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Marina the Monk

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Saint

Marina the Monk
Marina (in red) being brought to a monastery by her father Eugenius. 14th century French manuscript.
Confessor and Wonderworker
BornFifth or eighth century[1]
Al-Qalamoun (present-day Lebanon)[2]
DiedUncertain
Venerated in
Feast
PatronagePregnant women, girls
ControversyWoman joins monastery, falsely accused of fathering a child
This article contains Coptic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Coptic letters.

Marina, distinguished as Marina the Monk and also known as Marinos, Pelagia and Mary of Alexandria (Coptic: Ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲛⲁ ⲛ̅ⲁⲥⲕⲏⲧⲏⲥ), was a Christian saint from part of Asian Byzantium, generally said to be present-day Lebanon.[9][10][11] Details of the saint's life vary.[a]

Marina probably lived in the 5th century, and the first biographical account was probably written sometime between 525 and 650; it is preserved in several manuscripts, including one from the tenth century.[12][13]

Legend

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Marina (in some Western traditions, or Mary[12] or Mariam in other manuscript traditions) was the child of wealthy Christian parents and was born in Al-Qalamoun, near Tripoli, in present-day Lebanon.[2] Her mother died when Marina was very young, so Marina was raised as a devout Christian by her father Eugenius. As Marina approached marriageable age, her father intended to find his child a husband and then retire to the Monastery of Qannoubine in the Kadisha Valley of Lebanon. When Marina learned of his plan, she asked why he intended to save his own soul "and destroy mine." When asked by her father, "What shall I do with you? You are a woman", Marina answered that she would live as a monk with him: she then shaved her head and changed into men's clothes. Eugenius, seeing his child's strong determination, gave all his possessions to the poor and travelled with Marina to the Kadisha Valley to live in monastic community life, where they shared a cell. Marina took the name Marinos. The other monks attributed her soft voice to long periods of prayer, or else believed their new brother was a male eunuch.[8][10][14][15]

After ten years of prayer, fasting and worship together, Eugenius died. Now alone, Marinos became only more intently ascetic and continued to conceal her sex. One day, the abbot of the monastery sent her with three other monks to attend to some business for the monastery. As the journey was long, they were forced to spend the night at an inn. Also lodging there was a soldier of the eastern Roman front. Upon seeing the beauty of the inn keeper's daughter, who was working there, the soldier seduced her and defiled her virginity, instructing her to say, "that the young monk, Father Marinos, did that to me" should she conceive a child.[8][10]

After some time, it was discovered that the inn keeper's daughter was pregnant and, as was agreed, she told her father that "it was the young monk, abba Marinos, who did that to me."[8] On hearing the story, the man went furiously to the abbot of the monastery. The abbot calmed the man and told him that he would see to the matter. He called for Marinos and reprimanded her severely. When Marinos realized what was happening she fell to her knees and wept, confessing her sinfulness and asking forgiveness. Enraged, the abbot told Marinos to leave the monastery. She left at once and remained outside the gates as a beggar for several years. When the inn keeper's daughter gave birth, he took the child and gave him to Marina, who raised the child. Marinos fed the child with sheep's milk, provided by the local shepherds, and remained caring for him outside the monastery for ten years. Finally the monks convinced the abbot to allow Marinos to return; he accepted but he also imposed heavy penalties upon Marinos, who was to perform hard labour in cooking, cleaning and carrying water in addition to regular monastic duties and caring for the child.[8][10][14]

Marina in the Golden Legend (1497)

At the age of forty, Marinos became ill. Three days later she died from the illness. The abbot ordered that Marinos' body be cleaned, her clothes changed and that she be transferred to the church for funeral prayers. While fulfilling these tasks, the monks discovered that she was, in fact, a woman. This made them very distressed. The monks informed the abbot, who came to Marinos' side and wept bitterly for the wrongs done. The abbot then called for the inn keeper and informed him that Marina was a woman. The inn keeper went to where the body lay and also wept for the pain and suffering which he had unjustly brought upon Marinos. During the funeral prayers, one of the monks, who was blind in one eye, is said to have received full sight again after he touched the body. It was also believed that God allowed a devil to torment the inn keeper's daughter and the soldier, and that this caused them to travel to where the saint was buried, where they confessed their iniquity in front of everyone and asked for forgiveness.[8][10]

Veneration

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Marina is venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Churches[16][3][17] and the Coptic Orthodox Church. Today, Coptic Orthodox Christians say that Marina's body is kept at Saint Mary Church and has not decomposed. It is displayed to the public on Marina's feast day, on Mesra 15.[18][19]

