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Soldering copper pipes using a propane torch and a lead-free solder

Solder is a metallic material that is used to connect metal workpieces. The choice of specific solder alloys depends on their melting point, chemical reactivity, mechanical properties, toxicity, and other properties. Hence a wide range of solder alloys exist, and only major ones are listed below. Since early 2000s the use of lead in solder alloys is discouraged by several governmental guidelines in the European Union, Japan and other countries,[1] such as Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive.

Solder alloys

[edit]
Composition Melting point (°C) Non-toxic Eutectic Comments
Solidus Liquidus
Bi100 271 Yes Pure Used as a non-superconducting solder in low-temperature physics. Does not wet metals well, forms a mechanically weak joint.[2]
In66.7Bi33.3 72.7
In61.7Bi30.8Cd7.5 62[3] Cd Yes
Bi56Sn30In14 79 91 Yes ChipQuik desoldering alloy, lead-free[4]
In51.0Bi32.5Sn16.5 60.5 Yes Yes Field's metal
Bi50.0Pb25.0Sn12.5Cd12.5 71 Cd, Pb Near Wood's metal, mostly used for casting.
Bi50Pb26.7Sn13.3Cd10 70 Cd, Pb Yes Cerrobend. Used in low-temperature physics as a solder.[2]
Bi49.5Pb27.3Sn13.1Cd10.1 70.9 Cd, Pb Near Lipowitz Metal
Bi50.5Pb27.8Sn12.4Cd9.3 70 73[5] Cd, Pb No
Bi44.7Pb22.6In19.1Cd5.3Sn8.3 47 Cd, Pb Yes Cerrolow 117. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics.[2]
Bi49Pb18Sn12In21 58 Pb Yes Cerrolow 136. Slightly expands on cooling, later shows slight shrinkage in couple hours afterwards. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics.[2] Also the ChipQuik desoldering alloy.[6]
Bi49Pb18Sn15In18 58 69[7] Pb No
Bi48Pb25.4Sn12.8Cd9.6In4 61 65[8] Cd, Pb No
Bi47.5Pb25.4Sn12.6Cd9.5In5 57 65[9] Cd, Pb No
Bi58Pb42 124 126[10] Pb
Bi58Sn42 138[11][12] Yes Yes Bi58. Reasonable shear strength and fatigue properties. Combination with lead-tin solder may dramatically lower melting point and lead to joint failure.[13] Low-temperature eutectic solder with high strength.[12] Particularly strong, very brittle.[11] Used extensively in through-hole technology assemblies in IBM mainframe computers where low soldering temperature was required. Can be used as a coating of copper particles to facilitate their bonding under pressure/heat and creating a conductive metallurgical joint.[14] Sensitive to shear rate. Good for electronics. Used in thermoelectric applications. Good thermal fatigue performance.[15] Established history of use. Expands slightly on casting, then undergoes very low further shrinkage or expansion, unlike many other low-temperature alloys which continue changing dimensions for some hours after solidification.[2] https://himikatus.ru/art/phase-diagr1/Bi-Sn.php confirms eutectic at 139 C
Bi52Pb32Sn16 96 Pb yes? Bi52. Good fatigue resistance combined with low melting point. Reasonable shear strength and fatigue properties. Combination with lead-tin solder may dramatically lower melting point and lead to joint failure.[13]
Bi50.0Pb31.2Sn18.8 97 Pb No Newton's metal
Bi50Pb28Sn22 109 Pb No Rose's metal. It was used to secure cast iron railings and balusters in pockets in stone bases and steps. Does not contract on cooling.
Bi46Sn34Pb20 100 105[16] Pb No Bi46
Sn48Bi32Pb20 140 160[17] Pb No For low-temperature soldering of heat-sensitive parts, and for soldering in the vicinity of already soldered joints without their remelting.
Sn43Pb43Bi14 144 163[11] Pb No Bi14. Good fatigue resistance combined with low melting point. Contains phases of tin and lead-bismuth.[13] Useful for step soldering.
Sn46Pb46Bi8 120 167[16] Pb No Bi8
Sn89Zn8Bi3 191 198 Yes Prone to corrosion and oxidation due to its zinc content. On copper surfaces forms a brittle Cu-Zn intermetallic layer, reducing the fatigue resistance of the joint; nickel plating of copper inhibits this.[14]
Sn86.5Zn5.5In4.5Bi3.5 174 186[18] Yes No Lead-free. Corrosion concerns and high drossing due to zinc content.
Bi57Sn42Ag1 137
139		 139
140[19]		 Yes Addition of silver improves mechanical strength. Established history of use. Good thermal fatigue performance. Patented by Motorola.
