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Signs of the coming of Judgement Day

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In Islam, the day of judgement (or Arabic: یوم الدین, romanized: Yawm ad-din, lit. 'Day of Judgement') is the time when all human beings are raised from the dead to be judged by Allah as to whether they shall spend eternity in Jannah (Paradise) or in Jahannam (Hellfire). Belief in the existence of Judgment Day is considered a fundamental aspect of faith by all Muslims, and one of the six articles of faith.

While interpretations of what the Quran and hadith say about the end times are "diverse and complex",[1] the signs of Judgment Day's arrival include disruptions in the order of both human morality and the natural world; but also the appearance of the saviors, Mahdi and Jesus, which "is seen to represent the ultimate victory of the ummah of Islam ... in some senses".[2] Piety will be lost as music, wine drinking, usury, homosexuality, disobedience by wives and fornication abound, and the earth will be destroyed. However during this era ʿĪsā (Jesus) and the Mahdi will also vanquish the Antichrist figure al-Dajjāl, while Allah will eliminate the monstrous Gog and Magog, liberating the world from injustice and restoring sharia.[3]

The signs have been divided into minor and major by commentators. They are reported in various ḥadīth collections,[4][5] and described in commentaries of various medieval Muslim scholars, including al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, and Muhammad al-Bukhari, among others.[6][1] Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon (or fitna) is often known as Al-Malhama Al-Kubra (The Great Epic), or (in Shia Islam) Ghaybah (Occultation).[7][8]

Sources

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The trials and tribulations associated with it are detailed in both the Quran and the hadith, (sayings of Muhammad) which are "diffuse and fragmented".[9] These are elaborated on in creeds, Quranic commentaries (tafsịrs), and theological writing,[10] eschatological manuals and commentaries of the Islamic expositors and scholarly authorities such as al-Ghazali, Ibn Kathir, Ibn Majah, Muhammad al-Bukhari, and Ibn Khuzaymah who explain them in more detail. The signs and many other social aberrations are detailed in such works as Muḥammad ibn Rasūl al-Ḥusaynī al-Barzinjī's al-Ishā'a li-ishrāṭ al-sā'a,[11] and Mishkāt al-maṣābīḥ.[Hadith 1] Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldun, is said to introduce "a full and detailed discussion of the various theories regarding the mahdi and the traditions considered most authoritative in relation to it."[12]

Quran

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Many verses of the Quran, especially those revealed earlier, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the Day of Judgement.[13][14]

When the sun is put out, and when the stars fall down, and when the mountains are blown away, and when pregnant camels are left untended, and when wild beasts are gathered together, and when the seas are set on fire, and when the souls ˹and their bodies˺ are paired ˹once more˺, and when baby girls, buried alive, are asked for what crime they were put to death, and when the records ˹of deeds˺ are laid open, and when the sky is stripped away, and when the Hellfire is fiercely flared up, and when Paradise is brought near— ˹on that Day˺ each soul will know what ˹deeds˺ it has brought along —Surah At-Takwir 81:1-14

Indication that there will be signs of its coming are found in Q.47:18:

Are they only waiting for the Hour to take them by surprise? Yet ˹some of˺ its signs have already come. Once it actually befalls them, will it not be too late to be mindful? —Surah Muhammad 47:18 [15]

Interest in end times

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See also: Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi and Signs of the reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi
Detailed Eschatological Chart

Traditionally interest in "apocalyptic speculation" was strongest among mainstream Shia (Twelver Shia), Isma'ili Islam, Sunni on the "doctrinal and geographic margins"—such as present day Morocco—but was weaker in the heartland of Sunni Islam.[16] Various eschatological interpretations exist within Shia Islam. The concept of seven celestial Hells, as well as the idea that after death but before the End Times, one's soul would temporarily wait in either Paradise or Hellfire, are accounted for throughout Isma'ili Shi'i literature.[17] Shia tradition broadly tends to recognize the coming of the Mahdi as signifying the coming punishment for non-believers.[18]

Minor signs

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Events in Islamic eschatology based on Sunan Abi Dawud, "Battles" (Kitab Al-Malahim)[Hadith 2]
Eschatological timeline of "minor" and "major" signs preceding the Day of Judgment

The Minor or Lesser Signs (Ashraat al-Saa'ah al-Sughra) are "moral, cultural, political, religious, and natural events designed to warn humanity that the end is near and to bring people into a state of repentance."[19][20] According to one Salafi source IslamQA.info, "For the most part", these signs will have occurred a long time before the Resurrection begins. Some of them have already happened – although they may be repeated; some of them are currently occurring; and some have not yet taken place but will.[21][22][23][15][24]

Islamic Finder website,[unreliable source?] has listed 48 signs, 9 of which are past, 13 "are happening at present", and 26 are "yet to happen".[15] Islam Question and Answer website under the authority of Muhammad Al-Munajjid; has listed 28 Minor Signs and 10 major signs.[21] Islam Online website under the authority of Yusuf al-Qaradawi; has listed lists similar numbers: 10 past, 13 "Present?", 27 future.[22]

Some of these signs tend to be so general that "it is possible to find indicators of them in any modern society (for example, crime, natural disaster, etc.)".[1]

The appearance of the Mahdi, (a Leading figure) is said to be a link between the minor and major signs. In the ḥadīth literature, it is mentioned that minor signs will occur first, then the Mahdi will come and then the major signs. There is debate over whether they could occur concurrently or must be at different points in time. Some sources divide the signs into those that have already occurred, that are happening at present, and that are yet to happen.[22][15]

Events that [it is argued] have already taken place

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  1. The sending of Muhammad as a prophet.[21]
  2. Splitting of the moon.[Hadith 3][15][22]
  3. The death of Muhammad.[Hadith 4][21]
  4. The appearance of fire in the Hijaz (which appeared in the mid-7th century AH).[Hadith 5][21]
  5. A form of death, which will kill thousands of Muslims (Amwas Plague).[Hadith 4][15]
  6. A major fighting in Madinah (understood to be the battle of al-Harrah during the caliphate of Yazid).[15]
  7. The Muslim conquest of Jerusalem.[Hadith 4][15]
  8. The Muslim conquest of Constantinople.[Hadith 6][15]
  9. Two large groups of Muslims will fight in a war.[Hadith 7][15]
  10. A war between the Muslims and a reddish people with small eyes, wearing sandals made of hair (Some ahadith consider these people as the Turco–Mongols);[Hadith 8][15] and their seizure of the rule of Islamic world from the Arabs.[Note 1]
  11. A peace agreement between the Muslims and non-Muslims from the yellow race (understood to be the Chinese, Mongols etc).[15]
  12. The spread of literacy.[Hadith 12][Hadith 13]
  13. Musical instruments will become prevalent.[Hadith 14][21]
  14. The abandonment of the Jizya tax, of which Dhimmis stop submitting and refuse to pay the tax.[Hadith 15]

