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Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon

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For the Syrian nationalist party, see Syrian Social Nationalist Party.

Syrian Social Nationalist Party
الحزب السوري القومي الإجتماعي
Parti social nationaliste syrien
AbbreviationSSNP-L
General SecretaryRabi Banat[1]
FounderAntun Saadeh
Founded1932
HeadquartersBeirut
NewspaperAl Binaa
Ideology
Political positionSyncretic[a]
National affiliationMarch 8 Alliance
Syrian counterpartSyrian Social Nationalist Party
Colours      Black, red and white
Parliament of Lebanon
0 / 128
Cabinet of Lebanon
1 / 30
Party flag
Website
www.ssnp.com

The Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Lebanon (SSNP-L)[b] is a Syrian nationalist party operating in Lebanon. The Lebanese section of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party advocates subsuming Lebanon into a Greater Syrian nation state spanning the Fertile Crescent.[19]

Founded in Beirut in 1932 as a national liberation organization hostile to French colonialism, the party played a significant role in Lebanese politics and was involved in attempted coup d'etats in 1949 and 1961 following which it was thoroughly repressed. It was active in the Lebanese Civil War, particularly in clashes with the right-wing Lebanese Front, resistance against the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and in the South Lebanon conflict from 1985 to 2000 while also continuously supporting the Syrian occupation in Lebanon.

Flags of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party in Beirut on 9 May during the 2008 conflict in Lebanon

Foundation and early years

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Main article: Antoun Saadeh

The SSNP-L was founded in Lebanon by Antun Saadeh, a Syrian nationalist philosopher from the town of Dhour el Shweir. He had emigrated to Brazil in 1919 and was involved in both Arabic-language journalism and Syrian nationalist activity. He returned to Lebanon in 1930 where he was a journalist and German language teacher in the American University of Beirut.[7]: 43 

In November 1932, he secretly established the first nucleus of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party, which operated underground for the first three years of its existence.[7] In 1933, it started publishing a monthly journal called Al-Majalla which was distributed in the American University of Beirut. The articles written in that journal and the speeches given by Saadeh consolidated the ideological basis of the party, and contributed to its popularity.[7]: 43 

Its open hostility to colonialism led to six months in prison for creating a clandestine party in 1936.[7] He was also accused in the trial of having been in contact with the fascist movements of Germany and Italy, but the charge was dropped as a letter was addressed from Germany denying any relationships.[7] It is during his months in prison that Saadeh laid down the final ideological foundations of the party in The Genesis of Nations.

Saadeh emigrated again to Brazil in 1938 and afterwards to Argentina, only to return to Lebanon in 1947 following the country's independence from the French in 1943. By that time, the SSNP-L had grown exponentially and had clashed on many occasions with its primary ideological rival, the Lebanese nationalist Kataeb Party (also known as the "Phalange" or "Phalangists"), which was committed to the notion of Lebanon in its French borders.

Film in Arabic about Saadeh's return to Lebanon in 1947

The SSNP-L rejected this state of Lebanon on the basis that the borders outlining the newly created states were fictitious, resulting from colonialism, and do not reflect any historical and social realities. The party claimed that the region of Syria as defined by Saadeh represents the national ideal encompassing the historical people of Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent, bound together by a clearly defined geography and a common historical, social and cultural development path.[20][third-party source needed] Furthermore, and with the start of the Arab–Israeli conflict in 1948, Saadeh radicalized the party's Anti-Zionist stance by declaring that "Our struggle with the enemy is not a struggle for borders but for existence".