Sn91.8Bi4.8Ag3.4 211 213[20] Yes No Do not use on lead-containing metallizations.[21]
Sn88In8.0Ag3.5Bi0.5 197 208 Yes Patented by Matsushita/Panasonic. [citation needed]
Sn99.3Cu0.7Ni?Bi? 227[22] No K100LD, a lead-free silver-free nickel-stabilized alloy, with low dissolving (LD) of copper. Proprietary to Kester. Similar to Sn99Cu1. The nickel content lowers copper erosion and promotes shiny solder fillet. Bismuth acts in synergy with nickel to further reduce copper dissolution and reduces surface tension. Performance similar to SAC alloys at lower cost. K100LDa has 0.2% copper, used to refill wave soldering pots to counteract copper buildup. Lower than optimal nickel content to avoid patents?[23]
In74Cd26 123[24] Cd Yes
Pb92Cd8 310? Cd, Pb ? For soldering aluminium.[25][26]
Cd70Sn30 140 160[16] Cd No Cd70, thermal-free solder. Produces low thermal EMF joints in copper, does not form parasitic thermocouples. Used in low-temperature physics.[2]
Sn40Pb42Cd18 145 Cd, Pb Low melting temperature allows repairing pewter and zinc objects, including die-cast toys.
Sn50Pb32Cd18 145[16] Cd, Pb Cd18
Cd82.5Zn17.5 265[27] Cd Yes Medium temperature alloy that provide strong, corrosion-resistant joints on most metals.[27] Also for soldering aluminium and die-cast zinc alloys.[28] Used in cryogenic physics for attaching electrical potential leads to specimens of metals, as this alloy does not become superconductive at liquid helium temperatures.[2]
Cd70Zn30 265 300[27] Cd No Medium temperature alloy that provide strong, corrosion-resistant joints on most metals. Works especially well on aluminium-to-aluminium and aluminium-to-copper joints, with excellent corrosion resistance and superior strength in high vibration and high stress applications in electronics, lighting and electrical products.[27]
Cd60Zn40 265 316[27] Cd No Medium temperature alloy that provide strong, corrosion-resistant joints on most metals. Works especially well on aluminium-to-aluminium and aluminium-to-copper joints, with excellent corrosion resistance and superior strength in high vibration and high stress applications in electronics, lighting and electrical products.[27]
Zn60Cd40 265 335 Cd For soldering aluminium. Very good wetting.[29]
Zn90Cd10 265 399 Cd For soldering aluminium. Good wetting.[29]
Sn40Zn27Cd33 176 260[30] Cd No KappRad[30] Developed specifically to join and repair aluminium and aluminium/copper radiators and heat exchangers. A lower melting point makes delicate repair work easier.[30]
Cd95Ag5 338 393[31] Cd No KappTec General purpose solder that will join all solderable metals except aluminium. High temperature, high strength solder. It is used in applications where alloys melting higher than soft solders are required, but the cost and strength of silver-brazing alloys is not necessary.[31]
Cd78Zn17Ag5 249 316[32] Cd No KappTecZ High temperature, high strength solder that may be used on most metals, but works extremely well on aluminium, copper and stainless steel. It has a high tolerance to vibration and stress, and good elongation for use on dissimilar metals. Above its liquidus of 600 °F, this solder is extremely fluid and will penetrate the closest joints.[32]
Sn51.2Pb30.6Cd18.2 145[33] Cd, Pb Yes General-purpose. Maintains creep strength well. Unsuitable for gold.
In70Sn15Pb9.6Cd5.4 125[34] Cd, Pb
In100 157 Yes Pure In99. Used for die attachment of some chips. More suitable for soldering gold, dissolution rate of gold is 17 times slower than in tin-based solders and up to 20% of gold can be tolerated without significant embrittlement. Good performance at cryogenic temperatures.[35] Wets many surfaces incl. quartz, glass, and many ceramics. Deforms indefinitely under load. Does not become brittle even at low temperatures. Used as a solder in low-temperature physics, will bond to aluminium. Can be used for soldering to thin metal films or glass with an ultrasonic soldering iron.[2]
In75Pb25 156 165[12] Pb No Less gold dissolution and more ductile than lead-tin alloys. Used for die attachment, general circuit assembly and packaging closures.[12]
In70Pb30 160
165		 174[11]
175[16][36]		 Pb No In70. Suitable for gold, low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties.
In60Pb40 174
173		 185[11]
181[16]		 Pb No In60. Low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties.
