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Sangir people

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Sangir
Sangir, Sangihe, Sangil
A fishing family outside at the beach with net in Sangir Island, December 1948.
Total population
approx. 600,000 people
Regions with significant populations
 Indonesia:[1]
North Sulawesi: 449,805
Gorontalo: 7,489
North Maluku
 Philippines:
Mindanao: 16,014 (2010)[2]
Languages
Religion
Christianity (mainly Protestant) 79%, minority Sunni Islam 20%
Related ethnic groups

Sangir (Sangihe, Sangil) is a native people of the Sangir Islands in the northern chain of islands in Sulawesi and the southern part of Mindanao. The Sangirese people are fishermen and nutmeg growers in their home areas and also work as wage labourers in industrial crops enterprises in Bolaang Mongondow Regency and Minahasa Regency.[3]

The Sangirese have traditionally been concentrated in the province of North Sulawesi in Indonesia and the Region of Dávao in the Philippines.[4] Many Sangirese migrants inhabit mainland Sulawesi,[5] as well as North Maluku, including Ternate and Halmahera.[6][7] The (Muslim) Sangil of the Philippines, who represent an early migrant group, are ethnically distinct from the (predominantly Christian) Sangirese of Indonesia,[8][9] and are considered part of the Moro.[10]

Genetic studies have shown that the Sangil have partial Papuan descent.[11]

Language

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The Sangirese speak their native Sangirese, Talaud, and Indonesian, as well as their dialects, which belong to the Austronesian language family. The Sasahara language (meaning sea speech)[12] is a secret language developed in the first half of the 20th century. It has been widely spoken among Sangirese sailors or pirates.[13] It includes a large number of words borrowed or distorted from other languages. Manado Malay, the lingua franca of North Sulawesi, is also widely spoken among the Sangirese.[5]

History

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Sangirese Warriors visiting and settling in the Philippines, Originally from Siau Island (Boxer Codex, c.1590)

The primary settlements of the Sangirese people are the Sangihe Islands. Archaeologists have determined that the first humans that arrived in the region of islands were in the 3rd millennium BCE and probably were a mix of Veddoids and Negritos.[14] In the 1st millennium BCE, Austronesian migrants came here through the southern Philippines. They assimilated the natives and began to develop agriculture, to produce fabrics and ceramics. Modern Sangirese people are the direct descendants of that population that has developed on Sangihe Islands and parts of Davao Occidental (particularly in the Sarangani Islands), Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, and North Cotabato before the start of the modern era.

The Sangirese people consider themselves to have originated directly from Sangir Island and their primogenitor being Gumansalangi,[15] a cultural hero who lived around the 14th[16] to 15th century.[17] During this period, the Sangihe Islands formed a government under the authority of the Muslim rulers of the Maluku Islands. In the 16th century, the Ternatean people subdued the Sangirese people, and the islands were discovered by the Portuguese. Then, in the 17th century, they were initially captured and became part of the Spanish colonial rule; which resulted in vocabulary borrowed from the Spanish language that is still preserved in the Sangirese language,[18] and then followed by the Dutch who came later to occupy them in 1677.[19] Maluku sultans also continued to consider the Sangihe Islands as part of their territory.

By the 19th century, European influence was limited to trading. As Sangihe Islands were between Dutch and Spanish possessions, the local inhabitants had successfully performed the role of middleman dealers and smugglers. This led to the emergence of Sangirese settlements in Sulawesi and the southern Philippines. Their populations (much like the Sama-Bajau) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the colonial era. Sangirese resettlements in other areas of the eastern Celebes Sea were contributed by the catastrophic volcanic eruption of Mount Awu on Sangir Island on 2 March 1856.[20] In the 19th century, the presence of Protestant missionaries and the increased role of colonial officers began to appear on the island, thus the Sangirese in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to Protestant Christianity due to proximity and contact with the Christian Minahasa people of Sulawesi. In the Philippines, most Sangirese converted to Islam due to the influence of the neighboring Sultanate of Maguindanao.

In 1945, Indonesia gained its independence. In 1950, the Sulawesi and Sangihe Islands became part of Indonesia.[21] In the Philippines, Spain surrendered the territories to the United States in 1898 as the result of the Spanish-American War, then became independent from the United States as part of the jurisdiction of the Philippines in 1946. The first decade of the reign under the Indonesian Administration started the fight against smuggling, which involved many Sangirese people, as well as the participation of some Sangirese people in the anti-government movement. In the late 1950s to early 1960s, disappointed Sangirese Indonesians took action to recreate migration to the Philippines. Migration of the Sangirese population between the two countries took place in that period.