On 4 July 1949, a year after the declaration of the establishment of the state of Israel and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and as a response to a series of aggressions perpetrated by the Kataeb-backed central government, the SSNP-L attempted its first revolution. Following a violent crackdown by government forces, Saadeh traveled to Damascus to meet with Husni al-Za'im in an attempt to obtain his support, although he was handed over to Lebanese authorities, and executed on July the 8, 1949.[21]

From confrontation to accommodation: 1950–1960

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Following the execution of Saadeh and the arrest of its high-ranking leaders, the party remained underground until it started resurfacing with the events that transpired during the 1950–1960 period. With the outbreak of the Cold War and the rise of Marxist and communist influences supported by the USSR, the SSNP-L found itself facing a new ideological adversary, especially that most left-wing movements in the Middle-East rallied around Gamal Abd El Nasser and Arab nationalism.[22] An ideological clash ensued, as Nasser and most left-wing organizations in the Arab world advocated Arab nationalism, the SSNP-L retained its commitment to Syrian nationalism.[citation needed]

The party objected to the declaration of The United Arab Republic between Egypt and Syria, and during the Lebanon crisis of 1958, party members sided with the government and then-president Camille Chamoun, fighting against the Arab nationalist rebels in northern Lebanon and in Mount Lebanon.[23][citation needed] The party was subsequently legalized.

Second coup d'état and repression: 1961–1975

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See also: 1961 Lebanese coup d'état attempt

On the last day of 1961, two SSNP-L members, company commanders in the Lebanese army, led an unsuccessful attempted lightning coup against President Fouad Chehab, supported by some 200 civilian SSNP-L members.[24][25] In the scholarly literature, the coup has been explained as stemming from the party's ideological preference for violence ("bullets over ballots"), its frustration at exclusion from the Lebanese state, and both political and military criticism of the rule of Fouad Chehab.[25]

This resulted in a renewed proscription and the imprisonment of many of its leaders.[26] Most of the party's known activists remained in prison or exile until a general amnesty in 1969.[24] In 1969, the party re-aligned towards Arab nationalism.[27]

The Lebanese Civil War: 1975–1990

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Main article: Lebanese Civil War
Syrian Social Nationalist Party
LeadersInaam Raad, Abdallah Saadeh, Isaam Al Mahayri
Dates of operationpresent
HeadquartersHamra Street (Beirut), Amioun (North Lebanon), Dhour El Choueir (Mount Lebanon)
Size10,000 fighters [citation needed]
Part ofLebanese National Movement (LNM)
Lebanese National Resistance Front (LNRF)
Front of Patriotic and National Parties (FPNP)
AlliesLebanon Lebanese National Movement (LNM)
Lebanese National Resistance Front (LNRF)
Progressive Socialist Party (PSP)
Lebanese Communist Party (LCP)
Communist Action Organization in Lebanon (OCAL)
Al-Mourabitoun
Amal Movement
Hezbollah
State of Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
Syria Syrian Army
Opponents Kataeb Party
Lebanese Forces
Tigers Militia
Guardians of the Cedars (GoC)
Al-Tanzim
Zgharta Liberation Army (ZLA)
Islamic Unification Movement (IUM)
South Lebanon Army (SLA)
Israel Israel Defense Forces (IDF)
Battles and warsLebanese civil war (1975–1990)

With the outbreak of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975, the SSNP-L militias fought alongside the Arab nationalist and leftist forces allied in the Lebanese National Movement (LNM), against the Phalangists and their right-wing allies of the Lebanese Front. The SSNP-L conceived the Lebanese Civil War as the inevitable result of the divisions of the Syrian nation into small states such as Lebanon for the benefit of feudal leaders that would further fragment the nation into sectarian parcels and shun away from a liberation war against Israel, which the SSNP-L considered vital for the liberation-and-reclamation of Palestine, later to be known in SSNP-L dialect as "the occupied south of Greater Syria". The SSNP-L found its natural allies to be the Palestinian guerrillas, mainly Fatah and the PFLP as well as its former bitter enemies: the left-wing Arab nationalist movements, the Syrian Ba'ath Party, and the communists.[citation needed]