In50Pb50 180
178		 209[12]
210[16]		 Pb No In50. Only one phase. Resoldering with lead-tin solder forms indium-tin and indium-lead phases and leads to formation of cracks between the phases, joint weakening and failure.[13] On gold surfaces gold-indium intermetallics tend to be formed, and the joint then fails in the gold-depleted zone and the gold-rich intermetallic.[37] Less gold dissolution and more ductile than lead-tin alloys.[12] Good thermal fatigue properties.
Pb60In40 195 225[16] Pb No In40. Low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties.
Pb70In30 245 260[16] Pb No In30
Pb75In25 250
240		 264[12]
260[38]		 Pb No In25. Low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties. Used for die attachment of e.g. GaAs dies.[37] Used also for general circuit assembly and packaging closures. Less dissolution of gold and more ductile than tin-lead alloy.[12]
Pb81In19 270
260		 280[16]
275[39]		 Pb No In19. Low gold-leaching. Good thermal fatigue properties.
In60Sn40 113 122[11] Yes No
In52Sn48 118 Yes Yes In52. Suitable for the cases where low-temperature soldering is needed. Can be used for glass sealing.[14] Sharp melting point. Good wettability of glass, quartz, and many ceramics. Good low-temperature malleability, can compensate for different thermal expansion coefficients of joined materials.
In50Sn50 118 125[40] Yes No Cerroseal 35. Fairly well wets glass, quartz and many ceramics. Malleable, can compensate some thermal expansion differences. Low vapor pressure. Used in low temperature physics as a glass-wetting solder.[2]
Sn52In48 118 131[11] Yes No very low tensile strength
Sn58In42 118 145[41] Yes No
Sn37.5Pb37.5In26 134 181[16] Pb No In26
Sn37.5Pb37.5In25 134 181[12] Pb No Good wettability. Not recommended for gold.[12]
Sn54Pb26In20 130
140		 154[16]
152[42]		 Pb No In20
Sn70Pb18In12 162[11] Pb Yes General purpose. Good physical properties.
154 167[43]
In80Pb15Ag5 142
149		 149[16]
154[44]		 Pb No In80. Compatible with gold, minimum gold-leaching. Resistant to thermal fatigue. Can be used in step soldering.
Pb92.5In5Ag2.5 300 310[11] Pb No UNS L51510. Minimal leaching of gold, good thermal fatigue properties. Reducing atmosphere frequently used..
Pb90In5Ag5 290 310[11] Pb No
Pb92.5In5Au2.5 300 310[16] Pb No In5
Sn83.6Zn7.6In8.8 181 187[45] Yes No High dross due to zinc.[46]
Sn77.2In20Ag2.8 175 187[47] Yes No Similar mechanical properties with Sn63Pb37, Sn62Pb36Ag2 and Sn60Pb40, suitable lead-free replacement. Contains eutectic Sn-In phase with melting point at 118 °C, avoid use above 100 °C.
Sn86.9In10Ag3.1 204 205[48] Yes Potential use in flip-chip assembly, no issues with tin-indium eutectic phase.
In97Ag3 143[49] Yes Yes Wettability and low-temperature malleability of indium, strength improved by addition of silver. Particularly good for cryogenic applications. Used for packaging of photonic devices.
In90Ag10 143 237[50] Yes No Nearly as wettable and low-temperature malleable as indium. Large plastic range. Can solder silver, fired glass and ceramics.
Au82In18 451 485[16] Yes No Au82. High-temperature, extremely hard, very stiff.
Pb90Sn10 268
275		 302[11]
302[16]		 Pb No Sn10, UNS L54520, ASTM10B. Balls for CBGA components, replaced by Sn95.5Ag3.9Cu0.6.[51] Low cost and good bonding properties. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[12] Used for fabrication of car radiators and fuel tanks, for coating and bonding of metals for moderate service temperatures. Body solder.[52] Has low thermal EMF, can be used as an alternative to Cd70 where parasitic thermocouple voltage has to be avoided.[53]
Pb88Sn12 254 296[52] Pb No Used for fabrication of car radiators and fuel tanks, for coating and bonding of metals for moderate service temperatures. Body solder.
Pb85Sn15 227 288[52] Pb No Used for coating tubes and sheets and fabrication of car radiators. Body solder.