Religion

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Ancient belief systems of the Sangirese people are polytheistic, which include the belief in many spirits of nature and ancestral, the ritual worship of inanimate objects, and magic.[22] Among Sangirese people are a class of distinguished shamans or priests that acted as mediators between the world humans and spirits, to protect patients and children, and to perform miracles.[23] Despite the spread of Islam and Christianity, many ancient rituals are still practiced.

Islam began to spread in the 15th to 16th century from the Maluku Islands and North Sulawesi;[24] but before the arrival of Europeans, they had a very limited impact. In the 17th century, a group of Sangirese Muslims migrated to the area of Manado, which has a separate religious and ethnic group from the Sangirese people. In the 19th to early 20th century, Muslims among the Sangirese people became preachers to other Dutch colonies in Asia.

The first Christian missionaries that arrived were the Spanish Catholic monks in the 17th century, but their activity had no long-term effects. In 1857, the Sangihe Islands opened to Protestant missionaries. The majority of Sangirese people today profess Protestantism, being at the same time strongly influenced by the Minahasan people.[25]

Today, about 79% of people of Sangihe Islands Regency profess Christianity, the majority being Protestants. Muslims comprise about 20% of the people, while the rest profess native beliefs.[26]

In the Philippines, most Sangirese Muslims of the Sunni sect due to the stronger influence of the Sultanate of Maguindanao.

Culture

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A Sangir man in koffo attire, 1929.

Sangirese folklore is famous for its dance art. Local dances include gunde, alabadiri, masamper, ampawayer and so on.[27] Previously, they had ritual gatherings, but nowadays it is also accompanied by public holidays. Sangirese dance represents a certain set of smooth body movements of the dancer dancing but organized dance of large groups of dancers is usually accompanied by a musical band and female rhythmic singing.

Lifestyle and economy

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Sangir people are engaged in fishing, hunting, farming (the main crops are tubers, root crops, bananas, and sago), and transit marine trading between Sulawesi, Maluku Islands, and the Philippines. The sources often mention the cultivation of taro culture, which was cultivated on the slopes of mountains and near rivers.[28] To protect the cultivated fruits like coconuts from thefts, residents from Sangir hung small dolls (in Sangirese language, urǒ), which, according to legend, will "pursue a thief".[29] Agriculture is considered to be mainly women's work. Relationship lineage and the transfer of previously inherited lands occur in the female line. The main occupations of Sangirese men are such as shipbuilding, seafaring, and trade.

Forestry production (harvesting of rattan and ebony wood), blacksmithing, and weaving were also widely spread. The economy is mainly characterized by manual labor. It is known that the main diet of Sangirese people is fish with vegetables.

The main centers of settlements of the Sangirese people are located in the coastal zones. Previously, their houses were erected on stilts, but gradually they are replaced by modern houses built like the typical Indonesian type.[30] Families who live in the same village, forms a community called soa. Resettled Sangirese people from Sangihe Islands seek out and continually maintain family ties with their soa; which would help them to preserve their identity in an environment similar in language and culture of their people.

Institute of marriage

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In the Sangirese society; which reached a high density by the 20th century, marriage is entered relatively late. Historically, the tradition of buying a bride as an important institution of public organization. Sometimes the ransom looked like whole plots.[31]

Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003.
  2. ^ "2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority.
  3. ^ University of British Columbia (1979). Sulawesi Regional Development Study: Final Report, Volumes 1-5. Department of Public Works, Directorate General of Housing, Building, Planning and Urban Development, Directorate of City and Regional Planning.
  4. ^ Mick Basa (9 March 2014). "The Indonesian Sangirs in Mindanao". Rappler. Retrieved 2017-12-25.
  5. ^ a b Mead, David, "Sangir", Sulawesi Language Alliance, archived from the original on 2023-01-17, retrieved 2023-01-17
  6. ^ Grimes, Charles E.; Grimes, Barbara D. (1994). "Languages of the North Moluccas: a preliminary lexicostatistic classification". In Masinambow, E.K.M. (ed.). Maluku dan Irian Jaya. Buletin LEKNAS. Vol. 3(1). Jakarta: LEKNAS-LIPI. pp. 35–63. OCLC 54222413.
  7. ^ Duncan, Christopher R. (2013). Violence and Vengeance: Religious Conflict and Its Aftermath in Eastern Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 59. doi:10.7591/cornell/9780801451584.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-8014-6910-7. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt32b65z. OCLC 865508920.
  8. ^ Gowing, Peter G. (1984). "Sangil". In Weekes, Richard Y. (ed.). Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 659–660. ISBN 0-3132-4640-8. OCLC 9970261.
  9. ^ Levinson, David, ed. (1993). "Sangir". Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Vol. 5. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall. p. 224. ISBN 081688840X. OCLC 22492614. Archived from the original on 2022-12-27. Retrieved 2022-12-27 – via encyclopedia.com.
  10. ^ Non, Domingo M. (2011). "The Odyssey of Sangil in Mindanao". The Journal of History. 57 (1): 81–93. ISSN 0117-2840. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  11. ^ Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (2021-03-30). "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (13): e2026132118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2026132118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8020671. PMID 33753512.
  12. ^ Robert Blust (2013). "The Austronesian languages: Revised Edition". Asia-Pacific Linguistics: Open Access Monographs. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.829.6282. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ John Kleinen & Manon Osseweijer (2010). Pirates, Ports, and Coasts in Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-4279-07-9.
  14. ^ Suara hidayatullah, Volume 13. Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Pusat. 2000. p. 50.
  15. ^ "Cerita dari Pesisir Sangir (2)". Liputan6. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 2018-07-22.
  16. ^ Sejarah Daerah Sulawesi Utara. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Pusat Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya, Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah. 1982. p. 27. OCLC 13916518.
  17. ^ Achmad Rosidi, ed. (2011). Perkembangan paham keagamaan lokal di Indonesia. Kementerian Agama RI, Badan Litbang dan Diklat, Puslitbang Kehidupan Keagamaan. p. 68. ISBN 978-97-979-7326-1.
  18. ^ Shinzō Hayase (2007). Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-97-155-0511-6.
  19. ^ Gavin W. Jones (1977). The population of North Sulawesi. Gadjah Mada University Press. p. 7.
  20. ^ P.R. Cummins & I. Meilano, ed. (2007). Geohazards in Indonesia: Earth Science for Disaster Risk Reduction. Geological Society of London. p. 40. ISBN 978-18-623-9966-2.
  21. ^ Raymond Westerling (1952). Challenge to Terror. William Kimber. OCLC 906322381.
  22. ^ Frank M. LeBar & George N. Appell, ed. (1975). Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Philippines and Formosa. 2. Human Relations Area Files Press. p. 14. ISBN 08-753-6405-5.
  23. ^ Gunnar Landtman (1905). The Origin of Priesthood. Ekenaes printing Company, limited. p. 88. OCLC 5228436.
  24. ^ Elke Timme (2005). A Presença Portuguesa nas Ilhas das Moluccas 1511 - 1605. GRIN Verlag. p. 3. ISBN 36-384-3208-4.
  25. ^ Shinzō Hayase (2007). Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-97-155-0511-6.
  26. ^ "Population by Region and Religion - Kepulauan Sangihe Regency". sp2010.bps.go.id. Retrieved 2018-08-16.
  27. ^ Henry Roy Somba (1 February 2018). "Tulude, Antara Tradisi & Nilai Budaya". Rappler. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  28. ^ Boomgaard, Peter (2003). "In the Shadow of Rice: Roots and Tubers in Indonesian History, 1500-1950". Agricultural History. 77 (4): 582–610. doi:10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.582. JSTOR 3744936.
  29. ^ Peacock Mabel Dozzils (1896). Joseph Jacobs; Alfred Trübner Nutt; Arthur Robinson Wright; William Crooke (eds.). Folklore, Volume 7. Folklore Society. p. 399.
  30. ^ C. van Dijk & J. Gelman Taylor (2011). Cleanliness and Culture: Indonesian Histories. BRILL. p. 96. ISBN 978-90-042-5361-2.
  31. ^ Henley, David (2006). "From low to high fertility in Sulawesi (Indonesia) during the colonial period: Explaining the 'first fertility transition'". Population Studies. 60 (3): 309–327. doi:10.1080/00324720600896130. PMID 17060056. S2CID 34812652.
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