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Battle of Ruapekapeka

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Battle of Ruapekapeka
Part of Flagstaff War

The bombardment of Ruapekapeka, January 1846. Artist: Cyprian Bridge, Major, 58th Regiment
Location
20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Kawakawa
35°27′23″S 174°08′37″E / 35.4563°S 174.1436°E / -35.4563; 174.1436
Belligerents
 United Kingdom: Colony of New Zealand Māori
Commanders and leaders
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Henry Despard
Tāmati Wāka Nene		 Te Ruki Kawiti
Hōne Heke
Units involved

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Royal Navy

East India Company East India Co.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland British Army

Ordnance

HM Treasury

Auckland Militia

  • Volunteer Pioneers

Maori Allies

Te Ruki Kawiti
Hōne Heke
Strength
Military
68 officers + 1110 men
Maori Allies
450 warriors[1]: 67 [2]		 Ruapekapeka
~ 500 warriors[1]: 67 
Casualties and losses
Military
13 killed
30 wounded[1]: 69 [2]
Maori Allies
8–10 killed
15–20 wounded[2]		 Unknown

The Battle of Ruapekapeka was an engagement that took place from late December 1845 to mid-January 1846 between British forces, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Despard, and Māori warriors of the Ngāpuhi iwi (tribe), led by Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti, during the Flagstaff War in the Bay of Islands region of New Zealand.

The battle site was a pā located 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Kawakawa, which was one of the largest and most complex fortifications of its kind in New Zealand; the Ngāpuhi designed it specifically to counter the cannon of British forces.[3][4][5] The earthworks of the pā can still be seen.

A shattered Māori deck-cannon in the central pā points towards the British advanced position, (the grassed area in mid distance)

Ruapekapeka pā

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The pā was named Ruapekapeka (bats' nests) because the pihareinga, or dugouts with narrow circular entrances at top, which gave access to shelters that protected the warriors from cannon fire. These ruas or caves looked like a calabash buried underground, the narrow end uppermost and could accommodate 15 to 20 warriors.[6]

Te Ruki Kawiti and his allies, including Mataroria and Motiti,[6] designed Ruapekapeka pā as a further development of what is now called the "gunfighter pā"[5] design that was used at the Battle of Ōhaeawai. It was constructed during 1845, in a good defensive position, in an area of no strategic value, well away from non-combatants, as a challenge to British rule. Ruapekapeka Pā improved on the plan of the pā at Ōhaeawai, the site of a battle in the Flagstaff War.

The outer walls of the pā had trenches (parepare) in front of and behind palisades that were 3 metres (9.8 ft) high, built using pūriri logs.[7] Since the introduction of muskets the Māori had learnt to cover the outside of the palisades with layers of flax (Phormium tenax) leaves, making them effectively bulletproof as the velocity of musket balls was dissipated by the flax leaves.[8] On some of the sides of the pā there were three rows of palisades and on other sides two rows of palisades.[9] There were passages between the front and back trenches (parepare),[6] so that warriors could move forward to fire and return to shelter to reload. On the high ground an observation tower was erected. At the rear of the pā a well, some 5 metres (16 ft) deep, was dug into a sandstone formation to provide a water-supply during the expected siege of the pā.[6]

Battle of Ruapekapeka Pā

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Surviving earthworks at Ruapekapeka
Main article: Flagstaff War

When the new British Governor, Sir George Grey, failed to end the Flagstaff War by negotiation, he assembled a British force of 1,168 men in the Bay of Islands to deal with Hōne Heke and Te Ruki Kawiti. In early December 1845 the Colonial forces, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Despard, moved by water towards Ruapekapeka and began a two-week advance over 20 kilometres (12 mi) to bring artillery up to the pā.

The ordnance used in the battle were three naval 32-pounders, one 18-pounder, two 12-pounder howitzers, one 6-pounder brass gun, four 5½" brass Mann mortars,[10][11] and two Congreve rocket-tubes.It took two weeks to bring the heavy guns into range of the pā, they started the cannon bombardment on 27 December 1845. The directing officers were Lieutenant Bland (HMS Racehorse) and Lieutenant Leeds (HEICS Elphinstone); Lieutenant Egerton (HMS North Star) was in charge of firing the rocket-tubes.[12] Bombardment and an incomplete siege commenced on 27 December 1845 (the British lacking the manpower to completely surround the pā). Several weeks of siege punctuated by skirmishing followed.The guns were fired with accuracy throughout the siege causing considerable damage to the palisades, although those inside the pā were safe in the underground shelters.[13]

