Government of Somaliland
| Xukuumada Somaaliland | |
 Government logo | |
| Formation | 18 May 1991 |
|---|---|
| Founding document | Somaliland Constitution |
| Jurisdiction | Republic of Somaliland |
| Website | www |
| Legislative branch | |
| Legislature | Parliament |
| Meeting place | Parliament Building |
| Executive branch | |
| Leader | President |
| Headquarters | Presidential Palace |
| Main organ | Cabinet |
| Judicial branch | |
| Court | Supreme Court |
| Seat | Hargeisa |
 |
|---|
 Somaliland portal |
The Government of the Republic of Somaliland (JSL) (Somali: Dowladda Soomaaliland or Xukuumada Soomaaliland, Arabic: حكومة صوماليلاند, romanized: Hukumat Sumaliland) is the central government of Somaliland. The Government of Somaliland consists of legislative, executive, and judicial branches, each of which functions independently from the others. The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Somaliland, adopted in 2001. It is a unitary state.[1][2] The seat of the government is located in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland.
Although Somaliland has its own currency, armed forces, police, passport, visa and history of its independence as State of Somaliland from the British, no country recognizes it.[3][4]
Establishment
[edit]
The first government was formed in 1960, and it was a government that signed with United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland the formal independence of Somaliland from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on May 26, 1960, headed by Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, the first Prime Minister of Somaliland and the second president of Somaliland. However second the government was established after the civil wars in Somalia escalated. The Grand Conference of the Northern People was held in Burao and was composed of the leaders of the Somali National Movement and representatives of all clans inhabiting north-western Somalia and decided that for the secession of Somalia to restore the sovereign state in Somaliland on 18 May 1991.[6][7][8]
Executive branch
[edit]| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Muse Bihi Abdi | Kulmyie | 13 December 2017 |
| Vice-President | Abdirahman Saylici | Kulmyie | 27 July 2010 |
The executive branch comprises the President as head of state and government, the Vice-President and the Council of Ministers. The president, together with the vice-president, is elected by the people no more than twice for a term of office of five years. He appoints and dismisses the ministers, whereby these decisions must also be approved by parliament.[citation needed]
Although the ministers should primarily be selected on the basis of their qualifications, the previous presidents have each appointed ministers based on their clan membership in order to secure the support of the corresponding clans. The number of ministers has risen from 19 in 1993 to over 23.[9]
The Cabinet
[edit]As of 1 December 2019[ref], the cabinet consists of:[10]
Legislative branch
[edit]
The parliament (Somali: Baarlamaanka) consists of two chambers, House of Elders (Somali: Golaha Guurtida or Guurti) and the House of Representatives (Somali: Golaha Wakiilada), both of which have 82 members.
The members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a five-year term, as was the case for the first time in the 2005 elections and the last was 2021. The seats are distributed by administrative region as shown in the table below:
| Electoral region | Seats |
|---|---|
| 01 Awdal | 13 |
| 02 Sahil | 10 |
| 03 Marodi Jeh | 20 |
| 04 Togdheer | 15 |
| 05 Sanaag | 12 |
| 06 Sool | 12 |
In the institution of the house of elders, the traditional councils of elders of the clans are integrated into a modern state system. This council primarily has an advisory function and special responsibility for laws relating to security, religion and culture.[11] Its members are determined by the clans and have a six-year term of office.[citation needed] The question of whether they should also be determined by popular elections in the future is the subject of political debate.[citation needed]
To run for a seat in the House of Representatives, a citizen must be Muslim, at least 35 years old, have at least attended secondary school, have no criminal record within the last five years, and be able to perform the duties of the office. State employees can only start if they withdraw from their employment with the state. The same requirements apply to the House of Elders, with the exception that the minimum age is 45 years and a good knowledge of religion and traditions is required.[citation needed]
Judicial branch
[edit]The judicial system includes the district and regional courts as the courts of first instance, the appellate courts in each region and, as the highest instance, the Supreme Court and Constitutional Court in Hargeisa. In August 2006, Somaliland had a total of 33 courts with 87 judges. .[12]
The sources of law are Somali customary law (heer or Xeer), Islamic law (Shari’a) and modern (British) law. In many cases, these contradict each other considerably. The corporal punishment for certain crimes provided for in the Shari'a is not applied, since such cases are dealt with under customary law with compensation payments[13] and the constitution forbids corporal punishment.[14]
Regional and local administration
[edit]The Regions and Districts Act of 2002 formalized the administrative structure with six regions and 23 districts in which local elections for the district councils would take place. The districts were classified according to area, population and density, economy and production in grades from A to D, with A being the highest and D being the lowest. A districts have district councils with 21 members, B districts 17, C districts 13 and D districts nine, the capital Hargeysa has a parish council with 25 members. The district councils are directly elected by the district electorate - for the first time in the local elections in 2002 - and in turn determine the mayor. The 23 districts with elected district councils have police and judicial structures in place, and tax revenue is passed on to central government, which in turn provides the districts with funds to pay civil servants, including teachers and health workers. Most districts are largely financially dependent on the central government for lack of their own resources.
The regions are governed by regional councils made up of the elected mayors. These are headed by governors who are appointed by the central government.[15]
Somaliland is officially divided into Six regions (plural gobollada; singular gobol), which in turn are subdivided into districts. The regions are as follows:
Suffrage
[edit]All citizens over the age of 16 have the right to vote, with the exception of prison inmates. For local and parliamentary elections, proportional representation applies; the election of both the president and vice-president is based on majority voting.[16][17]
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]- Government of Somaliland, www.govsomaliland.org
References
[edit]- ^ "Somaliland Government". The Somaliland Government. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ "Why is the World Ignoring Somaliland?". Harvard Politics. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
- ^ "When is a nation not a nation? Somaliland's dream of independence". the Guardian. July 20, 2018.
- ^ "British Somaliland | historical region, Somalia". Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ http://foto.archivalware.co.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1960-TS0044.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Somaliland: The Horn of Africa's Breakaway State". Council on Foreign Relations.
- ^ Bradbury, Mark; Adan Yusuf Abokor; Haroon Ahmed Yusuf (2003). "Somaliland: Choosing Politics over Violence". Review of African Political Economy. 30 (97): 455–478. doi:10.1080/03056244.2003.9659778. hdl:10.1080/03056244.2003.9659778. JSTOR 4006988. S2CID 153611035 – via JSTOR.
- ^ https://media.africaportal.org/documents/P200.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ Bradbury 2008 (S. 222)
- ^ "Somaliland Cabinet – Somaliland Official Government Website". somalilandgov.com. Retrieved 2017-08-09.
- ^ "Q&A: Somaliland votes". September 28, 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ "Somaliland Judicial System". www.somalilandlaw.com.
- ^ Lewis 2008 (S. 87)
- ^ Constitution of Somaliland, Art. 24
- ^ "Local Government Law".
- ^ "Somaliland Presidential & Local Elections Law". www.somalilandlaw.com.
- ^ "Representatives' Election Law". www.somalilandlaw.com.
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