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Kowary

Coordinates: 50°47′30″N 15°50′0″E / 50.79167°N 15.83333°E / 50.79167; 15.83333
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
See also: Kowary, Lesser Poland Voivodeship
Kowary
Centre of town
Centre of town
Flag of Kowary
Flag
Coat of arms of Kowary
Coat of arms
Kowary is located in Poland
Kowary
Kowary
Coordinates: 50°47′30″N 15°50′0″E / 50.79167°N 15.83333°E / 50.79167; 15.83333
Country Poland
VoivodeshipLower Silesian
CountyKarkonosze
GminaKowary (urban gmina)
Town rights1513
Area
 • Total
37.39 km2 (14.44 sq mi)
Population
 (2019-06-30[1])
 • Total
10,869
 • Density290/km2 (750/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Vehicle registrationDJE
Voivodeship roads
Websitehttp://www.kowary.pl

Kowary [kɔˈvarɨ] (German: Schmiedeberg im Riesengebirge) is a town in Karkonosze County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, with a population of around 11,000. It lies approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) south-east of Jelenia Góra, and 93 kilometres (58 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. The town is famed for its sanatoriums and a miniature park displaying architectural monuments of the Lower Silesian region.

History

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Sanatorium in the district of Wysoka Łąka, Kowary

The official site of the town dates the history of Kowary dates to 1148 when semi-legendary miner Laurentius Angelus mined iron ore in the location on the behalf of Polish duke Bolesław IV the Curly, ten years later on the orders of the Polish ruler a mining settlement was founded in the area,[2] the official page of the town also states that the Kowary miners took part in Battle of Legnica in 1241. Other possible date of the start of the town is 1355[3][4][5][6] and connects it to Ostsiedlung.[7] Publications published in German Empire disputed the origin of Kowary [8][9] and called it 'Schmedewerk'.[10] In 1355 year Duke Bolko II the Small, the grandson of the Polish king Władysław I the Elbow-high, the last independent Silesian Piast, granted mining privileges to the local miners.[11] As a mining center the settlement received several privileges and was seat of a wójt since 1368. It remained part of the Polish Duchy of Świdnica and Jawor until 1392, afterwards it was part of the Bohemian Crown.

Since 1401 the village belonged to the possessions of the Schaffgotsch family. An accord with neighbouring Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra) in 1454 elevated the settlement above the status of a village, it wasn't until 1513 however that Casper Schaffgotsch acquired the municipal law from Bohemian king Vladislaus II against the opposition of Hirschberg. Mining flourished until the Thirty Years' War, when the town was destroyed in 1633. The main export partner was Poland, with record trade in 1558,[2] it was also famous for its gunsmiths, with Polish king Sigismund II Augustus ordering 2000 gun barrels[2] (later German publications claimed it was only 200).[12]

After the war veil weaving became more and more important for the town, whereas mining diminished. In the early 18th century the town became one of the biggest veil trading places in Silesia with trade relations to Bohemia, Italy, Spain, Russia and North America.

Schmiedeberg remained in possession of the Schaffgotsch family until 1634. In the 16th century the population adopted the Protestant faith. Hans Ulrich von Schaffgotsch was arrested as a follower of Albrecht Wallenstein the town came under Imperial custody. In 1639 the emperor sold the town to Bohemian count Heřman of Czernin and his family kept Schmiedeberg until Prussian takeover of Silesia. After the Peace of Westphalia (1648) the town experienced Counter-Reformation. The Protestants could now practice their faith only at the church of peace in Jawor and later in Hirschberg and Kamienna Góra (then Landeshut).

19th-century view of the Nowy Dwór Palace

When Prussia annexed majority of Silesia in 1742, Prussian king Frederick II immediately sold the possessions to the town, which thereby became sovereign. Prussian conquering also meant a relief for local Protestants – they received their own church (Bethaus). Nevertheless, an economic decline followed. Aid by the Prussian king, the settling of Saxon damask weavers, couldn't stop the downturn. Only the Industrialisation, beginning around 1850, led to a recovery of the local economy. From 1871 to 1945 it was part of Germany, however, in the 19th century the Polish magnate Radziwiłł and Czartoryski families were in possession of the Ciszyca Palace and Park in the northern part of today's Kowary. In 1882 the town received a rail connection to Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra), and then in 1895 to Karpacz,[13] which further strengthened the economy.

During World War II, Nazi Germany operated multiple slave labour camps in the town, including three camps for Polish women at local factories, a camp for Polish men at a local mine, a camp for Jews at a sanatorium, three camps for French POWs and a camp for Italian POWs from the Stalag VIII-A POW camp.[14][15][16][17] The town was not destroyed during the war[2] and after the defeat of Germany in 1945, it became again part of Poland. The German population fled or was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The town was resettled by Poles from the Eastern Borderlands, annexed by the Soviet Union.

