Sogdian city-states

Coin of Khunak, one of the rulers of Bukhara.

The Sogdian city-states refers to a number of independent or autonomous city-states in the Iranian region of Sogdia in late antiquity and the medieval period.^[1] Most of the city-states were ruled by a king or queen, who was called "first among equals".^[2] However, the succession of rule was not stable, and the people could influence who would become the new ruler.^[2] The period, which experienced its peak in the 7th century, ended with the conquest of Transoxiana by the Islamic Caliphate.^[1]

Bukhara and Samarkand – the famous cities of Persian literature – were the largest and wealthiest Sogdian states.^[1]

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Pre-Islamic

BCE / BC

Prehistory
Kura–Araxes culture	c. 3400 – c. 2000
Helmand culture/Jiroft culture	3300-2200
Proto-Elamite civilization	3200–2800
Elamite dynasties	2800–550
Lullubi/Zamua	3100-675
Marhaši	2550-2020
Bactria–Margiana Complex	2400–1700
Gutian Dynasty	2141-2050
Avestan period	c. 1500 BCE – 500 BCE
Kingdom of Mannai	10th–7th century
Neo-Assyrian Empire	911–609
Urartu	860–590
Median Empire	728–550
Scythian Kingdom	652–625
Achaemenid Empire	550–330
Ancient kingdom of Armenia	331 BCE – 428 CE
Seleucid Empire	330–150
Caucasian Iberia	c. 302 BCE – 580 CE
Greco-Bactrian Kingdom	250–125
Parthian Empire	248 BCE–224 CE
Caucasian Albania	2nd century BCE – 8th century CE
Roman Empire	27 BCE – 330 CE

CE / AD

Kushan Empire	30–275
Sasanian Empire	224–651
Afrighid dynasty	305–995
Hephthalite Empire	425–557
Kabul Shahi kingdom	565–879
Dabuyid dynasty	642–760
Bagratid Armenia	880s – 1045
Alania	8th/9th century – 1238 / 9
Kingdom of Georgia	1008–1490

Islamic

Rashidun Caliphate	637–651
Umayyad Caliphate	661–750
Abbasid Caliphate	750–1258
Shirvanshah	799–1607
Tahirid dynasty	821–873
Dulafid dynasty	840–897
Zaydis of Tabaristan	864–928
Saffarid dynasty	861–1003
Samanid Empire	819–999
Sajid dynasty	889/90–929
Ziyarid dynasty	928–1043
Buyid dynasty	934–1055
Sallarid dynasty	941–1062
Ghaznavid Empire	975–1187
Ghurid dynasty	pre-879 – 1215
Seljuk Empire	1037–1194
Khwarazmian dynasty	1077–1231
Sultanate of Rum	1077–1307
Salghurids	1148–1282
Ilkhanate	1256–1353
Kart dynasty	1231–1389
Ottoman Empire	1299–1923
Muzaffarid dynasty	1314–1393
Chupanid dynasty	1337–1357
Jalairid Sultanate	1339–1432
Timurid Empire	1370–1507
Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans	1407–1468
Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans	1378–1508
Safavid Empire	1501–1722
Mughal Empire	1526–1857
Hotak dynasty	1722–1729
Afsharid Iran	1736–1750
Zand dynasty	1750–1794
Durrani Empire	1794–1826
Qajar Iran	1794–1925

References

[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c Marshak, B. I. 1996. ‘Sughd and Adjacent Regions’. In B. A. Litvinsky (ed.), Co-editors: Zhang Guang-da and R. Shabani Samghabadi. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750. Volume III. Paris: UNESCO. p.242
^ ^a ^b De la Vaissière, E. 2005. Sogdian Traders: a History. Translated by James Ward. Leiden; Boston: Brill. p.167

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References