Events that [it is argued] are active/currently happening

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  1. Almost 30 false prophets will appear;[Hadith 7][15][Hadith 16][Hadith 17][Hadith 18][Hadith 19] In another narration, 23 false male prophets and 4 female prophets.[Hadith 20][Note 2][21]
  2. Naked, destitute, barefoot shepherds will compete in building tall buildings.[Hadith 21][15][22]
  3. The slave-woman will give birth to her master or mistress.[Hadith 22][15]
  4. A trial (fitnah) which will enter every Arab household.[Hadith 4][15]
  5. Knowledge will be taken away (by the death of people of knowledge), and ignorance will prevail.[Hadith 23][15]
  6. Tribulations (fitna) will prevail.[Hadith 24][15]
  7. A man will pass by the grave of another and wish he was in the latter's place.[Hadith 7][15]
  8. Trustworthiness will be lost, i.e. when authority is given to those who do not deserve it.[Hadith 25][15]
  9. People will gather for prayer, but will be unable to find an imam to lead them.[Hadith 26][15]
  10. Commerce and business will increase significantly until a woman assists her husband.[Hadith 13]
  11. Earthquakes will increase.[Hadith 27][15]
  12. Zina (Adultery) will become widespread.[Hadith 23][15]
  13. Wine (intoxicants, alcohol) will be drunk in great quantities.[Hadith 23][15]
  14. Lack of care whether one gains money legally or illegally (e.g. riba).[Hadith 28]
  15. Arabia will become a land of gardens and rivers.[Hadith 29][15]
  16. A woman will go on the pilgrimage with other women but unaccompanied by a man.[Hadith 30][28][29]
  17. The Euphrates will completely dry out revealing a treasure of gold, and many will die fighting over it, each one hoping to be the one who gains the treasure.[Hadith 31]
  18. The number of men will decrease, whilst the number of women will increase, until for every man there are 50 women.[Hadith 32][30]
  19. The recurring emergences and falls of Kharijites from time to time (more than twenty times) across generations, until their final reappearance within the rank of Dajjal's army.[31][Hadith 33][Hadith 34][32][33][34][35][36]

Events that [it is argued] are yet to happen

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(Not including Greater signs)

  1. Fulfillment of believers dreams.[Hadith 35]
  2. The Muslim conquest of Rome.[Hadith 36][15][22]
  3. The Romans will come to a place called A’maq or Dabiq, and an army of the best people will go forth from Madinah to face them.[Hadith 6][15]
  4. Unless their leaders rule according to the Quran and seek all good from that which Allah has revealed, Allah will cause them to fight one another;[Hadith 37]
  5. The bloodless conquest of Constantinople without weapons by 70,000 descendants of Isaac. The city will fall by only Takbir cry.[Hadith 38][Note 3]
  6. The Earth rapidly vomiting gold and silver;[Hadith 39]
  7. A cruel ruler who hailed from Mawali (slave) of Qahtanite tribe named al-Jahjah; will rise into reign.[Hadith 40][Hadith 41][Hadith 42][37]
  8. A second figure from Yemen will rise, a young man hailed as pure direct descendant of Qahtan (Legendary noble ancestor of South Arabian Qahtanites such as Banu Hamdan, Himyarite, and Kinda; among others) who will rule with justice.[Hadith 43][Hadith 44][37][Hadith 45][38]
  9. Houses adornments resembling painted garments.[Hadith 46][39]
  10. An army will attack the Kaaba. They will all sunk into the earth before reaching it when they were in a desert.[Hadith 47][40]

Events that do not have a general consensus on what their current status is

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  1. Widespread wealth and lack of need for charity.[Hadith 29][21]
  2. Killing will become widespread.[Hadith 48][21]
  3. Appearance of women who are clothed yet naked.[Hadith 49][21]
  4. Wild animals and inanimate objects will speak to people.[Hadith 50][21]
  5. A man will disobey his mother and obey his wife, while shunning his father and speaking kindly to his friend.[Hadith 51][28][29]
  6. There will be complete sexual license.[28][29]
  7. The Dabbah will be found by archeologists.[Quran 1][15]
  8. Time will pass more quickly.[Hadith 27][15]

Greater signs

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Following the second period, the third will be marked by the ten major (aka greater) signs known as alamatu's-sa'ah al-kubra (the major signs of the end).[Hadith 52][41] The concise narrative which compiled by Ahmad Muhammad Shakir from various Hadiths transmissions which he considered authentic were as following: [42]

Arabic: إِنَّ السَّاعَةَ لاَ تَكُوْنُ حَتَّى تَكُوْنَ عَشْرُ آيَاتٍ: خَسْفٌ بِالْمَشْرِقِ، وَخَسْفٌ بِالْمَغْرِبِ، وَخَسْفٌ فِي جَزِيْرَةِ الْعَرَبِ، وَالدُّخَانُ، وَالدَّجَّالُ، ودَابَّةٌ، وَيَأْجُوْجُ وَمَأْجُوْجُ، وَطُلُوْعُ الشَّمْسِ مِنْ مَغْرِبِهَا، وَنَارٌ تَخْرُجُ مِنْ قَعْرِ عَدَنٍ تَرْحَلُ النَّاسَ، وَنُزُوْلُ عِيْسَى بْنِ مَرْيَمَ., romanized: "...The Day of Hour will not come until ten signs occurs: (1)landslide in the east, (2)landslide in the west, (3)landslide in the Arabian Peninsula, (4)the smoke (appeared), (5)Dajjal (appeared), (6)Beast of the Earth (appeared), (7)Gog and Magog, (8)the sun rising from the west, (9)a fire which coming out from Aden to displace mankind, and (10)descent of Isa, son of Maryam...". Transmission authorities from Hudhayfa ibn Usaid al-Ghifari, 'Amr ibn Maimun, and Abu Sa'īd al-Khūdrī.

— Sahih Muslim, Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Sunan Abi Dawud, Sunan Ibn Majah,[Hadith 53][Hadith 54][Hadith 55][Hadith 56][Hadith 57] and Tafsir al-Qurtubi ad-Dukhan 44:10.[Quran 2]

According to Jessica Stern, a "few elements are consistent":[43]

According to scholar Jean-Pierre Filiu, the collections of hadith[45] Sahih Muslim[46] "organizes the chronology of the major signs and portents of the Hour, organizing the in a sequence of ten events." "the first will be three entombments" (khasf)[47] (also called "sinking of the earth" or earthquakes or landsides)[21] where "the earth will open up and people will be buried alive"

  1. The first entombment will be in the East.[47][21][Hadith 52]
  2. The 2nd entombment in the West.[47][Hadith 52]
  3. The 3rd in the Arabian Peninsula.[47][Hadith 52]
  4. The appearance of smoke;[47] forming a huge black cloud (dukhan) that covers the earth.[Hadith 52]
  5. the appearance of the Antichrist.[Hadith 52] This false messiah, Dajjal, shall appear as an apostle of Allah,[Hadith 62] appearing to have great powers as a one-eyed man with his right eye blind and deformed like a grape. Although believers will not be deceived, he will claim to be Allah, to hold the keys to paradise and the hellfire, and will lead many astray.[48] In reality, his paradise is the hellfire, and vice versa.[Hadith 63] The Dajjal will be followed by seventy thousand Jews of Isfahan wearing Persian shawls.[Hadith 64]
  6. The Beast of the Earth (Dabbat al-Ard) will crawl out of the earth[47] to talk to people.[49][Note 5][Quran 4]
  7. followed by Gog and Magog will break out of their imprisonment "isolating them from the civilized world and run wild";[Hadith 52] They will ravage the earth, drink all the water of Lake Tiberias, and kill all believers in their way. Isa, Imam Al-Mahdi, and the believers with them will go to the top of a mountain and pray for the destruction of Gog and Magog. Allah eventually will send disease and worms to wipe them out.[Quran 5][Hadith 62][51]
  8. The rising of the sun in the west.[Quran 6][Note 6][Hadith 65][54][55][56][Hadith 66][Hadith 67][Hadith 68]
  9. A "supernatural fire originating in Yemen."[Hadith 52]
  10. This fire will drive the human race to the place of the final judgement.[Hadith 52][47]

