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Snow in Australia

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Kanangra-Boyd National Park in the Blue Mountains

Snow in Australia is very rare at sea level, but is common on the highlands of the southeast, in the states of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and in the Australian Capital Territory. Snow is rare even in the southernmost capitals like Melbourne and Hobart, falling less than once every decade, and in the other capitals it is unknown.

Snow sports are well established in Australia's south-east and Tasmania, though climate change has substantially reduced natural snowfall and opportunities for snowmaking at Australian resorts, particularly at the lower elevations, representing a threat to the viability of Australia's ski industry.[1]

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) are all the primary drivers for snow in Australia, where there is a strong reduction in snow cover in winter during years of El Niño or positive SAM phase.[2]

Alpine areas

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Australian Alps (mainland)

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Snow over Thredbo Top Station, July 2011

In southern New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and eastern Victoria, the elevated regions of the Snowy Mountains, Brindabella Range and Victorian Alps experience an alpine climate, where the areas above 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) are subject to a consistent heavy winter snowpack. Heavy snow normally occurs to around 900 metres (3,000 ft), especially on the western side of the ranges, while lighter and more sporadic snowfalls occur to 600 metres (2,000 ft) most years.

Kiandra, Cabramurra and Perisher Valley receive an average of 47.5, 53.2 and 60.2 snowy days annually, respectively[3] – elevations are 1,395 metres (4,577 ft), 1,475 metres (4,839 ft) and 1,735 metres (5,692 ft) in that order. For northern hemisphere comparison, Kiandra receives more annual snowy days than Toronto (41 days) and Harbin (45 days), with Cabramurra tying with Winnipeg (54 days) and Perisher Valley with Buffalo, New York (60 days).

In the Victorian Alps, Falls Creek, Mount Hotham and Mount Buller receive 61.2, 66.1 and 67.6 snowy days, respectively.[3] Elevations are 1,510 metres (4,950 ft), 1,750 metres (5,740 ft) and 1,707 metres (5,600 ft) in that order. For northern hemisphere comparison, Mount Hotham receives slightly more snowy days than Syracuse, New York (65.5 days), and Mount Buller receives almost the same amount of snowy days as Warsaw (68 days).

Tasmanian Highlands

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Snowcapped Mount Wellington in July 2011

In Tasmania, mountainous areas receive heavy snow above 600 metres (2,000 ft) every year, and due to its far southern latitude, this level frequently reaches 450 metres (1,480 ft) and at times even 200 metres (660 ft) in the state's Southwest region.[4] Mount Wellington which rises to 1,271 metres (4,170 ft) is frequently covered by snow, at times even in summer, receiving 57.3 days of snow annually.[5]

Butlers Gorge, Lake St Clair and Liawenee in the Central Highlands feature 27.1, 33.1 and 41.8 snow days a year, respectively.[6] Elevations are 666 metres (2,185 ft), 750 metres (2,460 ft) and 1,065 metres (3,494 ft) in that order.

Regional towns and cities

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New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory

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Snow at Orange railway station, June 2020

In the Central West, the major regional city of Orange receives an average of 3.9 snowy days per annum. There are many smaller towns in the region that receive snow on an annual basis, such as Blayney, Millthorpe and particularly Oberon which sees an average of 6.2 snowy days annually. The last snowfall in Cowra, a town of just 300 metres (980 ft), occurred in 2015.[7][8] A freak snowfall had occurred in the Central West on 5 July 1900, bringing an impressive 1 ft 10 in (56 cm) of snow to Mudgee, while Bathurst measured at 68 centimetres (27 in) in the main street.[9][10]

Heading east to the upper Blue Mountains, in towns such as Katoomba, Medlow Bath, Wentworth Falls, Leura, Mount Victoria, Blackheath and Lithgow, 3–4 snowfalls per year are recorded.[3] Being on the eastern side of the ranges, snow is confined to higher elevations due to the foehn effect,[11][12] and it is extremely rare to see snow below Lawson.[13][14]

Snow in Canberra, July 2016

Snow is quite rare in the Southern Highlands of the Illawarra due to its eastern location, though the last significant snowfall occurred in Berrima, Bowral and Mittagong in July 2015.[15][16][17] In 1947, the Macquarie Pass road was covered in a dusting of snow.[18] Further south in the nation's capital Canberra, it snows once every few years, though snowfalls are common in the Monaro region to the far south, in towns such as Cooma, Bombala and particularly Nimmitabel which sees eight snowy days annually.[3]

