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Royal Arthur School

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Royal Arthur School
Original building prior to the 1909 fire
Location
Montréal, Quebec

Canada
Information
TypeElementary
Established1870 (1870)
Closed1982 (1982)
School boardProtestant School Board of Greater Montreal
LanguageEnglish

Royal Arthur School was an elementary school in the Little Burgundy neighbourhood of Montreal. It was an important centre for the Black community and provided the data for an influential study on how individual teachers matter.

History

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Construction of the school was approved in 1868, and after operating temporarily in a church basement, the new building was opened by Queen Victoria's son Prince Arthur on 11 February 1870.[1][nb 1] This was the first school built by the new Protestant Board of School Commissioners of Montreal,[2] and it was filled to its capacity of 600 students within 6 months.[3]

The building was remodelled in 1888 and then half-destroyed by fire on 18 January 1909.[4] A new building designed by Alexander Francis Dunlop,[5] was erected on an expanded site and opened in September 1910.[6] Later additions, the first in 1922,[7] further expanded the school's capacity.

Royal Arthur School Montreal Map Location 1890
Royal Arthur School Map Location in 1912.jpg
Locations of Royal Arthur School in 1880 and 1912.[8]
Royal Arthur School in Montreal after being rebuilt in 1910

The school was in one of the poorest areas of the city and had one of the largest indigent enrolments in Canada during the Great Depression.[9] Its mid-twentieth century location was vividly described as[10]

"a fortress in the streets. … freight terminals of a large railway, as well as a steel-fabrication plant, were located in its immediate neighborhood, …. Across the street from the front entrance, the buildings of a brothel, thinly disguised as residences, blocked the view of a junkyard. Crowded tenement houses were interspersed with an automobile repair shop, a dry-cleaning plant, and an armature-wiring factory."

The school closed in 1982 and was demolished the following year.[11]

Importance to Black Community

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Being a train porter was one of the best jobs available to Black men in the early half of the 20th century, so the Little Burgundy Black community grew because of its inexpensive accommodation and proximity to Bonaventure and Windsor railway stations.[12] Royal Arthur was the elementary school attended by most Black students[13] and the primary source of youth in programs at the Negro Community Centre of Montreal (NCC).[14] In the NCC's early years, many of its activities took place at the Royal Arthur.[15]

By 1945, 151 Black students attended Royal Arthur,[16] at least a quarter of the student body. About half the 420 students were Black in 1970–71,[17] but enrolment had started to drop because of urban renewal,[18] and Black students were caught in the middle of fights over the future of English schools in Quebec.[19] By the time Royal Arthur closed, its enrolment was 70-80% Black,[20] and the closure took the "heart" out of the local Black community.[21]

The Amazing Miss A

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In 1968, Professor Eigil Pedersen of McGill University started studying how IQ changed from Grades 3 to 6 for students who had attended Royal Arthur about 30 years earlier,[22] and how this was correlated with adult status and achievement. During the time period under study, most Grade 1 students were taught by one of three teachers: "A", "B", and "C". Only 29% of former students of teachers B and C had achieved high adult status, 40% were of low status, and less than half could remember their first grade teacher. Every former student of teacher "A", however, correctly remembered her, and 60% had achieved high adult status and none were of low status.[10] This teacher, later referred to as "The Amazing Miss A",[23] was subsequently revealed to be Iole Appugliese [fr].[24] [nb 2]

Appugliese had not received better or more privileged students, so the most likely explanation for the success of her students was the quality of her teaching.[10] Many former pupils and teaching colleagues described how much she cared for her students and the effort she made to help them learn. "It did not matter what background or abilities the beginning pupil had, there was no way that the pupil was not going to read by the end of grade one."[23]

Pedersen's paper greatly surprised most education researchers who then generally believed that individual teachers had little effect on long-term student success compared to factors such as financial/social status and family structure.[23][24] The paper helped stimulate renewed interest in the importance of teaching quality.[23]

Notable Alumni and Teachers

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Notes

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  1. ^ The school was initially referred to as the "Royal Western School".[1]
  2. ^ Known to students as "Miss Apple Daisy" because of their difficulty in pronouncing her name.[25]
  3. ^ Pedersen himself had been taught by Teacher "B" and later dropped out of high school. He eventually returned to Royal Arthur as a teacher before becoming a university professor.[22]
  4. ^ As referenced in her autobiographical novel No Crystal Stair.

