ST Leukos

	Painting by Kenneth King from the National Maritime Museum
History
Ireland
Name	ST Leukos
Namesake	Greek Λεῦκος, "white"
Owner	1915: National Steam Fishing Co., Aberdeen.; 1920: Tucker, Tippet & Co., Aberdeen.; 1929: Dublin Trawlers, Ice and Cold Storage Co., 8 Cardiff Lane, Dublin.;
Port of registry	Dublin, Ireland
Builder	John Duthie Torry Shipbuilding Co. Ltd
Yard number	405
Fate	Sunk by gunfire from U-38
Notes	June 1915: Requisitioned by the Admiralty and converted to a boom defence vessel. 1919: Returned to owners. 10 March 1940: Lost by unknown cause NW of Tory Island.
General characteristics
Class and type	Steel side trawler
Tonnage	216 grt 83 net
Length	166 feet
Beam	21 feet
Depth	11 feet
Installed power	Coal fired, Steam. T.3-Cyl., 55 rhp.; by Charles D. Holmes, Hull.
Propulsion	single screw
Sail plan	Ketch rigged
Crew	11

The ST Leukos was an Irish commercial trawler that was sunk off the north coast of Ireland by a German U-boat on 9 March 1940. The vessel, which had been fishing in the company of British trawlers, was attacked by the German submarine U-38 off Tory Island. The submarine surfaced opening fire with its deck gun. All 11 crew members were lost.

The reason for the attack has never been proved. As a neutral country, all Irish ships, including the Leukos, were unarmed and clearly marked. Several theories exist. First the Leukos had positioned herself between the fleeing British trawlers in the hope that the U-boat would respect Irish Neutrality. Second that she tried to ram the U-boat. This is the view taken by the Irish Seamen's Relatives Association which holds that the Leukos attempted to ram the U-38 as it threatened the British fishing fleet. They maintain that this selfless bravery should be acknowledged by the British government.^[1] Death certificates for the lost crew were not issued until 1986.

History

ST Leukos was built in Aberdeen in 1914 by the John Duthie Torry Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. for the National Steam Fishing Company of Aberdeen. She was powered by a coal-fired steam engine. During World War I she was requisitioned by the British Admiralty and used as a "boom defence vessel"; that is: she maintained the buoys, hawsers and netting of a boom defence.

Initially she fished from Aberdeen. In 1920 she was sold to Tucker, Tippet and Company and continued fishing out of Aberdeen. On 27 February 1927 she was in a collision with ST Thomas Bartlett. Later that year she was sold to the Dublin Trawlers, Ice and Cold Storage Company with offices at 8 Cardiff Lane, Dublin. She was transferred to the Irish registry. She was based at Hanover Quay, Ringsend, Dublin

Original Account

On 9 February 1940 the Leukos sailed from Hanover Quay under Captain James Potter Thomasson, from Fleetwood, Lancashire. She called to Troon, Scotland for coaling and then headed for ‘the bank’, a fishing ground, north-west of Tory Island. She was scheduled to return to Dublin on 12 March 1940, but failed to return. On 21 March her empty lifeboat was found off Scarinish on the Island of Tiree in the Scottish Inner Hebrides. On 26 March, Lloyd's of London declared the Leukos and her crew were presumed lost.

This loss remained a mystery until 1986. There were theories: was she on a target list because of her previous role as a boom defence vessel; or was there a structural weakness caused by her collision with ST Thomas Bartlett? The general assumption was that she struck a mine. Officially she was listed as ‘missing’. Further details were uncovered by Peter Mulvany, grand-nephew of Patricio McCarthy, one of those lost. They were published in the Spring 1987 edition of the Journal of the Maritime Institute of Ireland. His sources were former U-boat personnel and recently declassified intelligence resulting from decryption of encrypted German radio communications, known as ‘Ultra’. The other trawlers with the Leukos were: John Morris of Aberdeen, Alvis of Fleetwood, Pelagos of Fleetwood, Flying Admiral of Fleetwood, Seddock of Grimbsy; the Alvis and Pelagos were armed Trawlers each having a 3-pounder gun mounted aft. (Seddock might have also been armed)