Following the Hume Highway further inland, it snows occasionally in the regional city of Goulburn and in towns like Gunning and Yass. The northern and north-western parts of the region are substantially higher in elevation, with moderate to heavy snowfalls occurring most years in Crookwell and to a lesser extent Taralga. Going further inland to the South West Slopes, it snows regularly in the town of Batlow (and by extension Tumbarumba), with frequent heavy snow at Laurel Hill. In August 2019 there was snow on the ground in Tumut at 280 metres (920 ft), with reports of flakes as far north-west as Junee.[19]

In western New South Wales, particularly in the Riverina, snow is observed to much lower altitudes than elsewhere in the state, being more exposed to cold south-westerly airmasses. Parkes, Forbes and Wagga Wagga, among others, have recorded snow on multiple occasions in the past, despite their very low elevation; snow has been observed to settle as low as 165 metres (541 ft) in Albury, most recently in July 1966.[20][21] Snow has been recorded on three separate occasions in Narrandera, 145 metres (476 ft), in August 1899, July 1901 and June 1908.[22]

In northern New South Wales, snow is recorded once or twice every few years in Guyra, Armidale and Glenn Innes on the Northern Tablelands,[3] and rather scantily, in Nundle (near Tamworth). Going further inland to Gunnedah, in the North West Slopes at just 285 metres (935 ft), the most recent snowfall occurred in 1984. In Dubbo, in the Orana region, it last snowed in July 1951 and 1920.[23] The far northern town of Inverell, 580 metres (1,900 ft) and nearing the 29th parallel, last saw snow in August 1923, with an impressive 4 to 5 inches (10 to 13 cm) falling in September 1892.[24][25]

Victoria and Tasmania

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Due to their latitude and exposure to cold south-westerly airmasses, snow regularly occurs to much lower elevations than in New South Wales, with some occurrences to sea level.

Snow over Ballarat in September 2020

In western and central Victoria it snows around once or twice a year in the major regional city of Ballarat, as well as in Kyneton and Strathbogie, while in Trentham it snows on 7.8 days per annum.[3][26] Snow is very rare in Bendigo to the north. Horsham and Hamilton have recorded significant snowfalls in 1882, 1901 and 1910.[27][28]

In Victoria's North-East, Beechworth snows about once or twice a year, while the higher localities of Bogong, Tolmie and Woods Point receive 5.7, 8.7 and 7.8 snow days per annum,[3] with occasional snowfalls in low-lying towns like Corryong. A heavy fall of snow was observed in Benalla on 31 May 1913.[29]

In East Gippsland, the locality of Bendoc averages 14.7 snowy days per annum, while Omeo sits at 4.7 days. Unlike the rest of the state, this region receives the majority of its snow events from southerly to south-southwesterly weather systems (being largely sheltered from the west).

In southern Victoria and West Gippsland, there is a greater chance of late spring and summer snowfall, with an occurrence of snow on 25 December 2006 in the Dandenong Ranges, not more than 600 metres (2,000 ft) in elevation.[30] Snow to 400 metres (1,300 ft) or less is not uncommon during winter, particularly on the Strzelecki Ranges in the deep south of the mainland. The former town of Aberfeldy averages 32.5 snowy days per annum at just 1,060 metres (3,480 ft),[3] making it the snowiest locality on mainland Australia, in addition to having more snowy days than northern hemisphere cities with colder winters like Boston (23.0 days), Chicago (28.2 days) and even approaching those of Minneapolis (38.2 days).