The colonial forces consisted of the 58th Regiment (led by Lieut.-Colonel Wynward), the 99th Regiment (led by Captain Reed) and 42 volunteers from Auckland (led by Captain Atkyns). Tāmati Wāka Nene, Eruera Maihi Patuone, Tawhai, Repa, and Nopera Pana-kareao led around 450 warriors in support of the colonial forces.[14] The soldiers were supported by the Royal Marines (under Captain Langford) and sailors from HMS Castor, HMS Racehorse, HMS North Star, HMS Calliope,[15] and the 18-gun sloop HEICS Elphinstone of the Honourable East India Company.[16]

The Māori had a deck-cannon (designed for use on a ship) and a field gun.[6] A marine-gunner scored a direct hit on the deck-cannon after three shots, rendering it useless. In any event, the Māori had limited supplies of gunpowder so that the possession of these guns did not assist the Māori in the defence of Ruapekapeka.[6] The Māori were armed with double-barrel muzzle-loading muskets (Tupara), flintlock muskets (Ngutuparera, so-called because the hammer holding the flint looked like a duck's beak) as well as some pistols.[6]

The siege continued for some two weeks, punctuated by skirmishing from the pā to keep everyone alert. Then, early in the morning of Sunday, 11 January 1846, William Walker Turau, the brother of Eruera Maihi Patuone, discovered that the pā appeared to have been abandoned,[17]: 243  although Te Ruki Kawiti and a few of his warriors remained behind and appeared to have been caught unaware by the British assault.[18]: 27–28  A small group of British troops pushed over the palisade and entered the pā, finding it almost empty. They were reinforced, while Māori tried to re-enter the pā from the back. After a four-hour gun fight the remaining Māori withdrew, abandoning the pā. Lieutenant Colonel Despard claimed the outcome as a "brilliant success".[2] The Royal Marines and sailors from HMS Hazard, HMS North Star and HMS Calliope saw action in the battle.[15] The "Official Despatches" released for publication on 17 January 1846 stated that casualties in the British forces were 3 soldiers killed and 11 wounded; 2 marines killed and 3 wounded; 7 seamen killed and 12 wounded; and 2 pioneers killed and 1 wounded.[2] However other published sources give different casualty figures: Reverend Richard Davis noted in his diary of 14 January 1846, that 12 were killed and 30 wounded;[19][20][21]: 28 [22] Māori casualties are unknown, (Heke and Kawiti later said they had lost around 60 dead during the whole of the campaign).

Plans of the pā, in front of its remains

Later examination of the pā showed that it had been very well designed and very strongly built. In different circumstances it could have withstood a long and costly siege.[23]: 121–127  Lieutenant Henry Colin Balneavis,[24] 58th Regiment, who took part in the siege, commented in his journal (dated 11 January):

Pa burnt. Ruapekapeka found a most extraordinary place,—a model of engineering, with a treble stockade, and huts inside, these also fortified. A large embankment in rear of it, full of under-ground holes for the men to live in; communications with subterranean passages enfilading the ditch. Two guns were taken,—a small one, and an 18-pounder, the latter dismantled by our fire. It appeared that they were in want of food and water. It was the strongest pa ever built in New Zealand.[23]: 124 n16 

The reason why the defenders appeared to have abandoned but then re-entered the pā is the subject of continuing debate. It was later suggested that most of the Māori had been at church (many of them were devout Christians).[6][25] Knowing that their opponents, the British, were also Christians they had not expected an attack on a Sunday. Reverend Richard Davis noted in his diary of 14 January 1846:

Yesterday the news came that the Pa was taken on Sunday by the sailors, and that twelve Europeans were killed and thirty wounded. The native loss uncertain. It appears the natives did not expect fighting on the Sabbath, and were, the great part of them, out of the Pa, smoking and playing. It is also reported that the troops were assembling for service. The tars, having made a tolerable breach with their cannon on Saturday, took the opportunity of the careless position of the natives, and went into the Pa, but did not get possession without much hard fighting, hand to hand.[20]

However, later commentators have cast doubt on this explanation of the events of Sunday 11 January, as fighting had continued on a Sunday at the Battle of Ōhaeawai in July 1845. Yet other later commentators suggested that Heke deliberately abandoned the pā to lay a trap in the surrounding bush, as this would provide cover and give Heke a considerable advantage.[26] In this scenario, Heke's ambush succeeded only partially, as Kawiti's men, fearing their chief had fallen, returned towards the pā and the British forces engaged in battle with the Māori rebels immediately behind the pā.[18]: 27 

Aftermath

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It was Māori custom that the place of a battle where blood was spilt became tapu so that the Ngāpuhi left Ruapekapeka pā.[6][23]: 76–84  After the battle Kawiti and his warriors, carrying their dead, travelled some 4 miles (6.4 km) north-west to Waiomio, the ancestral home of Ngāti Hine.[27]

After the Battle of Ruapekapeka, Kawiti expressed the will to continue to fight,[6] however Kawiti and Heke made it known that they would end the rebellion if the Colonial forces would leave the Ngāpuhi land.