Some other events mentioned in other hadith as signs following the appearance of the Mahdi include:

  • The return of Isa (Jesus), from the fourth sky, to kill Dajjal.[Hadith 62][57]
  • A major war between the Muslims (including Jews and Christians who believe Jesus is a prophet and Muslim and not divine after his return) led by the Imam Mahdi, and the Jews plus other non-Muslims led by the Antichrist.[Hadith 69][15]
  • A time of great peace and serenity during and after the remaining lifetime of Jesus.[Hadith 70][15]
  • Arabia will become a land of gardens and rivers.[Hadith 29][15]
  • Society will then decay.[Hadith 71][15]
  • The buttocks of the women of the tribe of Daws will again sway in circumambulation (tawaf) around the idol Dhul-Khulsah.[Hadith 72][15]
  • Hajj will be abandoned.[Hadith 73]
  • A gentle wind which will take the souls of the believers.[Hadith 62][15]
  • Dhul-Suwayqatayn (the thin legged man) from Ethiopia will demolish the Ka`ba.[Hadith 74][Hadith 75][58]
  • There is no-one left on the earth saying, "Allah, Allah" or "iilah 'iilaa ٱllah."[Hadith 76][15]

Al Dajjal

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Further information: Al-Masih ad-Dajjal

Al-Masih ad-Dajjal (Arabic: المسيح الدجّال, romanized: al-Masīḥ ad-Dajjāl, lit. 'Deceitful Messiah',[Hadith 77][Hadith 78][Hadith 79][3] is a false Messiah, sometimes described as the Islamic Antichrist,[59] who will appear as the first of the "Greater Signs" of apocalypse. He will be preceded by a terrible drought and present himself as a savior to the starving masses, many of whom – Bedouins, weavers, magicians, and children of fornication, and especially Jews.[3][59]—will be taken in by his claims and join his ranks.[59][60]

Dajjal will emerge from the east,[61] be blind in one eye with his other eye protruding,[Hadith 80][Hadith 81][62][59] (an indication that he has been given powers to achieve evil goals).[61] On his forehead[Hadith 82] or between his eyes[Hadith 83] are the letters K-F-R (the root of Kafir,[50][59] i.e. unbeliever)[Hadith 82] which every Muslim would be able to read."[Hadith 84][63] Like ʿĪsā (Jesus), he will be able to perform miracles – healing the sick, raising the dead, causing the earth to grow vegetation, causing livestock to prosper and to die, and stopping the sun's movement – but unlike Jesus he will do this with the assistance of an army of demons (Shayāṭīn).[61][59] He will travel the whole world entering every city, except Mecca and Medina.[64] His army will kill and conquer, until they corner the Mahdi and a group of just 5000 Muslim fighters in Jerusalem. In this final battle before the Day of Judgment Jesus will descend from heaven to save the Muslim army, killing infidels simply by breathing on them[65][66] and defeating and killing the dajjal simply by looking at him – or looking at him and putting a sword through him.[61] The dajjal will melt away.[66][65] Sources disagree over whether the Dajjal is human or a devil (shayṭān) in human form.[61][3][67]

Gog and Magog (Yajuj and Majuj)

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Further information: Gog and Magog
Dhu al-Qarnayn builds a wall to seal Yajuj and Majuj; here aided by dīvs (demons). Persian miniature from a Falnama, 16th century.[68][69]

Gog and Magog are mentioned in Qur'an

two chapters of the Quran where they are referred to as Yajuj and Majuj.[Quran 7][Quran 8][50] They are suppressed by a figure called Dhul-Qarnayn – "the two-horned one."[70] Dhul-Qarnayn, having journeyed to the ends of the world, meets "a people who scarcely understood a word" who seek his help in building a barrier that will separate them from the people of Yajuj and Majuj who "do great mischief on earth". (In Islamic literature Yajuj and Majuj are "described as cannibals with varying degrees of height and breadth",[50] or sometimes depicted "as large and sometimes as small, but they are always numerous and subhuman".[71] Dhul-Qarnayn agrees to build it for them, but warns that when the time comes (believed to mean the end times), Allah will remove the barrier.[72]

The Monster of Gog and Magog, by al-Qazwini (1203–1283)

Journalist Graeme Wood reports that in Islamic apocalyptic literature Gog and Magog are a subhuman pestilence who are released from thousands of years of imprisonment sometime after Isa's descent to earth. After much killing, pillaging and devouring of vast resources they are wiped out after "Allah commands an insect or worm to burrow into their necks and kill them".[71]

Sufyani

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Further information: Sufyani

The Sufyani (Arabic: سفیاني) is an evil figure in Islamic eschatology. According to hadith, Sufyani will be a tyrant who will spread corruption and mischief. According to Shia hadith, Sufyani will rise in the month of Rajab.[73] The predicted location of his arrival is in Damascus.

Sufyani is a distinctly different individual than Dajjal.[Hadith 85] It is said that he will kill children and rip out the bellies of women. The Sufyani will murder those from the household of the Prophet and will rule over Syria. When the Mahdi appears, Sufyani will send an army to seize and kill him. However, when Sufyani and his army would reach the desert of Bayda, they would be swallowed.[74]

The Mahdi

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Further information: Mahdi and Signs of the appearance of Mahdi

Mahdi (Arabic: ٱلْمَهْدِيّ, ISO 233: al-mahdīy), meaning "Rightly Guided One" is a messianic figure in Islamic tradition who will "rid the world of bid'ah (innovation), reestablish Sunnah and teach religion...".[2] The word Mahdi does not appear in the Quran (al-hadī, or "guide" appears twice),[12] but is found in hadiths and is said to be the sign between Minor signs and Major signs of Day of Resurrection.[75][76][Hadith 86][Hadith 87] Some Shia Muslims regard him as the first sign of the third period.[77] Hadith reports state that he will be a descendant of Muhammad through Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and cousin Ali's son Hassan. According to Shias, Mahdi will be looked upon to kill Dajjal to end the disintegration of the Muslim community, and to prepare for the reign of Isa (Jesus), who will rule for a time thereafter. According to Sunnis, Mahdi will be against Dajjal and will have some Muslim communities in Shaam and that Jesus will return to kill Dajjal. The Mahdi will fulfill his prophetic mission, a vision of justice and peace, before submitting to Jesus' rule.[78] The physical features of Mahdi are described in the hadith; he will be of Arab complexion, of average height, with a big forehead, large eyes, and a sharp nose. He will have a mole on his cheek, and be recognized by the Muslim community while he sits in his own home. As written in Sunan Abi Dawud, "Our Mahdi will have a broad forehead and a pointed (prominent) nose. He will fill the earth with justice as it is filled with injustice and tyranny. He will rule for seven years."[Hadith 88] Other sources say five or nine years.[79] In some accounts, his reign will be followed by a cold wind causing everyone with the smallest measure of human-kindness or faith, to die and be carried straight to heaven. Therefore, only the wicked will remain and be victims of terrible animals and Shayateen, until the day of resurrection.[80]

Though the predictions of the duration of his rule differ, hadith are consistent in describing that Allah will perfect him in a single night, imbuing him with inspiration and wisdom, and his name will be announced from the sky. The Mahdi will bring back worship of true Islamic values, and bring the Ark of the Covenant to light. He will conquer Constantinople and Mount Daylam and will regard Jerusalem and the Dome as his home. His banner will be that of Muhammad: black and unstitched, with a halo. Furled since the death of Muhammad, the banner will unfurl when the Mahdi appears. He will be helped by angels and others that will prepare the way for him. He will understand the secrets of abjad.[8]