In 1959, town limits of Kowary were expanded by including the village of Krzaczyna.[18]

Sights

[edit]

Kowary is a town with rich historical architecture, which includes:

  • town hall
  • Gothic-Baroque Holy Name of Mary church
  • former Franciscan monastery
  • Nowy Dwór palace
  • Ciszyca Palace and Park with the Radziwiłłówka Hill
  • Wysoka Łąka hospital
  • Bukowiec hospital
  • numerous historic townhouses and villas

The Lower Silesia Monuments Miniature Park is located in Kowary, and there are also underground tourist routes in the former uranium ore mines.

Notable people

[edit]
Memorial plaque to Józef Gielniak in the Bukowiec hospital

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Kowary is twinned with:[19]

[edit]
  • Town hall
    Town hall
  • Holy Name of Mary church
    Holy Name of Mary church
  • Former Franciscan monastery
    Former Franciscan monastery
  • Ciszyca Palace
    Ciszyca Palace
  • Bukowiec hospital
    Bukowiec hospital
  • Lower Silesia Monuments Miniature Park
    Lower Silesia Monuments Miniature Park

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  2. ^ a b c d "Historia Kowar". Archived from the original on 2011-01-16. Retrieved 2010-07-15.
  3. ^ Hugo Weczerka, Handbuch der historischen Stätten, Schlesien, 2003, p.476, ISBN 3-520-31602-1
  4. ^ Ernst Badstübner, Dietmar Popp, Andrzej Tomaszewski, Dethard von Winterfeld, Dehio-Handbuch der Kunstdenkmäler in Polen: Schlesien, Deutscher Kunstverlag, 2005, p.481, ISBN 3-422-03109-X
  5. ^ Arne Franke, Das schlesische Elysium, 2005, p.6, ISBN 3-936168-33-4
  6. ^ Ludwig Petry, Josef Joachim Menzel, Winfried Irgang, Geschichte Schlesiens Band 1, Von der Urzeit bis zum Jahre 1526, 2000, p.6, Jan Thorbecke Verlag GmbH & Co, Stuttgart, ISBN 3-7995-6341-5
  7. ^ Arne Franke, Das schlesische Elysium, 2005, p.372, ISBN 3-936168-33-4
  8. ^ Theodor Eisenmänger, Geschichte der Stadt Schmiedeberg im Riesengebirge, Verlag May Woywod, Breslau, 1900, p.1 "Der Geschichtsschreiber Naso schreibt in seinem 1667 gedrucktem Buche "Phönix redivivus", Seite 233, das 1156 auf Veranlassung Angels auch das Bergwerk bei Kupferberg eröffnet worden sei."
  9. ^ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, Band 23, page 261, Markgraf, Duncker & Humblot, 1886 "Und die 1667 erscheinende größere Beschreibung des Fürstenthumes Schweidnitz und Jauer, Phoenic redivivus, in deutscher Sprache, für die er am 21. December 1667 in den böhmischen Adelsstand mit dem Prädicat von Loewenfels erhoben wurde, ist zwar viel gelesen worden, entbehrt aber aller Kritik. Alle Fabeln, die der Verfasser sich auf seinen Reisen hatte erzählen lassen, wiederholt er gläubig."
  10. ^ Theodor Eisenmänger, Geschichte der Stadt Schmiedeberg im Riesengebirge, Verlag May Woywod, Breslau, 1900, p.2
  11. ^ K. Kwaśniewski, Podania Dolnośląskie, Wrocław 1999, s. 136, ISBN 83-910403-1-3
  12. ^ Theodor Eisenmänger, Geschichte der Stadt Schmiedeberg im Riesengebirge, Verlag May Woywod, Breslau, 1900, p.31
  13. ^ Staffa, Marek (2001). Karkonosze (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 219. ISBN 83-7023-560-3.
  14. ^ Bartkowski, Zbigniew (1972). "Obozy pracy przymusowej i obozy jenieckie na Ziemi Jeleniogróskiej w latach 1939–1945". Rocznik Jeleniogórski (in Polish). Vol. X. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. pp. 99–102.
  15. ^ Kwaśny, Zbigniew; Margas, Czesław (1963). "Z dziejów polskich robotników przymusowych w kowarskiej kopalni w latach 1941–1943". Rocznik Jeleniogórski (in Polish). Vol. I. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. pp. 119–132.
  16. ^ Śląski kwartalnik historyczny: Sobótka, Volume 63, Issue 2, Wrocławskie Towarzystwo Miłośników Historii, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 2008, p. 256
  17. ^ Sula, Dorota (2010). "Jeńcy włoscy na Dolnym Śląsku w czasie II wojny światowej". Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny (in Polish). 33. Opole: 69. ISSN 0137-5199.
  18. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów z dnia 4 grudnia 1959 r. w sprawie utworzenia i zmiany granic niektórych miast w województwie wrocławskim., Dz. U., 1959, vol. 66, No. 408
  19. ^ "Raport o stanie miasta Kowary". bip.kowary.pl (in Polish). Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Kowary. 2018. p. 128. Retrieved 2020-03-05.
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