Tāmati Wāka Nene acted as an intermediary in the negotiations with Governor Grey. At this time Governor Grey faced new threats of rebellion in the south and would have had logistical difficulties in a lengthy campaign against Heke and Kawiti; although Governor Grey may have underestimated the difficulties the essentially part-time Māori force would experience in continuing to fight against the Colonial forces. Governor Grey accepted Tāmati Wāka Nene's argument that clemency was the best way to ensure peace in the North. Heke and Kawiti were pardoned and no land was confiscated.[21]: 28 

Lieutenant Henry Balneavis, 58th Regiment, created a model of Ruapekapeka pā as a part of the New Zealand showcase at the Great Exhibition in London, in 1851.[28]

Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d Collinson, Thomas Bernard (1853). "2. Remarks on the Military Operations in New Zealand" (PDF). Papers on Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corp of Royal Engineers. New Series 3. London: John Weale: 5–69.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Official Despatches. Colonial Secretary's Office, Auckland, January 17, 1846". The New Zealander. 24 January 1846. p. 4. Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
  3. ^ Best, Elsdon (1975). "The Modern Gun-fighter's Pa (from Notes Supplied by the Late Tuta Nihoniho)". The Pa Maori. Wellington: A. Shearer, Government Printer. pp. 367–376. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015 – via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (NZETC).
  4. ^ "Gunfighter pā, c1845". New Zealand History. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Manatū Taonga. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  5. ^ a b "Gunfighter Pā: Mangaheia Station, Tauwhareparae Road, Tolaga Bay". Heritage New Zealand. 2022. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kawiti 1956, p. 38–43.
  7. ^ Cowan, James (1955). "Plan of Ruapekapeka Fortification". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period; Volume I (1845–64). Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2012 – via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (NZETC).
  8. ^ Cowan, James (1955). "Flax-masked Palisade". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period; Volume I (1845–64). Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2012 – via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (NZETC).
  9. ^ Cowan, James (1955). "From a Royal Navy Officers' Survey, 1846–Cross-section of Rua-pekapeka". The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period: Volume I (1845–64). Wellington: R. E. Owen, Government Printer. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2012 – via New Zealand Electronic Text Collection (NZETC).
  10. ^ Heath, Philip (Winter 2015). "Gother Mann's New Zealand Mountain Mortars". The Driving Wheel. No. 9. Auckland: MOTAT Society. pp. 23–32. Archived from the original on 12 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020. [dead link]
  11. ^ Cowan 1922, p. 76.
  12. ^ Cowan 1922, p. 84.
  13. ^ Cowan 1922, p. 78.
  14. ^ Cowan 1922, p. 75.
  15. ^ a b "HMS Calliope NZ Wars memorial". New Zealand History. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Manatū Taonga. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  16. ^ Cowan 1922, p. 73.
  17. ^ Carleton, Hugh (1874). The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate. Vol. 1. Auckland: Upton & Co. – via Early New Zealand Books (ENZB).
  18. ^ a b Ryan, Tim; Parham, Bill (1986). The Colonial New Zealand Wars. Wellington: Grantham House.
  19. ^ Cowan 1922, p. 86.
  20. ^ a b Coleman, John Noble (1865). "IX. Missionary Operations". A Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis for Thirty-nine Years a Missionary in New Zealand. London: James Nisbet and Co. pp. 308–309 – via Early New Zealand Books (ENZB).
  21. ^ a b Ryan, Tim; Parham, Bill (2003). The Colonial New Zealand Wars. Wellington: Grantham House.
  22. ^ King, Marie (1992). "A Most Noble Anchorage: The Story of Russell & The Bay of Islands". The Northland Publications Society, Inc., The Northlander No 14 (1974). Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  23. ^ a b c Carleton, Hugh (1874). The Life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate. Vol. 2. Auckland: Upton & Co. – via Early New Zealand Books (ENZB).
  24. ^ Clayton, Garry James (30 October 2012). "Balneavis, Henry Colin". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Archived from the original on 29 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
  25. ^ Raugh, Harold E (2004). The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History. ABC-CLIO. pp. 225–226. ISBN 1-57607-925-2.
  26. ^ Brooking, Tom; Enright, Paul (1988). Milestones: Turning Points in New Zealand History. Lower Hutt: Mills Publications. p. 69.
  27. ^ Kawiti 1956, p. 43.
  28. ^ Wolfe, Richard (11 November 2019). "Crafting Aotearoa: International Exhibitions". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 21 April 2021.

References

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