Descent of Jesus

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Further information: Jesus_in_Islam § Second_Coming

Islamic literature predicts that the Mahdi will be followed and assisted in his fight against evil "by a bygone prophet who will come back to earth". This prophet will not be Muhammad (as non-Muslims might expect) but ʿĪsā (Jesus), "praised in the Quran as the Messiah and the 'Word of Allah.'" "The usual interpretation" of the prophecy of Jesus's return to earth is that He "will put an end to his own worship, symbolized by the cross, and re-establish the dietary laws that Christianity abandoned but Jews and Muslims still observe."[81] While the Quran is not explicit about Jesus' return,[82] many Muslims believe that two Quranic verses suggest his second coming during the end times.[83] The verse that is the basis of Islamic belief that Jesus did not die on the cross, but ascended into heaven:

  • "And [for] their saying, 'Indeed, we have killed the Messiah, Jesus, the son of Mary, the messenger of Allah.' And they did not kill him, nor did they crucify him; but [another] was made to resemble him to them. And indeed, those who differ over it are in doubt about it. They have no knowledge of it except the following of assumption. And they did not kill him, for certain."[Quran 9]

The other verse connects Jesus in some way with "the Hour":

  • "And indeed, Jesus will be [a sign for] knowledge of the Hour, so be not in doubt of it, and follow Me. This is a straight path".[Quran 10]"[83][84]

Tabari, author of one of the most important Sunni tafsirs, argues that the verse refers to Jesus, who will unite all believers under the banner of Islam. (There is no mention of ʿĪsā from az-Zukhruf verses,[Quran 11] though an ambiguous male singular pronoun "he" is used.)[83] Hadiths further elaborate the events following Jesus arrival.[85] According to Sahih al-Bukhari and a number of other hadith, Jesus will descend among Muslims, "break the cross, kill (or slaughter) the pig and abolish (or remove) the Jizya".[83][86] Although traced back to Abu Hurairah, one of the sahaba, such hadiths might actually have been introduced later during civil wars in the early Abbasid Caliphate, when a savior was expected. While for Shias, the Mahdi will be the savior, some Sunnis tended to expect Jesus' return. (Other sources expect Isa is the Mahdi, "mahdi" meaning "the divinely-guided one", a title rather than a distinct person).[12] During the early Abbasid Caliphate, wearing crucifixes in processions and holding pigs in public, was forbidden. Otherwise, the breaking of the cross, might reflect general disapproval of this symbol by Muslims, and slaying pigs a reference to Jesus exorcism of Legion.[85]

Jesus in Shia Islam

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Main article: Jesus in Islam

For Shia, the return of Jesus is considered the third major sign of the last days (along with the appearance of the Mahdi and Jesus's nemesis Masih ad-Dajjal). Like Sunni Muslims, Shia believe in the Hadith describing the return of the Mahdi that will coincide with the return of Isa, who will serve as a just judge before the Day of Judgment.[87] Although Muhammad is the preeminent prophet in Islam, Jesus is mentioned in the Quran, and so is Idris (Enoch), who is said not to have died but to have been raised up by Allah.[88]

Isa will descend from the heavens in al-Quds at dawn, meet with the Mahdi, whose appearance has preceded Isa, and who will lead the people in fajr prayer. After the prayer, they will open a gate to the west to confront and defeat Masih ad-Dajjal. Isa will then lead a peaceful forty-year reign until his death, and be buried in a tomb beside Muhammad in Medina.[89]

What will be your reaction when the son of Mary (Jesus) descends and your Imam is from among yourselves?[90]

Version of timeline (Sunni)

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Interpretations of the Quran and hadith by Muslims to determine what happens and when (or how much it matters) leading up to Judgement Day vary.[1] (Some examples: will the Dajjal be killed by the Mahdi,[91] or by Jesus?[66] Will the Sufyani appear in end times? (Sunnis say no or are doubtful;[92][93] Shia say yes.)[73] Will the Mahdi work with Jesus?[94] or be Jesus?[95] How long will the Mahdi and Jesus reign? And how long after their deaths will the earth come to an end? (estimates in Islamic eschatological literature "have varied greatly").[96] Will there even be a Mahdi? (He is not mentioned in the Quran, the two most-revered Sunni hadith collections of Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, with the exception of one narration,[Hadith 89][97] or several famous creed treaties (ʿAqīda by al-Ash'arī, al-Nasafī, Al-Tahawi, and Abu Ḥanīfa, etc.) that mention other famous apocalyptic characters and events.))[98]

One issue in interpretation that followers of apocalyptic literature give considerable debate to are the metaphors, or what are believed to be metaphors, in the prophesies: are the naked shepherds who build tall buildings Gulf Arabs (who are only a couple of generations away from poverty)? Are the worshippers of the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess al-Lat the Shia Hezbollah (as the Islamic State does)?[99] Who is Rûm (the term meaning "Romans" historically used by Muslims to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire ("Byzantines") and geographically Asia Minor)? the Vatican, Italy, Europe, NATO, Russia, the United States,[100] the Turkish Republic? (The Turkish Ottoman Empire conquered the remnants of the Byzantine Empire, which called itself the Roman Empire, and the Turkish Republic took over the heart of the Ottoman Empire),[101] have all been suggested.

Muslims who believe "the hour" is nigh are very interested in the details of "the signs". Journalist Graeme Wood has put together a summary of end time events as interpreted by one such group—Sunni jihadis supporters of the Islamic State—based on conversations with an Islamic State "cleric" Musa Cerantonio and other Jihadist Muslims, as well as apocalyptic literature cited by scholar of Islamic eschatology, Jean-Pierre Filiu.[102][103][Note 7]

Lesser Signs

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Supporters (like many Muslims) believe many of the Lesser Signs have already occurred[104]—such as "a slave giving birth to her master" (having occurred in the Islamic State among enslaved women who give birth to a child fathered by a jihadi who went on to be killed in combat, the child inheriting the rights of the father),[105] an embargo of Iraq, leadership of Muslim nations by unworthy miscreants, a war between Muslims and Jews, worship of the pre-Islamic Arabian goddess al-Lat, naked shepherds will build tall buildings, mass importation of non-Muslims to Muslim lands (guest workers in the Gulf States and Saudi), and lax moral standards (rampant fornication, alcohol consumption, listening to music).[106] [107] Next will occur a number of great battles and terrible events, along with weird and horrible natural disasters. The Euphrates will divert itself and reveal "mountains of gold", which Muslims should either not touch or take only a small amount.[100] The earth will open up and swallow people. Smoke will appear.[100] The caliphate will be revived, but Islam will not be united as many "false prophets and deviants" cause discord.[108]

During or around this time there will be two titanic battles between Muslims and their enemies; First the enemy—"united behind 80 banners" and led by Rum, will fight Muslims at Dabiq, (in what is now northern Syria). One-third of the world's Muslims will be killed as martyrs, and another third will desert, fleeing the battle, and the remaining third will advance to Rum and sack it.[108]

This will be followed by "the Great Slaughter" (Al-Malhama Al-Kubra), a battle "the likes of which has never been seen", pitting the Muslim world against "everyone else",[109] with Muslim readers of eschatology disagreeing on what prophesies say about the result.[110]

