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Scleroderma cepa

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Scleroderma cepa
A group of three round, flattened, brown fungal fruiting bodies are arranged on the ground. One of the fruiting bodies is in situ, half-emerged from the soil. The other two have been removed so that the fungal hyphae on the underside, which rooted it to the soil, are visible. One of the uprooted fruiting bodies is intact, and part of it is stained dark brown. The other is cut in half, and the cross section displays black gleba surrounded by a thin, white, protective layer known as the peridium.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Sclerodermataceae
Genus: Scleroderma
Species:
S. cepa
Binomial name
Scleroderma cepa
Pers. (1801)
Scleroderma cepa
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Glebal hymenium
No distinct cap
Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
Lacks a stipe
Spore print is white to purple-black
Ecology is mycorrhizal
Edibility is poisonous

Scleroderma cepa, commonly known as the smooth earthball or onion earthball,[1][2] is an ectomycorrhizal fungus used as a soil inoculant in agriculture and horticulture. It is poisonous.

Description

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Macroscopic features

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The fruiting body of S. cepa is considered gasteroid, meaning that the spores are formed and mature internally. The fruiting body consists of spore-bearing substance called gleba surrounded by a protective layer known as the peridium. The fruiting body can be found fully buried, above-ground (epigeous), or partially exposed. It is rounded or irregularly lobed, often flattened, and is 1.5 to 6 cm wide. The base is sometimes pinched or folded.

S. cepa is attached to the ground by a clump of mycelium. It has no stipe, but occasionally the mycelium clump aggregates into a pseudostipe.[3]

The peridium is tough and up to 1.5 mm thick. The surface is dry and can have tiny scales or be smooth. With age, the peridium becomes finely cracked or areolate, especially on the top surface. S. cepa appears white when young and turns to pale brown or yellowish brown over time. It bruises vinaceous or darker brown where it has been rubbed or handled. At maturity, the peridium splits open, releasing the spores.

The gleba is firm and whitish when young, remaining firm and turning purple-black with interspersed white mycelia over time. At maturity, the gleba becomes powdery and dull brown.[4][3]

Microscopic features

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About a dozen spores. The spores are round with small spikes.
Spores, 1000x magnification

The spores are near-spherical and measure 7 - 12.5 μm. The spore surface is brownish, has no reticulation, and is covered with spines up to 2 μm.[4][3]

Similar species

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S. cepa looks similar to some other earthballs in the genus Scleroderma, especially the common earthball S. citrinum. The two can be distinguished by S. citrinum's raised warts and reticulate spores, in contrast to S. cepa's smooth (though often cracked) surface and spiny spores.

S. cepa can be differentiated from the various puffballs (i.e. Calvatia, Lycoperdon, etc.) by its thick, tough peridium and firm gleba that is never soft or semi-liquid. [3]

Habitat and Distribution

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S. cepa can be solitary, scattered, or found in groups. It can occur in sparse grass, woodlands, landscaped areas, or on disturbed ground. It fruits in summer and fall in watered areas or after rain.[4][5][3]

S. cepa has worldwide distribution, and is especially common in North America, Europe, and Australia.[2] It occurs throughout the United States, but is more abundant in the Eastern US.[6]

References

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  1. ^ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
  2. ^ a b "Onion Earthball (Scleroderma cepa)". iNaturalist. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e Stevens, Michael Wood & Fred. "California Fungi: Scleroderma cepa". www.mykoweb.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Bessette, Alan E.; Bessette, Arleen R.; Hopping, Michael (2023). A field guide to the mushrooms of Georgia. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. p. 581. ISBN 978-0-8203-6269-4.
  5. ^ Phillips, Roger; Kibby, Geoffrey; Foy, Nicky; Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and other fungi of North America (2nd ed.). Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 334. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  6. ^ "The Genus Scleroderma (MushroomExpert.Com)". www.mushroomexpert.com. Retrieved 31 October 2024.