Pb80Sn20 183 280[16] Pb No Sn20, UNS L54711. Used for coating radiator tubes for joining fins.[52]
Pb75Sn25 183 266[11] Pb No Crude solder for construction plumbing works, flame-melted. Used for soldering car engine radiators. Used for machine, dip and hand soldering of plumbing fixtures and fittings. Superior body solder.[52]
Pb70Sn30 185
183		 255
257[16]		 Pb No Sn30, UNS L54280, crude solder for construction plumbing works, flame-melted, good for machine and torch soldering.[54] Used for soldering car engine radiators. Used for machine, dip and hand soldering of plumbing fixtures and fittings. Superior body solder.[52]
Pb68Sn32 253 Pb No "Plumber solder", for construction plumbing works[28]
Pb67Sn33 187 230 Pb No PM 33, crude solder for construction plumbing works, flame-melted, temperature depends on additives
Pb65Sn35 183 250[16] Pb No Sn35. Used as a cheaper alternative of Pb60Sn40 for wiping and sweating joints.[52]
Pb60Sn40 183 238[11]
247[16]		 Pb No Sn40, UNS L54915. For soldering of brass and car radiators.[54] For bulk soldering, and where wider melting point range is desired. For joining cables. For wiping and joining lead pipes. For repairs of radiators and electrical systems.[52]
Pb55Sn45 183 227[52] Pb No For soldering radiator cores, roof seams, and for decorative joints.
Sn50Pb50 183 216[11]
212[16]		 Pb No Sn50, UNS L55030. "Ordinary solder", for soldering of brass, electricity meters, gas meters, formerly also tin cans. General purpose, for standard tinning and sheetmetal work. Becomes brittle below ?150 °C.[55][28] Low cost and good bonding properties. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[12] For wiping and assembling plumbing joints for non-potable water.[52]
Sn60Pb40 183 190[11]
188[16]		 Pb Near Sn60, ASTM60A, ASTM60B. Common in electronics, most popular leaded alloy for dipping. Low cost and good bonding properties. Used in both SMT and through-hole electronics. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[12] Slightly cheaper than Sn63Pb37, often used instead for cost reasons as the melting point difference is insignificant in practice. On slow cooling gives slightly duller joints than Sn63Pb37.[56]
Sn62Pb38 183 Pb Near "Tinman's solder", used for tinplate fabrication work.[28]
Sn63Pb37 183[57] Pb Yes Sn63, ASTM63A, ASTM63B. Common in electronics; exceptional tinning and wetting properties, also good for stainless steel. One of the most common solders. Low cost and good bonding properties. Used in both SMT and through-hole electronics. Rapidly dissolves gold and silver, not recommended for those.[12] Sn60Pb40 is slightly cheaper and is often used instead for cost reasons, as the melting point difference is insignificant in practice. On slow cooling gives slightly brighter joints than Sn60Pb40.[56]
Sn70Pb30 183 193[11] Pb No Sn70
Sn75Pb25 183 238[58] Pb No
Sn90Pb10 183 213[16] Pb No formerly used for joints in food industry
Sn95Pb5 238 Pb No plumbing and heating
Pb63Sn34Zn3 170 256 Pb No Poor wetting of aluminium. Poor corrosion rating.[59]
Sn30Pb50Zn20 177 288[60] Pb No Kapp GalvRepair Economical solder for repairing & joining most metals including aluminium and cast iron. Has been used for cast iron and galvanized surface repair.[60]
Sn33Pb40Zn28 230 275[60] Pb No Economical solder for repairing & joining most metals including aluminium and cast iron. Has been used for cast iron and galvanized surface repair.[60]
Pb97.5Ag1.5Sn1 309[11] Pb Yes Ag1.5, ASTM1.5S. High melting point, used for commutators, armatures, and initial solder joints where remelting when working on nearby joints is undesirable.[54] Silver content reduces solubility of silver coatings in molten solder. Not recommended for gold.[12] Standard PbAgSn eutectic solder, wide use in semiconductor assembly. Reducing protective atmosphere (e.g. 12% hydrogen) often used. High creep resistance, for use at both elevated and cryogenic temperatures.
Pb96Sn2Ag2 252 295[16] Pb Pb96
Pb95.5Sn2Ag2.5 299 304[11] Pb No
Pb93.5Sn5Ag1.5 296
305		 301[11]
306[16]		 Pb No Pb94, HMP alloy, HMP. Service temperatures up to 255 °C. Useful for step soldering. Also can be used for extremely low temperatures as it remains ductile down to −200 °C, while solders with more than 20% tin become brittle below −70 °C. Higher strength and better wetting than Pb95Sn5.[56]
Pb92.5Sn5Ag2.5 287
299		 296[11]
304[16]		 Pb No Pb93.
Pb92Sn5.5Ag2.5 286 301[17] Pb No For higher-temperature applications.
Pb90Sn5Ag5 292[11] Pb Yes
Pb88Sn10Ag2 268
267		 290[11]
299[61]		 Pb No Sn10, Pb88. Silver content reduces solubility of silver coatings in the solder. Not recommended for gold.[12] Forms a eutectic phase, not recommended for operation above 120 °C.
