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SS Wafra oil spill

Coordinates: 35°0′S 20°2′E / 35.000°S 20.033°E / -35.000; 20.033
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

History
NameSS Wafra
NamesakeWafra
OwnerGetty Tankers
OperatorOverseas Tankship Corp
Port of registryLiberia
BuilderNagasaki Works, Mitsubishi Shipbuilding and Engineering Co
Launched7 August 1955[1]
Completed1956
Identification1456
FateSunk by South African Air Force on 12 March 1971 to contain an oil spill.
General characteristics
Class and typeOil tanker
Tonnage27,400 GRT (increased to 36,697 GRT or 68,600 DWT in August 1970)[2][3]
Installed power17,600 shaft horsepower (13,100 kW)[1]
PropulsionSteam turbine

The SS Wafra oil spill occurred on 27 February 1971, when SS Wafra, an oil tanker, ran aground while under tow near Cape Agulhas, South Africa. Approximately 200,000 barrels of crude oil were leaked into the ocean.[4][5] The larger part of the ship was refloated, towed out to sea, and then sunk by the South African Air Force to prevent further oil contamination of the coastline.

Grounding and sinking

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SS Wafra oil spill is located in Western Cape
Grounding
Grounding
Cape Agulhas
Cape Agulhas
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Western Cape, South Africa

Wafra left Ras Tanura in Saudi Arabia on 12 February 1971 bound for Cape Town, South Africa, with a cargo of 472,513 barrels (75,123.6 m3)[6] (63,174 tonnes)[7] of Arabian crude oil on board.[8][9] Half the cargo was owned by Chevron Oil Sales Co., and the other half by Texaco Export, Inc.[10]

The ship was rounding the southern tip of Africa at 6:30 am on 27 February 1971 when the piping that brought seawater on board to cool her steam turbine failed. The engine room flooded, incapacitating the ship. She was taken under tow the following day by the Russian[clarification needed] steam tanker Gdynia, which – finding the task too difficult – handed the tow over to Pongola 7 miles (11 km) off Cape Agulhas, later the same day.[3] The tow cable subsequently broke, and Wafra grounded on a reef near Cape Agulhas at 5:30 pm on 28 February. All six of the port cargo tanks, as well as two of the six center tanks, were ruptured, resulting in approximately 26,000 tonnes of oil leaking at the grounding site, of which 6,000 tonnes washed up at Cape Agulhas.[11] Another source estimated that nearly 14 million gallons of oil was lost in the event (approx 45500 tonnes).[12]

A 20-mile (32 km) by 3-mile (4.8 km) oil spill resulted,[9][13] which affected a colony of 1200 African penguins on Dyer Island near Gansbaai.[14] Beaches from Gansbaai to Cape Agulhas were oiled by the slick. American newspapers reported that the slick was up to 35 miles (56 km) long.[15][16] Almost 4,000 US gallons (15,000 L) of detergent was sprayed onto the slick in efforts to prevent it washing ashore or harming marine life.[17][18]

The ship was refloated and pulled off the reef on 8 March by the German tug Oceanic, but started to break apart. To prevent further oil contamination of the coastline, the larger section was towed 200 miles (320 km) out to sea to the edge of the continental shelf (36°57′S 20°42′E / 36.950°S 20.700°E / -36.950; 20.700), leaving a 160-kilometre (99 mi) oil slick in her wake. On 10 March 1971, Buccaneer aircraft of the South African Air Force attempted to sink her with AS-30L missiles, but succeeded only in starting a fire. The ship burned for two days before a Shackleton aircraft was eventually able to sink it with depth charges in 1,830 metres (6,000 ft) of water.