After the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 and subsequent rout of the leftist forces, a number of the leftist organizations regrouped to engage in resistance to the Israeli occupation. Along with the Lebanese Communist Party, the Communist Action Organization, and some smaller leftist groups, the SSNP-L played a prominent role in this. One of the best-known sparks of the resistance was the killing of two Israeli soldiers in the Wimpy Cafe on west Beirut's central Rue Hamra by party member Khalid Alwan. The party continues to commemorate this date. The FBI blames them for the assassination of Bachir Gemayel in 1982,[28] the then-newly elected Lebanese President backed by the invading Israelis besieging Beirut.[citation needed]

In 1983, the party joined the Lebanese National Salvation Front established to oppose the abortive 17 May accord with Israel signed by Gemayel's brother and successor Amine Gemayel. Some party members were willing to sacrifice their lives through suicide attacks in resistance against Israel, the first being in 1985.[29] A party member Sana'a Mehaidli, who committed a suicide attack at the age of 16 against an Israeli checkpoint in Lebanon, is considered "the progenitor of all female martyrs for the Palestinian cause".[29] Diego Gambetta says that they can't be considered a terrorist organization because they only act against military targets, and that they should be considered a guerrilla organization.[29]

Post–civil war

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In 2005, the pro-Syrian and anti-Cedar Revolution March 8 Alliance was formed, led by the Free Patriotic Movement and Hezbollah and including the SSNP-L. During the May 2008 conflict in Lebanon, the SSNP-L were aligned with March 8 against the Future Movement. At least 14 people were killed in the town of Halba, in the Akkar region of north Lebanon, as about 100 pro-Future Movement gunmen attacked an office of the SSNP-L. 10 of the dead were SSNP-L members, three were government loyalists and one was an Australian citizen of Lebanese descent on vacation in Lebanon, who was trying to get information at the SSNP-L offices about evacuating from the city.[30] The Australian, Fadi Sheikh, reportedly had his hands and feet cut off. In November 2008, SSNP-L members in Beirut attacked (pro-Future Movement) Future TV journalist Omar Harqous, leading to demonstrations by hundreds.[31]

In the 2018 Lebanese General Elections the SSNP-L fielded a total of 7 candidates participating in lists with various Lebanese 8 March alliance parties including: Hezbollah, Amal and the Free Patriotic Movement. The Syrian Nationalist Party couldn't secure a single seat in 2022 Lebanese general elections.

Ideology

[edit]
Main article: Syrian Social Nationalist Party

The Ideology of the SSNP-L is a mixture of pan-Syrian nationalism, secularism and economic corporatism.

Prominent politicians

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Legislative Elections

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House of Representatives
Election year # of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/– Leader
1992 ???? (#2) ???
6 / 128
Increase 6
1996 ???? (#3) ???
5 / 128
Decrease 1
2000 ???? (#4) ???
4 / 128
Decrease 1
2005 ???? (#10) ???
2 / 128
Decrease 2
2009 ???? (#8) ???
2 / 128
Steady
2018 23,881 (#10) 1.36%
3 / 128
Increase 1
2022 11,621
0 / 128
Decrease 3

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In the past, the party or elements of its ideology or membership have been referred to as belonging to both the political left[13][14][15] and right,[11][16] sometimes being labeled far-right.[17][18]
  2. ^
    • Arabic: الحزب السوري القومي الاجتماعي, ALA-LC: al-Ḥizb al-Sūrī al-Qawmī al-Ijtimāʻī
    • French: Parti social nationaliste syrien or Parti populaire syrien