Pb80Sn18Ag2 252 260[16] Pb No Used for soldering iron and steel[28]
Pb54Sn45Ag1 177 210 Pb exceptional strength, silver gives it a bright long-lasting finish; ideal for stainless steel[54]
Sn56Pb39Ag5 Pb [55]
Sn62.5Pb36Ag2.5 179[11] Pb Yes
Sn62Pb36Ag2 179[11] Pb Yes Sn62. Common in electronics. The strongest tin-lead solder. Appearance identical to Sn60Pb40 or Sn63Pb37. Crystals of Ag3Sn may be seen growing from the solder. Extended heat treatment leads to formation of crystals of binary alloys. Silver content decreases solubility of silver, making the alloy suitable for soldering silver-metallized surfaces, e.g. SMD capacitors and other silver-metallized ceramics.[55][56][13] Not recommended for gold.[12] General-purpose.
Sn61Pb36Ag3 205[62] Pb [55] Often referred as POS61 (Russian: ПОС61) in Russia (silver may not be necessarily present).
Sn97.5Pb1Ag1.5 305 Pb Yes Important for hybrid circuits assembly.[55]
Sn50Pb48.5Cu1.5 183 215[63] Pb No Savbit, Savbit 1, Sav1. Minimizes dissolution of copper. Originally designed to reduce erosion of the soldering iron tips. About 100 times slower erosion of copper than ordinary tin/lead alloys. Suitable for soldering thin copper platings and very thin copper wires.[56]
Sn60Pb39Cu1 Pb No
Sn60Pb38Cu2 183 190[16][17] Pb Cu2. Copper content increases hardness of the alloy and inhibits dissolution of soldering iron tips and part leads in molten solder.
Sn62Pb37Cu1 183[17] Pb Yes Similar to Sn63Pb37. Copper content increases hardness of the alloy and inhibits dissolution of soldering iron tips and part leads in molten solder.
Sn63Pb37P0.0015-0.04 183[64] Pb Yes Sn63PbP. A special alloy for HASL machines. Addition of phosphorus reduces oxidation. Unsuitable for wave soldering as it may form metal foam.
Pb80Sn12Sb8 Pb No Used for soldering iron and steel[28]
Pb80Sb15Sn5 300 Pb White Metal Capping. Used for locking mineshaft winding ropes into their tapered end sockets or 'capels'.[65]
Pb79Sn20Sb1 184 270 Pb No Sb1
Pb68Sn30Sb2 185 243[16] Pb No Pb68
Pb63Sn35Sb2 185 243[16] Pb No Sb2
Pb55Sn43.5Sb1.5 Pb No General purpose solder. Antimony content improves mechanical properties but causes brittleness when soldering cadmium, zinc, or galvanized metals.[28]
Pb97.5Ag2.5 303[11]
304[16] 		Pb Yes Ag2.5, UNS L50132. Used during World War II to conserve tin. Poor corrosion resistance; joints suffered corrosion in both atmospheric and underground conditions, all had to be replaced with Sn-Pb alloy joints.[59] Torch solder.
304 579[66]
Pb96Ag4 305 Pb high-temperature joints[54]
Pb95Ag5 305 364[67] Pb No
Pb94.5Ag5.5 305
304		 364[16]
343[68]		 Pb No Ag5.5, UNS L50180
Sn 232 Yes Pure Sn99. Good strength, non-dulling. Use in food processing equipment, wire tinning, and alloying.[54] Susceptible to tin pest.
Sn91Zn9 199[69] Yes Yes KappAloy9 Designed specifically for aluminium-to-aluminium and aluminium-to-copper soldering. It has good corrosion resistance and tensile strength. Lies between soft solder and silver brazing alloys, thereby avoiding damage to critical electronics and substrate deformation and segregation. Best solder for aluminium wire to Copper busses or copper wire to aluminium busses or contacts.[69] UNS#: L91090
Sn85Zn15 199 260[69] Yes No KappAloy15 Designed specifically for aluminium-to-aluminium and aluminium-to-copper soldering. It has good corrosion resistance and tensile strength. Lies between soft solder and silver brazing alloys, thereby avoiding damage to critical electronics and substrate deformation and segregation. Has a wide plastic range this makes it ideal for hand soldering aluminium plates and parts, allowing manipulation of the parts as the solder cools.[69]
Sn80Zn20 199 288[69] Yes No KappAloy20 For soldering of aluminium. Good wetting. Used extensively in spray wire form for capacitors and other electronic parts. Higher temperature and higher tensile strength compared to 85Sn/15Zn and 91Sn/9Zn.[69]
Sn70Zn30 199 316[69] Yes No KappAloy30 For soldering of aluminium. Good wetting. Used extensively in spray wire form for capacitors and other
Sn60Zn40 199 343[69] Yes No KappAloy40 For soldering of aluminium. Good wetting. Used extensively in spray wire form for capacitors and other electronic parts. Higher temperature and higher tensile strength compared to 85Sn/15Zn and 91Sn/9Zn.[69]electronic parts. Higher temperature and higher tensile strength compared to 85Sn/15Zn and 91Sn/9Zn.[69]
Zn60Sn40 199 341 Yes No For soldering aluminium. Good wetting.[29]
Zn70Sn30 199 376 Yes No For soldering aluminium. Excellent wetting.[59] Good strength.