U-38

Inverliffey

On 11 September 1939, U-38, on its first patrol, shelled and sunk the Irish-flagged oil tanker Inverliffey ^[2] carrying 13,000 tons of gasolene. The blazing oil threatened to engulf the Inverliffey's lifeboats. At some risk to the U-38, it towed the lifeboats away from the flames.^[3] They were later rescued by the American oil-tanker R.G. Stewart, which transferred them to the American freighter SS City of Joliet and landed at Antwerp, Belgium.^[4] William Trowsdale, master of the Inverliffey, had protested to the Kapitänleutnant Heinrich Liebe of the U-38 that as a neutral Irish ship, his ship should not be attacked, but the German captain responded that, as the ship was carrying gasoline, a war material, for the British, she was a legitimate military target.^[5] Éamon de Valera permitted Inver Tankers, the owners of the Inverliffey, to transfer their seven tankers to the British registry at the outbreak of the war,^[6] therefore their continued flying of the Irish tricolour was questionable.^[7]

Leukos

The account of the sinking of the Leukos, as recorded in the U-38 war diary,^[8] is curious. At 20:00 he surfaced

“After surfacing 6 steamers with lights on were sighted which apparently formed a guard line with north-south course. I decided to give one of them a lesson with our gun.”

He remained, surfaced, for over an hour. At 21:13

“fired one shot on one trawler at 200m distance. Hit engine room, steamer disappeared in smoke and dust.”

He wrote that the Leukos had not sunk!

“Later it was recognised that the steamer had not sunk as presumed before. Decided not to attack again”.

He also wrote that some other trawlers were unaware of the incident

“others seemed not to have noticed the gunfire.”

It is not known why the U-38 sank a neutral Irish trawler, leaving the five British trawlers unmolested. Nor is it known why he waited an hour. In 1988 an effort was made to ask Kapitän Liebe. He declined to speak. He died in July 1997.^[9]

German spy

On its fifth patrol the U-38 landed Walter Simon, alias "Karl Anderson", a Nazi agent, at Dingle Bay in Ireland on the night of 12 June. Simon was an experienced spy. He had several successful trips to England. Not noticing grass overgrown on the rusting rail-tracks of the Tralee and Dingle Light Railway which had closed 14 months earlier, he asked "when is the next train?" He was later arrested.^[10]

Notes

Citations

^ "Steam Trawler Leukos (Sunk 1940)". Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016. Irrespective of the many unanswered questions that surround the sinking of the Leukos and despite some of the simplistic analysis presented by various British sources which lack credible causation for her loss, the Irish Seamen's Relatives Association [1939-46] now believe from research, information received from former fishery protection personnel, family history and on the balance of probabilities that, on Saturday night 9 March 1940, James Potter Thomason from Fleetwood, Lancashire, the British born skipper of the Irish Steam Trawler Leukos, while in a position off Tory Island, directed the Leukos to intercept the German Submarine U38 which he had detected as posing a clear and imminent threat to other British trawlers in the area. We believe his actions were prompted by the danger to his British shipmates posed by the presence of U38. It is our belief that such action and courage should attract the beneficial interest of his own Government
^ "the Inverliffey was flying the Irish flag and that the master of the Inverliffey protested to the commander of the submarine that his ship was flying the Irish flag" "Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 - 27 September, 1939 - Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Sinking of Ships". Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
^ "at considerable risk to U-38, saved the crew by towing the lifeboats from the blazing inferno"
^ At 13.50 hours on 11 Sep 1939, the unescorted Inverliffey (Master William Trowsdale) was torpedoed and sunk by gunfire by U-38 southwest of the Scilly Isles. The master and 48 crew members were picked up by the American tanker R.G. Stewart, transferred to the American steam merchant City of Joliet and landed at Milford Haven. [1] Archived 28 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine [2] Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The master of the Inverliffey brought the ship's papers to the submarine, protesting that she was flying a neutral flag and was bound for Land's End to receive orders. The commander of the U-boat replied that although the Inverliffey was registered in Dublin, he knew she was owned in London and believed her cargo destined for an English port and therefore contraband. He confiscated the vessel's papers and said he was very sorry but he would have to sink her". [3] Archived 7 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine
^ Coogan, Tim Pat (2003). Ireland in the Twentieth Century. London: Hutchinson. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-09-179427-9.
^ "[A]t the time it was sunk, it was not an Irish ship, that it had no right to fly the Irish flag", per an Oireachtas debate Archived 30 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine
^ [4] Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Bosun's Watch - The Trawler Leukos, a victim of U-38
^ Sources in West Germany advised at the time that he did not wish to speak about the incident relating to the Leukos. Further contact was attempted in 1998 through the Irish Embassy in Bonn. They advised that Kapitan Heinrich Liebe of U38 had died in July 1997 and is buried in Eisenach, Germany "ST Leukos". Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
^ Enno, Stephan, "Spies in Ireland" (1965) Four Square

