Skew-merged permutation

In the theory of permutation patterns, a skew-merged permutation is a permutation that can be partitioned into an increasing sequence and a decreasing sequence. They were first studied by Stankova (1994) and given their name by Atkinson (1998).

Characterization

The two smallest permutations that cannot be partitioned into an increasing and a decreasing sequence are 3412 and 2143. Stankova (1994) was the first to establish that a skew-merged permutation can also be equivalently defined as a permutation that avoids the two patterns 3412 and 2143.

A permutation is skew-merged if and only if its associated permutation graph is a split graph, a graph that can be partitioned into a clique (corresponding to the descending subsequence) and an independent set (corresponding to the ascending subsequence). The two forbidden patterns for skew-merged permutations, 3412 and 2143, correspond to two of the three forbidden induced subgraphs for split graphs, a four-vertex cycle and a graph with two disjoint edges, respectively. The third forbidden induced subgraph, a five-vertex cycle, cannot exist in a permutation graph (see Kézdy, Snevily & Wang (1996)).

Enumeration

For $n=1,2,3,\dots$ the number of skew-merged permutations of length $n$ is

1, 2, 6, 22, 86, 340, 1340, 5254, 20518, 79932, 311028, 1209916, 4707964, 18330728, ... (sequence A029759 in the OEIS).

Atkinson (1998) was the first to show that the generating function of these numbers is

${\frac {1-3x}{(1-2x){\sqrt {1-4x}}}},$

from which it follows that the number of skew-merged permutations of length $n$ is given by the formula

${\binom {2n}{n}}\sum _{m=0}^{n-1}2^{n-m-1}{\binom {2m}{m}}$

and that these numbers obey the recurrence relation

$P_{n}={\frac {(9n-8)P_{n-1}-(26n-46)P_{n-2}+(24n-60)P_{n-3}}{n}}.$

Another derivation of the generating function for skew-merged permutations was given by Albert & Vatter (2013).

Computational complexity

Testing whether one permutation is a pattern in another can be solved efficiently when the larger of the two permutations is skew-merged, as shown by Albert et al. (2016).

References

• Albert, Michael; Vatter, Vincent (2013), "Generating and enumerating 321-avoiding and skew-merged simple permutations", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 20 (2): Paper 44, 11 pp, arXiv:1301.3122, doi:10.37236/3058, MR 3084586.

• Albert, Michael; Lackner, Marie-Louise; Lackner, Martin; Vatter, Vincent (2016), "The complexity of pattern matching for 321-avoiding and skew-merged permutations", Permutation Patterns 2015, Discrete Mathematics & Theoretical Computer Science, 18 (2): P11:1–17, arXiv:1510.06051, Bibcode:2015arXiv151006051A, doi:10.46298/dmtcs.1308, MR 3597961.

• Atkinson, M. D. (1998), "Permutations which are the union of an increasing and a decreasing subsequence", Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 5: RP6:1–13, doi:10.37236/1344, MR 1490467. See also the attached comment by Volker Strehl.

• Kézdy, André E.; Snevily, Hunter S.; Wang, Chi (1996), "Partitioning permutations into increasing and decreasing subsequences", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series A, 73 (2): 353–359, doi:10.1016/S0097-3165(96)80012-4, MR 1370138

• Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A029759". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.

• Stankova, Zvezdelina E. (1994), "Forbidden subsequences", Discrete Mathematics, 132 (1–3): 291–316, doi:10.1016/0012-365X(94)90242-9, MR 1297387. See in particular Theorem 2.9, pp. 303–304.