Zn95Sn5 382 Yes yes? For soldering aluminium. Excellent wetting.[59]
Sn90Zn7Cu3 200 222[70] Yes No Kapp Eco-Babbitt[70] Commonly used in capacitor manufacturing as protective coating to shield against electromotive force (EMF) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) with the specified performance of the capacitor, to prevent current and charge leakage out of and within the layers of the capacitor, and to prevent the development of electron flows within the coating material itself, that would diminish capacitor performance, coating, and capacitor life.[70]
Sn50Zn49Cu1 200 300[71] Yes No Galvanite Lead-free galvanizing solder formulation designed specifically for high quality repairs to galvanized steel surfaces. Simple, effective and easy to use, in both manufacturing and field applications. Metallurgically bonds to the steel, for a seamless protective barrier.[71]
Sn95Ag3.5Zn1Cu0.5 221[14] Yes No
Sn98Ag2 Yes [55]
Sn96.5Ag3.5 221[11] Yes Yes Sn96, Sn96.5, 96S. Fine lamellar structure of densely distributed Ag3Sn. Annealing at 125 °C coarsens the structure and softens the solder.[51] Creeps via dislocation climb as a result of lattice diffusion.[72] Used as wire for hand soldering rework; compatible with SnCu0.7, SnAg3Cu0.5, SnAg3.9Cu0.6, and similar alloys. Used as solder spheres for BGA/CSP components. Used for step soldering and die attachment in high power devices. Established history in the industry.[51] Widely used. Strong lead-free joints. Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings. Not recommended for gold.[12] Marginal wetting. Good for step soldering. Used for soldering stainless steel as it wets stainless steel better than other soft solders. Silver content does not suppress dissolution of silver metallizations.[56] High tin content allows absorbing significant amount of gold without embrittlement.[73]
Sn96Ag4 221 229 Yes No ASTM96TS. "Silver-bearing solder". Food service equipment, refrigeration, heating, air conditioning, plumbing.[54] Widely used. Strong lead-free joints. Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings. Not recommended for gold.[12]
Sn95Ag5 221 254[74] Yes No Widely used. Strong lead-free joints. Silver content minimizes solubility of silver coatings. Not recommended for gold. Produces strong and ductile joints on Copper and Stainless Steel. The resulting joints have high tolerance to vibration and stress, with tensile strengths to 30,000 psi on Stainless.[74]
Sn94Ag6 221 279[74] Yes No Produces strong and ductile joints on copper and stainless steel. The resulting joints have high tolerance to vibration and stress, with tensile strengths to 30,000 psi on sStainless.[74]
Sn93Ag7 221 302[74] Yes No Produces strong and ductile joints on copper and stainless steel. The resulting joints have high tolerance to vibration and stress, with tensile strengths to 31,000 psi on stainless.[74] Audio industry standard for vehicle and home theater speaker installations. Its 7% silver content requires a higher temperature range, but yields superior strength and vibration resistance.[75]
Sn90Au10 217[76] Yes Yes
Au80Sn20 280 Yes Yes Au80. Good wetting, high strength, low creep, high corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, high surface tension, zero wetting angle. Suitable for step soldering. The original flux-less alloy, does not need flux. Used for die attachment and attachment of metal lids to semiconductor packages, e.g. kovar lids to ceramic chip carriers. Coefficient of expansion matching many common materials. Due to zero wetting angle requires pressure to form a void-free joint. Alloy of choice for joining gold-plated and gold-alloy plated surfaces. As some gold dissolves from the surfaces during soldering and moves the composition to non-eutectic state (1% increase of Au content can increase melting point by 30 °C), subsequent desoldering requires higher temperature.[77] Forms a mixture of two brittle intermetallic phases, AuSn and Au5Sn.[78] Brittle. Proper wetting achieved usually by using nickel surfaces with gold layer on top on both sides of the joint. Comprehensively tested through military standard environmental conditioning. Good long-term electrical performance, history of reliability.[37] One of the best materials for soldering in optoelectronic devices and components packaging. Low vapor pressure, suitable for vacuum work. Generally used in applications that require a melting temperature over 150 °C.[79] Good ductility. Also classified as a braze.