References

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  1. ^ Preston, Scott (14 January 2021). "Is the SSNP Becoming a Reformist Party in Lebanon?". Inside Arabia.
  2. ^ Charles Davis (30 September 2019). "Pro-Assad Lobby Group Rewards Bloggers On Both The Left And The Right".
  3. ^ Ya'ari, Ehud (June 1987). "Behind the Terror". Atlantic Monthly. [The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion.
  4. ^ Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-19-506022-9. The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins.
  5. ^ Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya (1966). The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674862364.
  6. ^ Terry Glavin (26 February 2015). "A Liberal Conundrum In Nepean".
  7. ^ a b c d e f Nordbruch Goetz (2009). Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-88856-8. (...) during his speech of 1 June 1935 (...) Antun Saadeh declared (...) "(...) The Syrian Social Nationalist Party is neither a Hitlerite nor a Fascist one, but a pure social nationalist one. It is not based on useless imitation, but is the result of an authentic invention. (...)"
  8. ^ Antun Saadeh, The Genesis of Nations, (Dar al-Fikr, Beirut)
  9. ^ Antun Saadeh, "The Explanation of the Principles". URL: http://www.ssnp.com/new/library/saadeh/principles/ Archived 27 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Beshara, Adel (2007). Antun Sa'adeh: The Man, His Thought: an Anthology. DK/Prima Games, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. pp. 267–315. ISBN 978-1465453136.
  11. ^ a b Danial Pipes (August 1988). "Radical Politics and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party".
  12. ^ "Syrian Nazis on the Air". AIJAC. 27 July 2009.
  13. ^ Beshara, Adel (11 January 2013). Lebanon: The Politics of Frustration – The Failed Coup of 1961. Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-136-00614-2.
  14. ^ MEED. Economic East Economic Digest, Limited. April 1983.
  15. ^ Solomon, Christopher (2022). "1:Introduction". In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party. New York, NY 10018, USA: I.B. Tauris. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-8386-0640-4. It survived and made itself useful during Syria's occupation of Lebanon by relying on its militia, unique ideology, and adopting a politically pragmatic approach that brought the SSNP from the right side of the political spectrum to its current place in the camp of the left.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  16. ^ Beshara, Adel (11 January 2013). Lebanon: The Politics of Frustration – The Failed Coup of 1961. Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-136-00614-2.
  17. ^ "In Search of Greater Syria: Book Summary". Bloomsbury Collections. 2021.
  18. ^ Zambelis, Chris (26 March 2014). "Assad's Hurricane: A Profile of the Paramilitary Wing of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party". refworld. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023.
  19. ^ Irwin, p. 24; ssnp.com Archived 17 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine "Our Syria has distinct natural boundaries…" (accessed 30 June 2006).
  20. ^ A. Saadeh. The Genesis of Nations. Translated and Reprinted. Dar Al-Fikr. Beirut, 2004
  21. ^ Adel beshara (2010). Outright Assassination: The Trial and Execution of Antun Sa'adeh, 1949. Ithaca Press. ISBN 978-0-86372-348-3.
  22. ^ Seale, p. 50
  23. ^ Article on pro-SSNP website on the party's role in the 1958 civil war accessed 19 January 2006.
  24. ^ a b "Behind the Terror". The Atlantic. June 1987.
  25. ^ a b Beshara, Adel (11 January 2013). Lebanon: The Politics of Frustration – The Failed Coup of 1961. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-00614-2.
  26. ^ U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States Volume 17, Near East,1961–1963, (Washington, DC: GPO 1993), 383–384.
  27. ^ "What is left of Lebanon's Syrian Social Nationalist Party?". L'Orient Today. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  28. ^ Neil A. Lewis (18 May 1988). "U.S. Links Men in Bomb Case To Lebanon Terrorist Group". The New York Times.
  29. ^ a b c Diego Gambetta (2006). Oxford University Press (ed.). Making Sense of Suicide Missions (illustrated ed.). pp. 262, 288 for suicide attacks, 87, 344 for Sana Mehaidli, 80 for guerrilla. ISBN 0-19-929797-5.[permanent dead link]
  30. ^ "The World Today – 13/05/2008: Fighting in Lebanon claims life of Melbourne taxi driver". ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). Retrieved 20 July 2021.
  31. ^ "Hundreds protest against SSNP attack on Future TV journalist". The Daily Star. 29 November 2008. Archived from the original on 20 July 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2021.

Further reading

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