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Rudrahridaya Upanishad

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Rudrahridaya Upanishad
The text describes Rudra and Uma are inseparable half and ever present[1]
Devanagariरुद्रहृद्य
IASTRudrahṛdaya
Title meansThe heart of Rudra
TypeShaiva[2]
Linked VedaKrishna Yajurveda[2]
Chapters1
Verses52[3]
PhilosophyShaivism
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The Rudrahridaya Upanishad (Sanskrit: रुद्रहृद्य उपनिषत्, IAST: Rudrahṛdaya Upaniṣad) is a medieval era Sanskrit text and is one of the minor Upanishads of Hinduism. The text is attached to the Krishna Yajurveda and classified under one of the 14 Shaiva Upanishads.[2]

The Upanishad states that Rudra and Uma are the ultimate reality Brahman.[4][5] The Upanishad glorifies Shiva and Uma as inseparable, asserts that they together manifest as all gods and goddesses, all animate and inanimate reality of the universe.[6] This text, like other Shaiva Upanishads, is presented with Vedanta nondualism terminology, and states that the individual Atman (soul) is identical with the supreme reality Brahman.[6][7]

History

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The date or author of Rudrahridaya Upanishad is unknown. Manuscripts of this text are also found titled as Hridaya Upanishad,[8] or Rudrahrdayopanisad.[3][6] In the Telugu language anthology of 108 Upanishads of the Muktika canon, narrated by Rama to Hanuman, it is listed at number 85.[9]

Contents

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The text opens by asserting that all Devas are manifestations of Rudra (Shiva), and all Devis are manifestations of Uma (Parvati).[10] They are inseparable, in forever union.[10][11]

Those who love Shiva, love Vishnu; those who hate Shiva, hate Vishnu asserts the text.[12] Those who worship Shiva, are worshipping Vishnu.[12] Rudra is full of Vishnu and Brahma.[12] Uma is same as Vishnu.[12] The masculine is Shiva, asserts the text, and the feminine is Bhavani (Uma).[13] What moves in the universe, is just Rudra-Uma manifestation, and what does not move in the universe is also just Rudra-Uma manifestation, states the text.[13][14] Dharma is Rudra, world is Vishnu, knowledge is Brahma, all is inseparable.[13][15]

Rudra and Uma

Rudra is man, Uma is woman.
Rudra is Brahma, Uma is Sarasvati.
Rudra is Vishnu, Uma is Lakshmi.
Rudra is the Sun, Uma is shadow.
Rudra is the Moon, Uma is star.
Rudra is day, Uma is night.
Rudra is Yajna, Uma is Vedi.
Rudra is Agni, Uma is Svaha.
Rudra is Veda, Uma is Shastra.
Rudra is scent, Uma is flower.
Rudra is meaning, Uma is word.
Prostrations to Him and Her.

— Rudrahridaya Upanishad 17-22, (Abridged)[14][16]

The text, states Shakya, is the only Upanishad that presents the composite merged form of Rudra-Uma as all truth and reality, and emphasizes this hermaphrodite-style union aspect by presenting the unison in other combinations such as Brahma-Vani and Vishnu-Lakshmi.[1]

The later part of the Rudrahridaya Upanishad presents the Advaita theory of nonduality, by presenting threefold character of Atman.[17][18] The text states that the absolute truth is "nirguna (without attributes, abstract), nirakara (without shape), with sensory organs, omnipresent, impersonal, imperishable" and identical to the soul within oneself and each living being.[19] Everything is god, and god is in everything, asserts the text. All reality is the same Shiva and one absolute, which is identical to Om, the Atman, the satcitananda (existence-consciousness-bliss).[20][19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Shakya 2008, pp. 18–19.
  2. ^ a b c Tinoco 1996, p. 88.
  3. ^ a b Hattangadi 2000.
  4. ^ Dalal 2010, p. 432.
  5. ^ Ayyangar 1953, pp. 193–199.
  6. ^ a b c Vedic Literature, Volume 1, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Sanskrit Manuscripts, p. PA548, at Google Books, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras, India, pages 265-270, 548-549
  7. ^ Kramrisch 1981, pp. 187–188.
  8. ^ Parmeshwaranand 2000, p. 404.
  9. ^ Deussen 1997, pp. 556–557.
  10. ^ a b Ayyangar 1953, pp. 193–195.
  11. ^ Hattangadi 2000, p. 2, verses 10, 11.
  12. ^ a b c d Ayyangar 1953, pp. 194–195.
  13. ^ a b c Ayyangar 1953, pp. 195–196.
  14. ^ a b Hattangadi 2000, p. 2.
  15. ^ Hattangadi 2000, p. 2, verse 16.
  16. ^ Ayyangar 1953, p. 196.
  17. ^ Ayyangar 1953, pp. 195–197.
  18. ^ Hattangadi 2000, pp. 3–4.
  19. ^ a b Ayyangar 1953, pp. 197–199.
  20. ^ Sastri 1925.

Bibliography

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  • Ayyangar, TRS (1953). Saiva Upanisads. Jain Publishing Co. (Reprint 2007). ISBN 978-0895819819.
  • Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  • Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
  • Kramrisch, Stella (1981). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-8120804913.
  • Hattangadi, Sunder (2000). "रुद्रहृदयोपनिषत् (Rudrahridaya Upanishad)" (PDF) (in Sanskrit). Retrieved 2 March 2016.
  • Parmeshwaranand, Swami (2000), Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Upanisads, Volume 3, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-7625-148-8
  • Shakya, Milan Ratna (2008). The cult of Bhairava in Nepal. Rupa & Co. ISBN 978-8129113047.
  • Sastri, AM (1925). The Śaiva-Upanishads with the commentary of Sri Upanishad-Brahma-Yogin. Adyar Library. OCLC 7476979.
  • Tinoco, Carlos Alberto (1996). Upanishads. IBRASA. ISBN 978-85-348-0040-2.
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