In Tasmania, towns nearer to sea level such as Queenstown, Zeehan, Oatlands, Bothwell and Rosebery feature around 2–3 snow days per year, with Erriba recording 8.6 days, Waratah in the northwest recording 9.5 snow days per annum, Strathgordon around 12.7 days, Tarraleah in the Central Highlands recording 14.1 snow days and Bronte Park also in the Central Highlands registering 17.6 snow days per annum.[3]

South Australia and Western Australia

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Snow near Jamestown, South Australia in the Flinders Ranges, 1994

Snow has fallen in the hill suburbs of Adelaide (Adelaide Hills), with the last major snowfall in July 1951,[31] and the Perth region (Perth Hills around Kalamunda, Roleystone and Mundaring, with the most recent snowfall occurring in 1968 and in 1956). In Mount Gambier, only 60 metres (200 ft) above sea level, the last time it snowed was in 1951 and 1932.[32] In the Flinders Range, snow has been recorded in the Wilpena Pound and at Blinman,[33] with the last significant snowfall being recorded in 1995.[34]

The Stirling Range (near Albany) records snow every year, as it is the only mountain range far enough south and sufficiently elevated in Western Australia.[35][36] More rarely, snow can fall on the nearby Porongurup Range, with the last significant falls in October 1992 and June 1956. The most widespread low-level snow in Western Australia occurred on 26 June 1956 when snow was reported in Wongan Hills and Salmon Gums.[37]

Queensland and the Northern Territory

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Snow in Stanthorpe in 1925

In the Northern Territory, light snow last fell on Uluru on 11 July 1997,[38] being the most northerly verified snowfall in Australia (nearing the 25th parallel).

The Darling Downs and Granite Belt in South East Queensland occasionally receive snowfall in winter, with heavy falls being recorded in 1960, 1974, 1984, 2007 and 2015.[39][40][41][42] Snow has been reported on the higher parts of Toowoomba on several occasions, with the recent event being in July 2015.[43] In Stanthorpe, light snow is occasionally recorded, with the most significant snowfall in over 30 years occurring on 17 July 2015, where 8 centimetres (3 in) fell there and nearby areas that day.[44] Ballandean in south-east Queensland also saw snow that day.[45]

The most northerly occurrence of snow in Queensland was on the Bunya Mountains, just below the 27th parallel.[46] In July 1965, 'snow' was alleged as far north as Eungella, near Mackay in tropical Queensland, however this was more than likely an occurrence of small hail.[47]

Sea level snowfall

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Tasmania

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Snow in Hobart, August 2015

Whilst snow at sea level is a very rare occurrence in mainland Australia, it is more occasionally recorded in western Tasmania, namely in the Southwest, where it occurs on a near-annual basis during the winter and early spring months. Sea level snow has even been recorded in November (2021, on Bruny Island).[48] It is much rarer on the east coast of Tasmania due to being leeward of the snow-bearing westerlies.[49]

Launceston receives snowfall in the rare occasion, with snow falling in 1951, 1986, 2015 and 2020.[50][51] Dover, a coastal town in the southern fringe of Tasmania, features 2.3 snow days per year.[3] In the Hobart central business district, the last major snowfalls occurred in 2015, 1986 and 1921.[52][53]

New South Wales and Victoria

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Snow at sea level in Melbourne last occurred in August 2005, in the Melbourne's southern suburbs near Mornington Peninsula.[54] Though Melbourne central business district has not recorded snow since 1986.[55] On 24 July 1936 a flurry of snow was reported in Hay, just 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, being the lowest snowfall ever known in New South Wales.[56]

In Sydney, 'snow' was last alleged on 28 June 1836, where British settlers in Hyde Park claimed to have woken up to "snow nearly 1 in (2.5 cm) deep" – However, after a fall of graupel in July 2008, the Bureau of Meteorology had doubted the 1836 'snow' account, stating that observers in that era lacked the technology to distinguish snow from soft hail.[57][58] Furthermore, melting snow (or sleet) was observed in the Sydney area in 1951 and 1986, though the Bureau also doubted those events had 'true' snow.[59][60]

Climatology

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Spencers Creek average snow depth chart from Snowy Hydro

In 1973 temperatures remained too warm, while in 1982 it was too dry for much of a snow season. However, some other years have abundant snow – the Bureau cites 1981 as an example. The unpredictability of Australian snow conditions was highlighted in 2006 when severe drought and a poor snow season gave way to a "White Christmas" and abundant snow falls in the alpine regions of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania and even a low altitude snow fall on 25 December in the Dandenong Ranges on Melbourne's north-eastern fringe.[61]