References

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  1. ^ a b "Opening of the Royal Western School, Montreal". The Journal of Education. 14 (3): 41–43. March 1870. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  2. ^ Rosenberg, Louis (16 March 1959). Jewish Children in the Protestant Schools of Greater Montreal in the Period from 1878 to 1958 (PDF) (Report). Vol. Series E. Canadian Jewish Congress. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  3. ^ Report of the Protestant Board of School Commissioners for the City of Montreal 1847-1871 (Report). Montreal: "Gazette" Printing House. 1872. pp. 17–19. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  4. ^ "Royal Arthur School Wrecked by Fire Early Today". Montreal Daily Star. 18 January 1909. p. 9.
  5. ^ "Dunlop, Alexander Francis". Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada 1800-1950. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  6. ^ Atherton, William Henry (1914). Montreal, 1535-1914. Vol. 2: Under British Rule 1760-1914. Montreal: S.J. Clarke.
  7. ^ "Public Buildings, Churches and Schools : Contracts Awarded : Montreal". Engineering and Contract Record. 63 (17). Southam Business: 50. 26 April 1922.
  8. ^ "Carte-index des atlas de Montréal de Charles Goad (1880, 1890, 1912-1914)". Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec. Planche 10. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  9. ^ deBelle, L.C. (7 April 1941). "The Milk Fund's Work". Montreal Star. p. 10.
  10. ^ a b c Pedersen, Eigil; Faucher, Thérèse Annette; Eaton, William (1978). "A New Perspective on the Effects of First-Grade Teachers on Children's Subsequent Adult Status". Harvard Educational Review. 48 (1): 1–31. doi:10.17763/haer.48.1.t6612555444420vg.
  11. ^ Boone, Mike (8 July 2009). "Ex-Royal Arthur teacher took away memories, part of school". Montreal Gazette. p. A7.
  12. ^ Williams, Dorothy W. (10 February 2020). "Little Burgundy and Montreal's Black English-Speaking Community". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
  13. ^ Williams, Terell (2 November 2017). Standing on their Shoulders (STS) - Stories from Royal Arthur School (video). youtube.com. Black Community Resource Centre (BCRC). Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  14. ^ Bertley, June (1982). The Role of the Black Community in Educating Blacks in Montreal from 1910 to 1940, with Special Reference to Reverend Dr. Charles Humphrey Este (MA). McGill University. p. 142.
  15. ^ "Negro Community Centre: How It All Started ..." Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  16. ^ Potter, Harold Herbert (22 April 1949). The occupational adjustments of Montreal Negroes, 1941-48 (MA). McGill University. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  17. ^ Jonas, Holly C. (October 1971). Little Burgundy Dropouts from the High School of Montreal (MSW). McGill University. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  18. ^ High, Steven (31 January 2019). "Opinion: Remembering the Little Burgundy expropriations". Montreal Gazette.
  19. ^ Mills, Sean William (November 2007). The Empire Within: Montreal, the Sixties, and the Forging of a Radical Imagination (PDF) (PhD). Canada: Queen's University. p. 216. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  20. ^ Friedman, Helen; Friedman, Harold (1980). "Observations on Education in the Province of Quebec". Equity & Excellence in Education. 18 (5–6): 2–15. doi:10.1080/0020486800180501.
  21. ^ High, Steven (Fall 2017). "Little Burgundy: The Interwoven Histories of Race, Residence, and Work in Twentieth-Century Montreal". Urban History Review. 46 (1): 23–44. doi:10.7202/1059112ar. S2CID 166843406.
  22. ^ a b McColl, Lynn (1976). "Eigil Pedersen: Why children fail". The McGill News. Vol. 57. pp. 15–16.
  23. ^ a b c d Fallon, Daniel (2003). "The Amazing Miss A and Why We Should Care About Her". McGill Journal of Education. 38 (3). Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  24. ^ a b "Looking Back at a Landmark Study About Why Teachers Matter". LEARNing Landscapes. 8 (1): 27–35. Autumn 2014. doi:10.36510/learnland.v8i1.671. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  25. ^ a b Collins, Robert (September 1976). "Miss Apple Daisy". Reader's Digest (Canada). pp. 142–147.
  26. ^ "Iole Appugliese". Ordre de Montréal. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  27. ^ "John E.Creelman remembers James". 1995. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  28. ^ "Pauline Donalda". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
  29. ^ a b Pender, Terry (10 April 2020). "Jones still hooked on jazz piano at age 80". The Record. Waterloo, Ontario.
  30. ^ "PEDERSEN, Eigil Dalsgaard". Montreal Gazette. 3 December 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  31. ^ Stevens, Florence (June 1992). "Honorary degree citation - Eigil Pedersen". Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  32. ^ "The inspirational life story of Professor Calvin C. Potter". Concordia University. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  33. ^ "Potter, Calvin Cuthbert". National Post. 3 November 1999. p. 16.
  34. ^ "Promotion and Honour Lists in Protestant Schools: Royal Arthur School". Montreal Star. 24 June 1926. p. 18.
  35. ^ Campbell, Arlene. Life notations of Daisy Sweeney : reflections of othermothering, musicianship and Montreal (Thesis). hdl:10315/31697.
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