Sn99.3Cu0.7 228[1] Yes Yes Sn99Cu1. Also designated as Sn99Cu1. Cheap alternative for wave soldering, recommended by the US NEMI consortium. Coarse microstructure with ductile fractures. Sparsely distributed Cu6Sn5.[1][80] Forms large dendritic ß-tin crystals in a network of eutectic microstructure with finely dispersed Cu6Sn5. High melting point unfavorable for SMT use. Low strength, high ductility. Susceptible to tin pest.[72] Addition of small amount of nickel increases its fluidity; the highest increase occurs at 0.06% Ni. Such alloys are known as nickel modified or nickel stabilized.[81]
Sn97Cu3 227
232		 250[82]
332[52]		 Yes For high-temperature uses. Allows removing insulation from an enameled wire and applying solder coating in a single operation. For radiator repairs, stained glass windows, and potable water plumbing.
Sn99Cu0.7Ag0.3 217 228[83] Yes No SCA, SAC, or SnAgCu. Tin-silver-copper alloy. Relatively low-cost lead-free alloy for simple applications. Can be used for wave, selective and dip soldering. At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect (e.g. increased bridging). Copper content must be maintained between 0.4–0.85%, e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn96.2Ag3.8 alloy (designated e.g. SN96Ce). Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation. Dull, surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals.
Sn99Ag0.3Cu0.7 Yes
Sn98.5Ag1.0Cu0.5 220 225 Yes Near SAC105 alloy contains the least amount of silver among lead-free solders. It is compatible with all flux types and is relatively inexpensive; it exhibits good fatigue resistance, wetting and solder joint reliability
Sn97Cu2.75Ag0.25 228 314[52] Yes High hardness, creep-resistant. For radiators, stained glass windows, and potable water plumbing. Excellent high-strength solder for radiator repairs. Wide range of patina and colors.
Sn96.5Ag3.0Cu0.5 217 220
218[16][84]		 Yes Near SAC305. It is the JEITA recommended alloy for wave and reflow soldering, with alternatives SnCu for wave and SnAg and SnZnBi for reflow soldering. Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering. At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect (e.g. increased bridging). Copper content must be maintained between 0.4–0.85%, e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn97Ag3 alloy. Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation. Dull, surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals. Weakens at thermal cycling, concern of whisker growth, large Ag3Sn intermetallic platelet precipitates causing mechanical weakening and poor shock/drop performance. Tendency to creep.[85]
Sn95.8Ag3.5Cu0.7 217 218 Yes Near SN96C-Ag3.5 A commonly used alloy. Used for wave soldering. Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering. At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect (e.g. increased bridging). Copper content must be maintained between 0.4–0.85%, e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn96.5Ag3.5 alloy (designated e.g. SN96Ce). Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation. Dull, surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals.
Sn95.6Ag3.5Cu0.9 217 Yes Yes Determined by NIST to be truly eutectic.
Sn95.5Ag4Cu0.5 217[86] Yes Yes SAC405. Lead-Free, Cadmium free formulation designed specifically to replace lead solders in copper and stainless steel plumbing, and in electrical and electronic applications.[87]
Sn95.5Ag3.9Cu0.6 217[88] Yes Yes Recommended by the US NEMI consortium for reflow soldering. Used as balls for BGA/CSP and CBGA components, a replacement for Sn10Pb90. Solder paste for rework of BGA boards.[51] Alloy of choice for general SMT assembly.
Sn95.5Ag3.8Cu0.7 217[89] Yes Near SN96C. Preferred by the European IDEALS consortium for reflow soldering. Usable also for selective soldering and dip soldering. At high temperatures tends to dissolve copper; copper buildup in the bath has detrimental effect (e.g. increased bridging). Copper content must be maintained between 0.4–0.85%, e.g. by refilling the bath with Sn96.2Ag3.8 alloy (designated e.g. SN96Ce). Nitrogen atmosphere can be used to reduce losses by dross formation. Dull, surface shows formation of dendritic tin crystals.