Greater Signs

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At this point, the first of the "Greater Signs" will commence, a terrible drought that will leave one third of the world without rain for a year, and two-thirds without the next year. Into this calamity the al masih al dajjal (the "False Messiah" or Anti-Christ),[59] will appear, providing food for the starving, rain for the thirsty, having been granted the ability (by Allah) to perform miracles. Presenting himself as a saviour to the world's starving masses, millions or even billions will fall at his feet in gratitude.[59][67] Blind in one disfigured eye that protrudes "like a grape", with the word "kafir" imprinted on his forehead,[59] he will not deceive true Muslims.[67]

The Anti-Christ will raise an army of his supporters, especially women and Iranian Jews. Wandering the planet, killing and conquering, its power will be so great it will send "Muslims into hiding".[67] Finally a small force of 5000 Muslim fighters will be cornered by his armies in Jerusalem", taking refuge within the gates of the city in what appears to be a doomed last stand. The Muslims' leader will be the Mahdi. Coming to their rescue will be Jesus. Having never died on the cross but ascended bodily into heaven where his aging process was arrested and he did not die, he will now descend onto earth, "wearing saffron robes" and borne by two angels. Arriving at the white minaret of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus" he will hurry to Jerusalem and without announcing himself, appear during dawn prayers.[66]

"In hushed voices" the assembling Muslims will identify Jesus and point him out to each other. As the caliph/Mahdi is about to lead prayers, he will ask Jesus to lead them instead. Exhibiting modesty, Jesus will decline the invitation and take a place in the rows behind the Mahdi, praying like any other Muslim.[66] The Anti-Christ will flee, attempting to escape, but "in his ignominious scramble, will melt away, like salt in water. But before he disappears, Jesus will ... pierce him fatally with his spear", and raise the bloody spear above his head.[66] Their leader defeated, supporters of the Anti-Christ "will surrender and submit to the rule of the Mahdi". With Jesus proving to Christians the falsity of their religion and ordering them to follow Islam, Christianity will come to an end. Any Christians and Jews "who persist in disbelief" will no longer be able to get by paying Jizya, but will be killed. Stones and trees will assist Muslim warriors seeking to uncover "any Jews cowering behind them, vainly wishing to escape death,"[66] as in the hadith related by al-Bukhari and Muslim.

The Day of Judgement will not come about until Muslims fight the Jews, when the Jew will hide behind stones and trees. The stones and trees will say O Muslims, O Servant of Allah, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him. Only the Gharkad tree, (the Boxthorn tree) would not do that because it is one of the trees of the Jews.Sahih Muslim, 41:6985, [Note 8][111]

Following this victory, there will be 40 years of "glorious" Jesus-Mahdi rule,[66] until the menace of Gog and Magog escapes from the iron wall that has confined them inside a mountain in Central Asia for thousands of years. They will kill multitudes, invading Iraq and Palestine like a pestilence, draining rivers and the Sea of Galilee with their thirst and consuming crops with their hunger. Finally Allah will command "an insect or worm" to burrow into their necks and kill them[71] or by "fire and a plague of worms, birds and/or other natural disasters."[50]

Gog and Magog's bodies will rot and stink before being washed away by rain. And various other tribulations will take place before the world is finally destroyed. Humanity will be surrounded by fire. Few Arabs will survive the devastation, and most of the survivors will be 'Romans'. At the end of time, even the Muslims will die, their lives taken by a wind that will be either "horrendous",[71][112] or a "breeze bearing a pleasant scent",[113] leaving only the wicked to face the Earth's destruction. On the last day of earth, the sun will rise in the west and Allah will stop accepting repentance.[114]

Signs in Shi'i Islam

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Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi

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At least one Shia scholar (Sayyid Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi, 1927–2002 CE) divides the signs into categories similar to lesser/minor and greater/major although he does not use those terms:

  • Signs "connected with the general [bad] behaviour of the society", or "Signs of the Re-appearance of the 12th Imam";
  • 'the acts of Allah' rather than human society, appearing "just before Qiyamat" and "culminating in Qiyamat".[115]

Shi'i apocalyptic accounts differ from Sunni, their hadith including not only reported sayings of the prophet Muhammad but also the twelve Imams. Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid (c. 948–1022 CE) directed collection of Shi'i hadith giving apocalyptic accounts "greater detail and assurance".[116]

Signs of the Re-appearance of the 12th Imam

Akhtar Rizvi quotes a hadith of Muhammad shortly before his death just after completing the Farewell Pilgrimage, reported by Ibn Abbas. He gives a long list of some "of the Signs of the Hour", many like those in Sunni hadith, including:[115]

  • "people will neglect the prayer (i.e., will not pray at all, or will pray without fulfilling its conditions, or will not pray in the preferred time),
  • people "will follow their own views (and desires will supersede the commands of Allah, they will follow only those rules which will appeal to them, and will leave other rules),[115]
  • people "will respect the wealthy people (forgetting the Islamic criterion of honour, i.e., piety),
  • people "will sell the religion for worldly benefits (for example, the greed of worldly riches will instigate them to go to such places where, they very well know, it would be difficult to observe their religious commands); at that time the heart and soul of the believer will melt (from grief) as salt melts in water, because he will see the unlawful things (and actions) and will not be able to change them."[115]
  • "the evil will become virtue, and the virtue will become evil; the embezzlers will be trusted, and the trustworthy people will be thought untrustworthy; and the liars will be vouchsafed, and the truthful one will be considered liars."[115]
  • "at that time, women will be rulers and the concubines will be consulted; (Rizvi speculates that this "may mean" the government is dominated by women and /or women dominate their husbands—"so much so that the husbands will not, or cannot, ask them to remain within the limits of the Shariat, leaving them free to go wherever they want in whatever clothes they like)".[116]
  • "at that time males will satisfy their lust with males (male homosexuality); and females will satisfy their lust with females (female homosexuality); and minor boys will be mounted upon like women (homosexual pederasty); and the males will liken themselves to females (i.e, will look like females); and females will look like males (Rizvi interprets this to mean "The clean-shaved faces and long hair" of men, and wearing of "pants and bell-bottoms" by women "are proof of the fulfilment of this forecast) (transvestism and androgyny); and females will ride the saddles (i.e, not only horses, but according to Rizvi bicycles, scooters and motor-cycles). So there will be Curse of Allah upon those women of my Ummat."[115]
  • at that time will appear female singers and musical instruments (according to Rizvi 'will appear' means will be openly used'), and will rule upon them most evil of my Ummat (worst people will rule upon the Muslims).[115]
  • "there will be rains at wrong times";[115]
  • people "will like chess and gambling apparatus and musical instruments;[115]
  • they "will dislike enjoining the good and forbidding the evil; so much so that the (true) believer will, at that time, have less respect than a slave-girl";[115]
  • "the reciters (of the Qur'an) and those who spend their time in worshipping Allah, will blame each other".[115]
"Acts of Allah" culminating in Qiyamat (also in Sunni hadith)

Rizvi quotes a hadith reported by Hudhaifah bin Usaid al-Ghifari where Muhammad says Qiyamat "will not stand (it will not come) until you see ten signs before it".[117] These include many of the major signs found in Sunni Islam but not all:

  1. The smoke (Dukkhan);[117]
  2. Dajjal (the AntiChrist);[117]
  3. Dabbatul-Ard (the Beast of the Earth);[117]
  4. Rising of the sun from its setting place (i.e. the West);[117]
  5. coming down of Isa, son of Maryam;[117]
  6. Gog and Magog;[117]
  7. three enormous sinkholes, (Khasf al-Bayda) one in the East;[117]
  8. another in the West;[117]
  9. one in Arabian peninsula;[117]
  10. a Fire which will appear from Yemen and will turn the people towards their Mahshar, i.e. the gathering place of the Qiyamat."[117]

Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid

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Some of the Shi'a signs disseminated by Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid are the same or similar to those described by Sunni Muslims:[116]

  • The sun will rise in the West;
  • The infidels will seem to triumph;
  • An abundance of false messiah's will aggravate chaos;

But others will be different. The return of the Mahdi will be heralded by:[116]

  • Eclipses during Ramadan;
  • A plague of locusts;
  • A flood of the Euphrates into the streets of Kufa where it will cause the wall of the great mosque to crumble.
  • A rain of "reddish fire" will fall on Baghdad and Kufa;
  • Syria will be devastated by fighting among "Arab rebels" from Egypt, "cavalrymen stationed in Al-Hira", and a surprising attack from Khurasan "beneath black banners";
  • The Turks will occupy Kazora, the middle valley of the Euphrates;
  • at the same time the Byzantines will attack the Palestinian city of Ramla;
  • "Twenty four successive storms" will rid Muslims of miasmas from "the red death and the white death" the previous strife produced.[116]

Five signs of Shi'i traditionalists

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Scholar of Islamic Eschatology, Jean-Pierre Filiu, has identified "five signs" (al-alamat al-khams) of the Mahdi's appearance from anthologies of Shi'i traditionalists:

  1. the return of the Sufyani, who is "the Mahdi's sworn enemy", and "identified with Umayyad tyranny";
  2. in response to the Sufyani, "the Yemini"—the Mahdi's ally and "implacable" enemy of the Sufyani—will rise up against him;
  3. there will be a "Call"—"a heavenly rallying cry of the partisan's of the Mahdi"—and in response a "demoniacal roar" from the bowels of the earth by his enemies, going back and forth for one entire month of Ramadan;
  4. "the Pure Soul", a messenger of the Mahdi, will be assassinated;
  5. an army sent against the Mahdi, will be swallowed up by the earth when a crack (khasf) opens up beneath it.[118]

Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im

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According to "Shi'ite narrations" by Mahdi Muntazir Qa'im in Al-Islam.org, the "ten signs" (although it lists fewer than ten) that must be seen before Resurrection Day will occur are:

  1. sunrise from the West,
  2. al-Dajjal and
  3. the beast of the earth,
  4. three lunar eclipses on the earth, one in the East,
  5. one in the West and
  6. one in the Arabian Peninsula and
  7. the emergence of Jesus the son of Mary (‘a)[119]

Sunni and Shia perspectives on the Mahdi

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Main articles: The Occultation, Muhammad al-Mahdi, and Reappearance of Muhammad al-Mahdi
Sunni and Twelver Shia Islam have different beliefs regarding the identity of Mahdi.
Item Sunni perspective Shia perspective
Shared belief In both Sunni and Twelver Islam versions the Mahdi confronts a world of strange natural disasters, war, chaos, ignorance, depravity, and wickedness. In both versions he will be named Muhammad, he will appear to Muslims before Isa (Jesus), and in both he will be assisted by Isa in his struggle against and killing of the dajjal (antichrist), Muslims will declare/swear their allegiance to him (Bay'ah) and will restores order and righteousness,[120] ruling the world for a period of time.
Importance in doctrine In Sunni Islam, the mahdi doctrine is a popular belief, but among scholars it is not theologically important. The two most authoritative compilations of hadith in Sunni Islam—Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim—make no mention of the Mahdi (nor does Nasai,[121][122][123][124] although three of six canonical Sunni hadith compilations do—Abu Dawood, Ibn Maja, and Tirmidhi). In Twelver Shi'ism, the largest Shi'i branch, the belief in the messianic imam is not merely a part of creed, but the pivot.[125] Born in Samarra in 868 CE, the Mahdi has been in occultation (hidden) by divine command for over 1000 years, waiting for end times to reappear and put an end to injustice.
Any supernatural characteristics? The Mahdi, though a leader of Islam as caliph (the traditional Sunni religious authority chosen by representative(s) of the community), a righteous man and among the descendants of Muhammad, will have a normal human lifespan (and not live for hundreds of years).[126] For Shia, the Mahdi is divinely ordained to be leaders and guides of the Muslim world (and thus all humanity). He became "the Imam of mankind" at the age five; has been in Occultation since 941 CE—over 1000 years—not hidden from view, but living on the earth among the people but unbeknownst to them.[127]

His titles include the Lord of the Resurrection (Qāʾim al-Qiyāma). Shia believe he will be the perfect being and the purpose of creation, and through him the world will come out of darkness and ignorance and "The earth will shine with the light of its Lord, the record ˹of deeds˺ will be laid ˹open˺, the prophets and the witnesses will be brought forward—and judgment will be passed on all with fairness. None will be wronged." (Quran 39:69); to an era of reward for those "who laboured in fulfilment of (the Prophets') command and with knowledge", unlike previous eras where Allah prescribes the people to work, that of the enunciators of divine revelation (nāṭiqs) who came before him.[128]

Arrival Before his leadership starts, he will be unrecognized and flee from Medina to Mecca to take refuge in the Ka'ba. Then, against his will, he will be recognized as ruler by the people.[129] He will then lead an army bearing black banners against the dajjal and his corruption. The Shia version of the Mahdi will also reappear in Mecca. On the day of ashura (10th of Muharram; the day the third Shi'a imam Husayn ibn Ali was slain), he will stand with the sword of Ali (dhu'l-fiqar) in his hand,[130] between the corner of the Ka'ba and the station of Abraham. Shia will come from all over the world to pledge their loyalty.[116] A voice from the heavens will call the people of the world to his aid; the angels, jinns, and humans will flock around him.[131] He will then go to Kufa accompanied by 5000 angels, which will become his capital. He will kill "all the hypocrites" and destroy their palaces there.[116] He will send troops to kill the Sufyani in Damascus. Husayn and his slain partisans will then resurrect, as will other imams and Muhammad.[131]
Linage He will be from the Hasanid branch of Muhammad's family, descended through Muhammad's daughter Fatima and her husband Ali. He is of the Husaynid line of Muhammad's descendants,[132] traced back to Imam ‘Ali (as), is: Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Musa Ibn Ja’far Ibn Muhammad Ibn ‘Ali Ibn al-Husayn Ibn ‘Ali Ibn Abi Talib (as),[127] the last of a line known as the twelve Imams.
Name and appearance His name will be Muhammad and his father's name will be Abdullah, thus making his full name Muhammad ibn Abdullah.[120] He will have a broad forehead and curved nose.[120] His name is Muhammad bin Hasan and that he is the son of Hasan-al-Askari. He will be "a young man of medium stature with a handsome face", black hair and beard.[133]
Will he kill the Dajjal? The Mahdi will lead an army against the Dajjal, but it will be Isa who kills him. The Mahdi (Imam Saheb uz-Zaman) will kill the Dajjal[91]
After the defeat of the Dajjal He will "usher in a short golden age" lasting seven, eight, or nine years until the end of the world.[134] After the killing of the Dajjal,[135] conquering Constantinople, China, and "the mountains of Daylam", the Mahdi (Imam Saheb uz-Zaman) will rule the world with perfect justice for seven, eight, nine, ten, nineteen,[46] twenty, or 1000 years[136] (accounts differ), as Jesus (Hazrat Isa bin Maryam) helps him spreading the Islamic faith.[135] According to Shīʿa hadiths, "he will bring a new religion, a new book and a new law".[137]

Raj`a (Return)

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Raj`a (Arabic: الرجعة, romanized: āl rj'ah, lit. 'Return') in Islamic terminology, refers to the Second Coming, or the return to life of a given past historical figure after that person's physical death.[138] Shia believe that the Mahdi will return, or more properly "reappear" (zuhur) with a group of chosen companions, having been alive but hidden in "occultation" since the year 874 CE.[138] But at the same time, a group of "immensely wicked disbelievers" will also appear.[139] According to the Shia scholar Sayyid Murtadha:[139]

After the reappearance of Hadhrat Mahdi (a.s.), the Exalted Allah (s.w.t.) shall cause group of those, who had previously departed from the world, to return to this world in order that they may be partners in the reward and glory of assisting him (a.s.) and in witnessing Allah's rule over the entire world; He shall also cause the most obstinate enemies to return in order to exact revenge from them."

