on 19 April 2024.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theravada_New_Year&oldid=1255794656"