Sn95.5Cu4Ag0.5 226 260[87] Yes No KappFree provides good joint strength, vibration resistance, and thermal cycle fatigue resistance in both piping and electrical products as opposed to tin-lead solders. Higher working temperature. Wets well to brass, copper, and stainless steel. Good electrical conductivity.[87]
Sn95Ag4Cu1 Yes
Sn90.7Ag3.6Cu0.7Cr5 217 1050[90] Yes No C-Solder. Lead-free, low-temperature soldering alloy for joining of various carbon materials including carbon fibres and carbon nanotube fibres in both carbon-carbon and carbon-metal arrangements. Produces mechanically strong and electrically conductive bonds. Provides wetting of carbon[91] and other materials generally considered as difficult to solder, including aluminium, stainless steel, titanium, glass, and ceramics.
Sn65Ag25Sb10 233 Yes Yes Very high tensile strength. For die attachment. Very brittle. Old Motorola die attach solder.
Sn96.2Ag2.5Cu0.8Sb0.5 217[16] 225 Yes Ag03A. Patented by AIM alliance.
Sn95.25Ag3.8Cu0.7Sb0.25 Yes Preferred by the European IDEALS consortium for wave soldering.
Sn99.3Cu0.7Ni0.05Ge0.009 227[92] No Sn100C, a lead-free silver-free nickel-stabilized alloy. Similar to Sn99Cu1. The nickel content lowers copper erosion and promotes shiny solder fillet. The presence of germanium promotes flow and reduces dross formation. Performance similar to SAC alloys at lower cost. Dross formation rate comparable to lead-tin alloys.
Sn99Sb1 232 235[93] Yes No
Sn97Sb3 232 238[94] Yes No
Sn95Sb5 235
232		 240[11][16] Yes No Sb5, ASTM95TA. The US plumbing industry standard. It displays good resistance to thermal fatigue and good shear strength. Forms coarse dendrites of tin-rich solid solution with SbSn intermetallic dispersed between. Very high room-temperature ductility. Creeps via viscous glide of dislocations by pipe diffusion. More creep-resistant than SnAg3.5. Antimony can be toxic. Used for sealing chip packagings, attaching I/O pins to ceramic substrates, and die attachment; a possible lower-temperature replacement of AuSn.[72] High strength and bright finish. Use in air conditioning, refrigeration, some food containers, and high-temperature applications.[54] Good wettability, good long-term shear strength at 100 °C. Suitable for potable water systems. Used for stained glass, plumbing, and radiator repairs.
Zn100 419 Yes Pure For soldering aluminium. Good wettability of aluminium, relatively good corrosion resistance.[29]
Zn95Al5 382 Yes Yes For soldering aluminium. Good wetting.[29]
Au87.5Ge12.5 361
356[16]		 Yes Yes Au88. Used for die attachment of some chips.[11] The high temperature may be detrimental to the chips and limits reworkability.[37]
Au98Si2 370 800[16] Yes Au98. A non-eutectic alloy used for die attachment of silicon dies. Ultrasonic assistance is needed to scrub the chip surface so a eutectic (3.1% Si) is reached at reflow.
Au96.8Si3.2 370[16] 363[95] Yes Yes Au97.[77] AuSi3.2 is a eutectic with melting point of 363 °C. AuSi forms a meniscus at the edge of the chip, unlike AuSn, as AuSi reacts with the chip surface. Forms a composite material structure of submicron silicon plates in soft gold matrix. Tough, slow crack propagation.[80]

Notes on the above table

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In the Sn-Pb alloys, tensile strength increases with increasing tin content. Indium-tin alloys with high indium content have very low tensile strength.[11]

For soldering semiconductor materials, e.g. die attachment of silicon, germanium and gallium arsenide, it is important that the solder contains no impurities that could cause doping in the wrong direction. For soldering n-type semiconductors, solder may be doped with antimony; indium may be added for soldering p-type semiconductors. Pure tin can also be used.[59][96]

Various fusible alloys can be used as solders with very low melting points; examples include Field's metal, Lipowitz's alloy, Wood's metal, and Rose's metal.

Properties

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The thermal conductivity of common solders ranges from 30 to 400 W/(m·K), and the density from 9.25 to 15.00 g/cm3.[97][98]

Material Thermal conductivity[98]
(W/m·K) 		Melting point[98]
(°C)
Sn-37Pb (eutectic) 50.9 183
Sn-0.7Cu 53[1] 227
Sn-2.8Ag-20.0In 53.5 175–186
Sn-2.5Ag-0.8Cu-0.5Sb 57.26 215–217
Pb-5Sn 63 310
Lead (Pb) 35.0 327.3
Tin (Sn) 73.0 231.9
Aluminium (Al) 240 660.1
Copper (Cu) 393–401 1083
FR-4 1.7

References

[edit]
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