The return of the historical figures of Jesus and the Mahdi will signify the beginning of the Last Judgment and establish justice for those who were oppressed in their lifetime up until their death. The oppressors will be punished directly by the oppressed during this future reappearance.[140]

Raj'a is mentioned in some Sunni works where the return of numerous people is cited, such as the Seven Sleepers, synchronous with the appearance of the Mahdi.[141] According to Jalaluddin Al-Sayuti, in contrast to Shia belief, the return of Muhammad is not limited to a specific time in the future. Al-Sayuti did not mention if any other religious figures will return after death before the resurrection.[142] According to Abu 'Abdullah Al-Qurtubi, raj`a is understood to be the lack of physical presence of a prophet, who marks his apparent death by absence in the physical world but will reappear, from time to time, to those who are pure in heart.[143]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Turks here is the general groups of Turkic peoples.[Hadith 9][Hadith 10][Hadith 11] Yusuf ibn Abd Allah al-Wabil gave commentary the Turks which fought Muslims was the Tatars including the Khazars and the Mongol Empire led by Genghis Khan. Meanwhile, the later era Turks who joined Islam and seizing the power of Islam world from the Arabs were meant to be the Zengid dynasty, Ayyubid dynasty, Mamluk dynasties, Seljuk Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Timurid Empire.[25]
  2. ^ modern contemporary Islamic Heresiologs scholars has speculated the false prophet figures that has appeared so far were Laqith ibn Malik al-Azdi,[26] Musaylima, Al-Aswad al-Ansi, Tulayha, Sajah, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, al-Ḥāriṯ ibn Saʿīd al-Kaḏhhāb (a figure who appeared during the reign of Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan), and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.[27]
  3. ^ Qadi Iyad opined "descendants of Isaac" here is the European, or "peoples of Rome"; since he believed that the Europeans were descended from Esau, elder brother of Jacob. Ibn Kathir further added that 70,000 of those Europeans is Muslim converts who would spearhead the conquest.[37]
  4. ^ Some sahih hadith[44] that all talk about the "ten signs" that appear before "the hour", but differ in details and don't specify "Greater Signs", are:
  5. ^ "The traditions refer frequently to the beast but never with a particularly lucid account of who or what it is"[50]
  6. ^ Various mufassir (Quranic interpretator) such as Muhammad Muhsin Khan,[52] Ibn Kathir, Wahbah al-Zuhayli and Salih bin Abdullah al-Humaid has interpreted the "Signs of your Lord" sentence in this verse meant to be the event when the sun rose from west.[53]
  7. ^ The Islamic State features predictions about the signs of the hour in its magazine Dabiq.[100]
  8. ^ see also Sahih Muslim, 41:6981, Sahih Muslim, 41:6982, Sahih Muslim, 41:6983, Sahih Muslim, 41:6984, Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:56:791,(Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:52:177)

Qur'an Primary sources

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  1. ^ An-Naml 27:82
  2. ^ Ad-Dukhan 44:10, with additional quotations by al-Qurtubi, is drawn from the interpretations of various authors from the early salaf generations, such as Ali, Ibn Abbas, Abd Allah ibn Amr ibn al-As, Abu Hurayra, and Hasan ibn Ali; with each of those narrator's chain of transmitters consisting of Zayd ibn Ali, and Ibn Abi Mulayka, among others.
  3. ^ An-Nisa 4:159
  4. ^ An-Naml 27:82
  5. ^ Al-Anbiya 21:96
  6. ^ Al-An'am 6:158.
  7. ^ Al-Kahf 18:94
  8. ^ Ad-Dukhan 21:96
  9. ^ An-Nisa 4:157
  10. ^ Az-Zukhruf 43:61
  11. ^ Az-Zukhruf 43:58-62