Low altitude and recent susceptibility to high pressure ridging; as well as seasonal (early spring) dust storms in the Simpson Desert depositing red dust on the ranges (causing less UV reflection and therefore faster melting), keep the snow season relatively short (June–Oct). Heavy snow can fall however, at any time between April and December in the Australian High Country, with areas like Mount Dandenong receiving snow in December.[62] In New South Wales, a heavy natural snow season can see a base of up to 3.6 metres (12 ft) in August, at an elevation of 1,830 metres (6,000 ft) at Spencer's Creek, (near Charlotte Pass). Typically, depths will be lower than this.[63]

Climate change

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Satellite image of unusually massive snow cover over the Southern Tablelands, June 2019

Australia's ski resorts are located near the top of some of the highest mountains in Australia, and there is therefore little scope to relocate to higher, colder areas if the existing ski fields become too warm.[1]

The Australian snow season varies from year to year. However, observations in 2024 show a declining trend in maximum snow depth within the past 70 years, with a downward tendency of about 0.4–0.6 cm per year since 1954. This is a result of increasing temperatures and decreasing cold frontal precipitation in winter, mostly caused by increases in worldwide greenhouse gas emissions, which drives the westerly wind belt further south. Therefore, climate models predict more declines in snow cover in the future. 2023 had a weak snow season owing to the remarkably warm and wet conditions from June to July, and drier from August to September with extreme positive anomalies in monthly mean temperature.[64]