Bibliography

Irish Seamens' Relatives Association [5]
Wilson, Ian. Donegal Shipwrecks Impact Printing 1998 - ISBN 0-948154-56-X

55°57′N 9°15′W / 55.950°N 9.250°W / 55.950; -9.250

[1] "Steam Trawler Leukos (Sunk 1940)". Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2016. Irrespective of the many unanswered questions that surround the sinking of the Leukos and despite some of the simplistic analysis presented by various British sources which lack credible causation for her loss, the Irish Seamen's Relatives Association [1939-46] now believe from research, information received from former fishery protection personnel, family history and on the balance of probabilities that, on Saturday night 9 March 1940, James Potter Thomason from Fleetwood, Lancashire, the British born skipper of the Irish Steam Trawler Leukos, while in a position off Tory Island, directed the Leukos to intercept the German Submarine U38 which he had detected as posing a clear and imminent threat to other British trawlers in the area. We believe his actions were prompted by the danger to his British shipmates posed by the presence of U38. It is our belief that such action and courage should attract the beneficial interest of his own Government

[2] "the Inverliffey was flying the Irish flag and that the master of the Inverliffey protested to the commander of the submarine that his ship was flying the Irish flag" "Dáil Éireann - Volume 77 - 27 September, 1939 - Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Sinking of Ships". Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

[3] "at considerable risk to U-38, saved the crew by towing the lifeboats from the blazing inferno"

[4] At 13.50 hours on 11 Sep 1939, the unescorted Inverliffey (Master William Trowsdale) was torpedoed and sunk by gunfire by U-38 southwest of the Scilly Isles. The master and 48 crew members were picked up by the American tanker R.G. Stewart, transferred to the American steam merchant City of Joliet and landed at Milford Haven. [1] Archived 28 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine [2] Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

[5] "The master of the Inverliffey brought the ship's papers to the submarine, protesting that she was flying a neutral flag and was bound for Land's End to receive orders. The commander of the U-boat replied that although the Inverliffey was registered in Dublin, he knew she was owned in London and believed her cargo destined for an English port and therefore contraband. He confiscated the vessel's papers and said he was very sorry but he would have to sink her". [3] Archived 7 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine

[6] Coogan, Tim Pat (2003). Ireland in the Twentieth Century. London: Hutchinson. p. 250. ISBN 978-0-09-179427-9.

[7] "[A]t the time it was sunk, it was not an Irish ship, that it had no right to fly the Irish flag", per an Oireachtas debate Archived 30 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine

[8] [4] Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine The Bosun's Watch - The Trawler Leukos, a victim of U-38

[9] Sources in West Germany advised at the time that he did not wish to speak about the incident relating to the Leukos. Further contact was attempted in 1998 through the Irish Embassy in Bonn. They advised that Kapitan Heinrich Liebe of U38 had died in July 1997 and is buried in Eisenach, Germany "ST Leukos". Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2009.

[10] Enno, Stephan, "Spies in Ireland" (1965) Four Square

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v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in March 1940
Shipwrecks	6 Mar: HNLMS O 11 8 Mar: Regina 9 Mar: Leukos 11 Mar: U-31 13 Mar: U-44 23 Mar: U-22 24 Mar: La Railleuse
Other incidents	2 Mar: Domala 27 Mar: U-21
1939 1940 1941 February 1940 April 1940