Hadith Primary sources

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  1. ^ Sahih Bukhari Volume 9, Book 88, Hadith 184
  2. ^ "Sunan Abi Dawud. 39 Battles (Kitab Al-Malahim)". Sunnah.com. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
  3. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 56: 830
  4. ^ a b c d Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 53: 401
  5. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 92: 234
  6. ^ a b c Sahih Muslim, book 41: 6924
  7. ^ a b c Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 237
  8. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 52: 179
  9. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, book al-Manaqib, chapter ‘Alamat an-Nubuwah (VI/604, al-Fath).
  10. ^ On the authority of Mu'awiya I; recorded in Musnad Ahmad (V/11, with Muntakhab al-Kanz footnote). Nur al-Din al-Haythami said, “It is transmitted by Ahmad, al-Bazzar and Al-Tabarani, and the transmitter of Ahmad is authentic... and the transmitter of al-Tabarani also authentic" Majma'uz Zawaa-id (VII/310) & (VII/311).
  11. ^ Sunan Abi Dawud, book of al-Malahim, chapter an-Nahyu‘an Tahyijit Turk wa al-Habasha (XI/409, & 415-416; ‘Awn al-Ma’bud).
  12. ^ Al-Adab Al-Mufrad, book 42: 1049
  13. ^ a b Adab Al-Mufrad; 1049, Musnad Ahmad; 3870.
  14. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 7: book 69: 494
  15. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 53: 404
  16. ^ Sunan Abi Dawud, XI: 486
  17. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol 1: book 56: 719
  18. ^ Majma al-Zawa'id; Nur al-Din al-Haythami VII: 332
  19. ^ Jami' ash-Shagir; al-Albani, no: 4143
  20. ^ Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal (V/396)
  21. ^ Sunan an-Nasa'i, Vol 6: book 47: 4993
  22. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 6: book 60: 300
  23. ^ a b c Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 80
  24. ^ (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 183)
  25. ^ (Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 56)
  26. ^ (Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 2: 0581)
  27. ^ a b Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 17: 146
  28. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 3: book 34: 275
  29. ^ a b c Sahih Muslim, Book 005: 2208
  30. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 56: 793
  31. ^ Riyad as-Salihin 1822, Book 18: 15
  32. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 1: book 3: 81
  33. ^ Ibn Majah, Vol 1: book 1: 174
  34. ^ Ahmad ibn Hanbal (5562): يَخْرُجُ مِنْ أُمَّتِي قَوْمٌ يُسِيئُونَ الْأَعْمَالَ، يَقْرَءُونَ الْقُرْآنَ لَا يُجَاوِزُ حَنَاجِرَهُمْ ، يَحْقِرُ أَحَدُكُمْ عَمَلَهُ مِنْ عَمَلِهِمْ، يَقْتُلُونَ أَهْلَ الْإِسْلَامِ، فَإِذَا خَرَجُوا فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ، ثُمَّ إِذَا خَرَجُوا فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ، ثُمَّ إِذَا خَرَجُوا فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ، فَطُوبَى لِمَنْ قَتَلَهُمْ، وَطُوبَى لِمَنْ قَتَلُوهُ، كُلَّمَا طَلَعَ مِنْهُمْ قَرْنٌ قَطَعَهُ اللهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ ، فَرَدَّدَ ذَلِكَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ عِشْرِينَ مَرَّةً ، أَوْ أَكْثَرَ ، وَأَنَا أَسْمَعُ
  35. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 87: 144
  36. ^ Sahih Muslim, Book 41: 6930
  37. ^ Sunan Ibn Maajah Vol. 5, Book 36, Hadith 4019
  38. ^ Sahih Muslim, Book 41, Hadith 6979
  39. ^ Sahih Muslim, book 5: 2210
  40. ^ Tirmidhi, Vol 4: book 7: 2228
  41. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, Vol 1: book 56: 719
  42. ^ Sahih Muslim, book 41: 6955
  43. ^ Sahih Muslim 2910 Book 54, Hadith 74
  44. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari 7117 Book 92, Hadith 64
  45. ^ Musnad Ahmad 720 Book 5, Hadith 153; Grade: Da'if (Darussalam) because Al-Harith Al-A'war is da'eef
  46. ^ Al-Adab Al-Mufrad, book 33: 777
  47. ^ Fath al-Bari, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani
  48. ^ Sahih Muslim, book 41: 6949
  49. ^ Muatta Malik, book 48: 7
  50. ^ Tirmidhi, Vol 4, book 7: 2281
  51. ^ Tirmidhi, Vol 3: book 7: 2210
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Sahih Muslim, book 41: 6931
  53. ^ Sahih Muslim 2901b Book 54, Hadith 52 (40, Ahmad Shakir)
  54. ^ Abu Dawud (no. 4311, Ahmad Shakir)
  55. ^ Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2183, Ahmad Shakir
  56. ^ Sunan Ibn Majah 4069 (4055, Ahmad Shakir)
  57. ^ Musnad Ahmad 295 (IV/6, Ahmad hakir)
  58. ^ Tirmidhi, Vol 4: book 7: 2239
  59. ^ Sunan Abi Dawud, book 37: 4272
  60. ^ Tirmidhi, Vol 4: book 7: 2240
  61. ^ Sahih Muslim, book 1: 287
  62. ^ a b c d Sahih Mulsim, book 41: 7015
  63. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 5: 554
  64. ^ Sahih Muslim, Book 41, Hadith 7034
  65. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 6: book 60: 159
  66. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari 6506; In-book reference : Book 81, Hadith 95; USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 8, Book 76, Hadith 513(deprecated numbering scheme)
  67. ^ Sunan Ibn Majah 4068; In-book reference : Book 36, Hadith 143; English translation : Vol. 5, Book 36, Hadith 4068
  68. ^ Sahih Muslim 2947a; In-book reference : Book 54, Hadith 158; USC-MSA web (English) reference : Book 41, Hadith 7039(deprecated numbering scheme))
  69. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 4: book 52: 177
  70. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 3: book 43: 656
  71. ^ Sunan Abi Dawud, book 14: 2529
  72. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 9: book 88: 232
  73. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 26: 663
  74. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 26: 665
  75. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Vol 2: book 26: 666
  76. ^ Sahih Muslim, Book 001: 0273
  77. ^ Sahih Muslim 2942a; In-book reference : Book 54, Hadith 147; USC-MSA web (English) reference : Book 41, Hadith 7028(deprecated numbering scheme)
  78. ^ Sahih Muslim 2942c; In-book reference : Book 54, Hadith 149; USC-MSA web (English) reference : Book 41, Hadith 7030(deprecated numbering scheme)
  79. ^ Jami` at-Tirmidhi 2253; In-book reference : Book 33, Hadith 96; USC-MSA web (English) reference : Vol. 4, Book 7, Hadith 2253; Grade: Sahih
  80. ^ Sahih Muslim, book 41: 7005
  81. ^ Sahih Muslim, book 41: 7010
  82. ^ a b Sahih Muslim, book 41: 7007
  83. ^ Sahih Muslim, book 41: 7008
  84. ^ Sahih Muslim, book 41: 7009
  85. ^ Sunan Ibn Majah Vol 5: book 36: 4072
  86. ^ Sunan Ibn Majah, Vol 5: book 36: 4085
  87. ^ Sunan Ibn Majah, Vol 5: book 36: 4086
  88. ^ Sunan Abi Dawud, book 37: 4272
  89. ^ Sahih Muslim 2913a; In-book reference : Book 54, Hadith 81; USC-MSA web (English) reference  : Book 41, Hadith 6961(deprecated numbering scheme)

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  95. ^ Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. p. 69. It is clear from the way al-Barzinji orders his material that he sees the mahdi and Jesus as two distinct personages, not identical, both present in some way at the events ushering in the Hour. Others, however, understand the second coming of 'Isa, ... as the role and function of the mahdi (literally the divinely-guided one.
  96. ^ Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. p. 70. estimates have varied greatly concerning the length of time both the mahdi and Jesus will reign and how long after their deaths (both are generally expected to die naturally) the actual Hour will arrive.
  97. ^ "BERANGKAINYA KEMUNCULAN TANDA-TANDA BESAR KIAMAT: Hadits Shahiih al-Bukhari Dan Muslim yang Keterkaitan al-Mahdi" [THE SEQUENCE OF THE MAJOR SIGNS OF THE END OF THE DAY: Hadith of Sahih al-Bukhari and Muslim which are related to the Mahdi]. Almanhaj.com (in Indonesian). 1995. Retrieved 17 August 2024. Chapter Yusuf ibn Abd Allah ibn Yusuf al-Wabil أشراط الساعة [Sign of doomsday] (in Arabic and Indonesian). Translated by Beni Sarbeni. Dar ibn al-Jawzi (Arabic, 1989); Pustaka al-Kautsar (Indonesian 1995). 1995. Retrieved 16 August 2024. Sahih Muslim, book of al-Fitan wa Asyraathus Saa'ah (XVIII/38-39, commentary by Al-Nawawi), also supported by a chain narration of other Hadith by al-Baghawi in Sharh as-Sunnah chapter al-Mahdi (XV/86-87), investigated by Syu'aib al-Arna-uth.
  98. ^ Smith, Jane I.; Haddad, Yvonne Y. (1981). The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany, N Y: SUNY Press. pp. 70, 212 note 1. none of the creeds selected for this study mentions the mahdi, although both the Fiqh Akbar II and the ʿAqīda of al-Ṭahāwī list the descent of 'Isa among the indications of the Hour, along with the Dajjāl, Yājūj and Mājūj, and the rising of the sun from the west. (p.70) The following creeds make mention of one or more of the particulars assigned to the period beginning with the signs of the Hour and leading through the specific events of judgment: al-Ṭahāwī, 'Aqīdat al-sunna wa'l-jamā'a (Elder, The Macdonald Presentation Volume, pp. 134-44); the Waṣiyat Abī Ḥanīfa and Fiqh Akbar II (Wensinck, Muslim Creed); the Sharḥ al-ʿaqāʾid al-Nasafīya (Elder, Commentary); al-Ashʿarī's Maqālāt and Ibāna (McCarthy, Theology) (p.212 note 1)
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Bibliography

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Further reading

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