Since 1950, the Australian Alps annual average temperature has risen by around 1.4 degrees Celsius. By around 2050, in Victoria, peak snow depths at Falls Creek and Mount Hotham would decrease by 30%–70% for a low emissions scenario and by 45%–90% for a high emissions case.[64]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Harris, R.M.B.; Remenyi, T.; Bindoff, N.L. (2016). "The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Victorian AlpineResorts" (PDF). Alpine Resorts Coordinating Council. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  2. ^ Acacia S. Pepler, Blair Trewin and Catherine Ganter (2015). "The influences of climate drivers on the Australian snow season". CSIRO. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Annual Snow Days". australianweathernews.com. Retrieved 2021-04-03.
  4. ^ Jones, M. C. (2003). "Climatology of cold outbreaks with snow over Tasmania". Australian Meteorology Magazine. 3 (52): 157–169. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.223.253.
  5. ^ "Snow surprise for Tasmanians after a summer of weather extremes". ABC News. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  6. ^ "Annual Snow Days". australianweathernews.com. Retrieved 2021-04-03.
  7. ^ Desiree Savage (23 July 2015). "Snow on the Southern Highlands: photos". Illawarra Mercury. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  8. ^ Kate Doyle (8 August 2019). "Snowfalls in Australia have a colourful history, we reminisce, as south-east braces for cold blast". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
  9. ^ "5 July 1900 Snowstorm" (PDF).
  10. ^ "5 July 1900 Snowstorm" (PDF). Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  11. ^ "Rain Shadows". Willy Weather. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
  12. ^ Nageshwar, Pranesh; Paterson, Ian (15 October 2014). "Snow falls in Blackheath in springtime as Sydney's wild weather continues". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  13. ^ "Winter surprise as snow falls in Blue Mountains, closes Great Western Highway". Blue Mountains Gazette. 23 August 2022. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
  14. ^ Hart, Chloe; Woodburn, Joanna (16 October 2014). "Power still out and clean up continues day after Lithgow snow storm". ABC News. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  15. ^ Ainslie Drewitt-Smith (17 July 2015). "Southern Highlands snow causes road chaos". ABC News Australia. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  16. ^ Desiree Savage (23 July 2015). "Snow on the Southern Highlands: photos". Illawarra Mercury. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  17. ^ Wires and Michael Morrow (17 July 2015). "Snow shuts Hume Highway near Bowral as big chill continues". News.com.au. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  18. ^ Jenny McConchie (30 June 2022). "Snow above the Illawarra in 1947". The Illawarra Flame. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
  19. ^ "Snow covering Tumut". YouTube. 10 August 2019. Retrieved 2024-08-23.
  20. ^ "Snow in Parkes Shire". 16 June 2017.
  21. ^ "Climate of Wagga Wagga". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2007.
  22. ^ "Narrandera snow records". Narrandera Argus. Retrieved 2024-08-26.
  23. ^ "Heavy fall of snow in Dubbo". The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate. Trove. 7 July 1900. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  24. ^ "COUNTRY REPORTS". Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 7 August 1923. p. 10. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  25. ^ "Inverell snow 1892" (PDF). library.inverell.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  26. ^ "Snow falls in Ballarat City Centre". The Courier. 1 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  27. ^ Tom Saunders (25 May 2023). "The suprising [sic] locations in Australia where snow has fallen outside the Alps". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  28. ^ Heavy Snow In The Country by Trove. 29 July 1901. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  29. ^ "May 1913 snowfall". University of Melbourne. 31 May 1913. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
  30. ^ "SIGNIFICANT WEATHER - December 2006". www.bom.gov.au.
  31. ^ "The days 15cm of snow fell in the Adelaide Hills". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  32. ^ "Snow In Mount Gambier". Trove. Retrieved 2024-06-12.
  33. ^ Centre, National Climate. "Australian Climate Extremes". webarchive.nla.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2009-03-17.
  34. ^ "Flinders Ranges Climate". Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
  35. ^ Graham Barker. "Snow in WA". fear-god.net. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
  36. ^ Kaur, Herlyn. "Snow falls in WA in April for first time in 49 years as Good Friday cold blast turns Bluff Knoll white". Weatherzone. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
  37. ^ Snow in Western Australia: About Snow in WA Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 February 2007.
  38. ^ "Snow on Uluru". National Film & Sound Archive. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  39. ^ "Snow across south-east Queensland". The Toowoomba Chronicle. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  40. ^ "Snow Chaser's Guide to the Granite Belt and Southern Downs". Weather Armidale. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  41. ^ "Snow possible for parts of Queensland as brutally cold weather descends on state". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 July 2015. Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  42. ^ Kim Stephens (17 July 2015). "Queensland snow: Stanthorpe gets highest falls in a decade". Brisbane Times. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 18 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  43. ^ "WATCH: Videos confirm it did in fact snow in Toowoomba". The Courier Mail. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  44. ^ "Thick snow blankets parts of southern Queensland in what could be state's most significant snowfall in 30 years". ABC News. 17 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  45. ^ Sibson, Ellie; Rego, Fidelis (16 July 2015). "Thick snow blankets parts of southern Queensland in what could be state's most significant snowfall in 30 years Archived 13 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine". ABC News.
  46. ^ [1] Archived 10 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 5 June 2014
  47. ^ Heavy snow in southern Australia Archived 20 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 10 August 2005.
  48. ^ "Bruny Island snow (15 Nov 2021)". TheMercury. Retrieved 2024-09-15.
  49. ^ Jones, M. C. (2003). "Climatology of cold outbreaks with snow over Tasmania". Australian Meteorology Magazine. 3 (52): 157–169. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.223.253.
  50. ^ Aquilina, Sarah (2017-08-03). "Throwing it back to this day in 2015". The Examiner.
  51. ^ Willard, Jessica (2020-08-05). "Quite a rare thing: most significant snowfall in Launceston since '70s". The Examiner.
  52. ^ "Gallery: Snowy start to the week in Hobart on Monday August 3, 2015". ABC News Australia. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  53. ^ "Flashback: snow in the city". The Mercury. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  54. ^ "Snow falls in Melbourne". Sydney Morning Herald. 10 August 2005. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  55. ^ "BOM – Australian Climate Extremes". webarchive.nla.gov.au. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
  56. ^ "Report of snow in Hay (1936)". trove. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  57. ^ "Sydney weather hail, not snow". AAP. 27 July 2008. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  58. ^ 1836: Snow in Sydney Archived 16 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine CLIMATE HISTORY AUSTRALIA
  59. ^ "Ausgrid's pass through application Bureau of Meteorology: A history of stormy weather" (PDF). AAP. August 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
  60. ^ Snow Reported in Sydney; Heavy Falls In Mountains Archived 16 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine Trove Partners
  61. ^ "SIGNIFICANT WEATHER - December 2006". www.bom.gov.au.
  62. ^ Tom Saunders (14 December 2022). "Pre-Christmas cold spell delivers snow and near-record-low summer temperatures". ABC News Australia. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  63. ^ "Snowy Hydro - Water Resources - Snow Depths Calculator". Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.[2]
  64. ^ a b Michael Grose, Kevin Hennessy (10 June 2024). "Climate concerns: Trends in Australian snow". CSIRO. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
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