In 2022, Marina was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day on 17 June.[20]

Marina the Monk is also honored among the Druze, who call her "Al-Sitt Sha'wani'", the shrine of "Al-Sitt Sha'wani'" is located in the region of Amiq on the slopes of Mount Barouk to the east, overlooking the Bekaa Valley and Mount Hermon.[21]

Notes

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  1. ^ "The availability of Marina's story in Syriac, Coptic, Latin, Arabic, Ethiopic, French, High German, Greek, and Armenian made her known to believers in the East as well as in the West. Her local cult was transformed through these translations into a universal one and Marina's hometown or country of origin became that of each of the towns or countries that adopted her venerable story. [...] These manuscripts are silent about the place of Marina's birth and life. However, Clugnet believes that the only origin of Saint Marina must be the one known to us according to tradition. According to Clugnet, since the only tradition about this saint is found among the Maronites of Lebanon, then Lebanon is to be considered the land of Marina's birth. [...] As to the century in which this saint has lived...Clugnet believes that it must have been the fifth century". (Hourani, p. 19–21)

References

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  1. ^ "Saint Marina of Bithynia". CatholicSaints.info. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  2. ^ a b Snelders, Bas; Immerzeel, Mat (2012–2013). "From Cyprus to Syria and Back Again: Artistic Interaction in the Medieval Levant". Eastern Christian Art. 9 (79): 79–106. doi:10.2143/ECA.9.0.3044824. A telling instance of Frankish involvement is found in a cave near the village of Qalamun, just to the south of Tripoli, which is said to be the birthplace of St Marina the Monk.
  3. ^ a b "Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus)". Orthodox Church in America.
  4. ^ Khūrī, Fuʼād Isḥāq (2004). Being a Druze. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 9781904850014.
  5. ^ Roman Martyrology: "At Alexandria, the passion of St. Marina, virgin."
  6. ^ Synaxarion: "Saint Marina the nun of Qannoubeen (North of Lebanon)"
  7. ^ Martyrology: "At Venice, the translation of St. Marina, virgin." (See also: Church of San Marina, Venice (in Italian))
  8. ^ a b c d e f Coptic Synexarium: "The Commemoration of the Departure of St. Mary Known as Marina, the Ascetic"
  9. ^ Hourani, Guita G. (January–June 2000). "Saint Marina the Monk". The Journal of Maronite Studies. 4 (1). According to the most ancient accounts on Saint Marina the Monk, only one place of origin could be hers -- Lebanon. Clugnet resolves that until new discoveries are made, the only origin of Saint Marina must be the one known to us according to tradition and since the only tradition about this Saint is found among the Maronites of Lebanon, then Lebanon is to be considered the land of her birth (Clugnet 1904: 565). The Maronites resolutely believe that Marina originated in Lebanon and that as a monk she has lived and died in the Monastery of Qannoubine in the Holy Valley of Qadisha. J. Fiey in turn concludes that Marina in question is truly a local saint of Lebanon, victim of imposture (Fiey 1978: 33).
  10. ^ a b c d e Hourani, Guita (2013). "The Vita of Saint Marina in the Maronite Tradition". Notre Dame University (Lebanon). Academia.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  11. ^ Tjernqvist, Madeléne (2017). "Woman Monks of Coptic and Christian Hagiography". uu.diva-portal.org. Uppsala University. According to Léon Clugnet, her place of birth is Lebanon
  12. ^ a b Stavroula Constantinou, Female Corporeal Performances (2005, ISBN 9155462928), page 95
  13. ^ Alice-Mary Talbot, Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints' Lives in English Translation (1996, ISBN 088402248X), page 2
  14. ^ a b G. G. Bolich, Crossdressing in Context, vol. 4: Transgender & Religion (2009, ISBN 0615253563, pp. 86-87
  15. ^ Roland Betancourt, Transgender Lives in the Middle Agesthrough Art, Literature, and Medicine
  16. ^ Robert Elsie, A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology, and Folk Culture (ISBN 0-8147-2214-8)
  17. ^ "Orthodox Calendar -- Saturday February 25, 2017 / February 12, 2017". Holy Trinity Russian Orthodox Church.
  18. ^ "معجزات القديسة - كتاب القديسة مارينا الراهبة | St-Takla.org". st-takla.org (in Arabic). Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  19. ^ "كنيسة السيدة العذراء المغيثة بحارة الروم". وطنى (in Arabic). 2014-07-30. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  20. ^ "General Convention Virtual Binder". www.vbinder.net. Archived from the original on 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
  21. ^ Khūrī, Fuʼād Isḥāq (2004). Being a Druze. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 9781904850014.
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