If Wafra had been a twin screw, two engine room ship, loss of an engine would most likely not have caused the loss of the whole ship.[13] At the time, the oil spill was in the top twenty most disastrous tanker spills on record.[13]

Aftermath

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In the wake of the accident, the South African Department of Transport realised that despite many Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) using the Cape sea route each year, the authorities did not have ocean-going tugs that were able to assist them in distress, and to protect sensitive marine areas by breaking up oil spills with chemical dispersants.[19] They therefore set up an oil spill prevention service known as Kuswag (Coastwatch) and commissioned two new salvage tugs, John Ross and Wolraad Woltemade.[20] The two tugs, with their 26,200 horsepower (19,500 kW) engines, held the record as the world's largest salvage tugs.[21]

The incident is featured in the 1975 book Supership by Noel Mostert.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b 商船建造の步み. Mitsubishi Zōsen Kabushiki Kaisha. 1959. p. 124.
  2. ^ "South African Shipping News and Fishing Industry Review". 26 (1). Thomson Newspapers. 1971. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ a b "Casualty List (Casualty ID=19710227_001)". Center for Tankship Excellence. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
  4. ^ "Wafra" Archived 17 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Incident News. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  5. ^ "Cape Agulhas, South Africa: Incident Summary" Archived 10 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Incident News. 27 February 1971. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
  6. ^ United States Court of Claims (1980). Federal Supplement. 477. West Pub. Co. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ Day, John H.; Cook, F.; Zoutendyk, P.; Simons, R (1971). "The effect of oil pollution from the tanker "Wafra" on the marine fauna of the Cape Agulhas". Zoologica Africana. 6: 209–219. doi:10.1080/00445096.1971.11447414.[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^ American Maritime Cases. 3. Maritime Law Association of the United States. 1980. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ a b "Oil Spill Case Histories" (PDF). Washington: NOAA. 29 May 1997.
  10. ^ Texaco Export, Inc., and Chevron Oil Sales Co. (Plaintiffs-Appellants) vs Overseas Tankship Corp. (Defendant) and Getty Tankers Ltd. (Defendant-Appellee) United Steamship Corp. (Defendant-Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee) vs Getty Oil Co. (Third-Party Defendant-Appellant), Nos. 308, 438, Dockets 77-7358, 77-7382 (United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit 2 March 1978), archived from the original.
  11. ^ Cornell, James; Surowiecki, John (1968). The Pulse of the Planet: A State of the Earth Report from the Smithsonian Institution Center for Short-lived Phenomena. Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-50065-5.
  12. ^ "Wafra oil spill, South Africa (1971)". Miami Herald. 21 July 1979. p. 11. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  13. ^ a b c Devanney, Jack (2006). The Tankship Tromedy: The Impending Disasters in Tankers (PDF). Tavernier, Florida. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-977-64790-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Hofer, Tobias N. (2008). Marine Pollution: New Research. Nova Publishers. p. 343. ISBN 9781604562422.
  15. ^ "Major Oil Spill Fouls South Africa Shores (Wafra, 1971)". The Daily Journal. 2 March 1971. p. 1. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  16. ^ "African Oil Spill - 35-Mile Slick Reported (Wafra, 1971)". The Corpus Christi Caller-Times. 2 March 1971. p. 22. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  17. ^ "Tanker Tough to Destroy (Wafra oil spill, 1971)". The Kansas City Times. 3 March 1971. p. 72. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  18. ^ "Oil spill fought off South Africa (1971)". Spokane Chronicle. 2 March 1971. p. 2. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  19. ^ South African Digest. South Africa Dept of Information. 1986.
  20. ^ Hutson, Terry (31 January 2004). "Historical Review of SA Oil Pollution Service". Ports and Ships.
  21. ^ Rosenthal, Eric (1982). Total Book of South African Records. Delta Books. p. 71. ISBN 0-908387-19-9.
  22. ^ "Supertankers threaten seas (Book review of Supership by Noel Mostert, 1975)". Denton Record-Chronicle. 23 March 1975. p. 12. Retrieved 9 May 2020.

Further reading

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  • Venter, Al J. (1973). Under the Indian Ocean. Nautical Pub. Co.
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35°0′S 20°2′E / 35.000°S 20.033°E / -35.000; 20.033

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