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Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies

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Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies
Part of Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts

Map of Roland Crappé's campaign, 1619
DateJanuary – 24 September 1619
Location
Result Portuguese victory
Belligerents
Supported by:
Thanjavur Nayak
Commanders and leaders
Danish India Roland Crappé (WIA)
Senarath Adahasin
Raghunatha Nayak		 Portuguese Empire João Coutinho
Portuguese Empire Fernão de Albuquerque
Units involved
Denmark–Norway Øresund Unknown
Strength
~44 men
1 ship		 7 ships
5 sampans
2 catamarans
Casualties and losses
1 ship
27 imprisoned
4 killed		 5 Sampans

Roland Crappé's raids on Portuguese colonies (Danish; Roland Crappés plyndringer på portugisiske kolonier: Portuguese; Os ataques de Roland Crappé às colónias portuguesas) refers to a series of raids by Dutchman in Danish service, Roland Crappé, on Portuguese Ceylon and India. The raids were partially unsuccessful, in that Crappé's ship, Øresund (meaning the Sound), caught fire and sank.

Background

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In 1611, after the Portuguese captured Kandy and set fire to the city,[1] King Senerat of Kandy urgently dispatched courier, Marchells Michielsz Boschouver, to Europe in hopes of negotiating an alliance-treaty with the Dutch East India Company.[2] Despite his efforts, the mission was unsuccessful and Boschouver ended up in Denmark, where he signed an un-ratified treaty with Christian IV of Denmark.[2] Denmark then sent five vessels and 300 soldiers, led by Ove Gjedde, to Ceylon to fulfill the terms of the treaty.[2] Along with Gjedde, Dutchman and experienced seafarer, Roland Crappé was sent too. Because of his earlier experiences, Crappé was sent to India two months before Gjedde.[3]

Battle and raids

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Map of Portuguese India

Crappé arrived on board of Øresund, as the first representative of the Danish expedition, on Ceylon in January 1619.[4] Crappé's task was to prepare for Ove Giedde's arrival.[5] Crappé met with the raja, Senarat of Kandy, and mentioned Boshouwer's mission, which the raja seems to have knowledge about.[4] Senarat encouraged Crappé to attack the Portuguese, which was an encouragement that demanded careful consideration; to conduct privateering against a European Great Power was a dubious affair, which could end in destruction.[5]

Crappé wanted to make a good impression on the raja, and attacked the Portuguese on the Coromandel Coast.[6][4][7] He hijacked five Portuguese sampans and attacked Jaffna, Nagapattinam and other coastal Portuguese outposts.[6] Despite Portuguese irritation, they didn't want to politicize the situation.[5] Instead they retaliated by attacking Øresund at Karaikal.[6][4][5][8][7]

Near the fishing village of Karaikal, seven smaller Portuguese vessels tried to recapture the five sampans.[4] Under fire, Øresund caught fire and sank.[4][5][8] Crappé recalls the event:

...I found myself surrounded by some drawn sabers, and they dragged me by the throat through a quarter where I thought they were going to murder us...

Twenty-seven of the ship's crew, including Crappé, were imprisoned.[4] Crappé was brought over to the lifeguard's house to sleep.[4] Next morning he witnessed 4 of his comrades heads on spikes.[4]

Aftermath

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Roland Crappé got in contact with a senior official of the local Thanjavur kingdom.[4] And after a month 14 healthy or wounded Dano-Norwegians were rescued out of Portuguese imprisonment.[4] Together with Crappé, the 15 men went out to the city of Thanjavur, and through friends, Crappé managed to get into audience with the king, Raghunatha.[4] Raghunatha got five additional Dano-Norwegians out of Nagapattinam, and fined Portugal for the loss of Øresund.[4]

Raghunatha could see the benefit in forging ties with another European power in the hope of decreasing the influence of the Portuguese in his kingdom.[4][7] For that reason he allowed the Danes to establish as the first Danish trading post in India at Tranquebar.[9][7]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Codrington, H.W, "7", A Short History of Sri Lanka.
  2. ^ a b c P. E., Pieris (1920). Ceylon and the Portuguese (PDF). The University of California Los Angeles. pp. 197–206.
  3. ^ "Roland Crappe - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk". 123hjemmeside.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Christian IV drømte om guld og krydderier fra Indien: Sådan blev Tranquebar en dansk koloni". videnskab.dk (in Danish). 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  5. ^ a b c d e Rindom, Jan (1995). OSTINDISK KOMPAGNI 1616-50 (PDF) (in Danish). DET KONGELIGE BIBLIOTEK. p. 24.
  6. ^ a b c Kumar, Lalit (2022). "Danish East India Company: Establishment and Company's business activities in India and Southeast Asia 1620-1650". Techno Review Journal of Technology and Management. 1 (2). Journal of Technology and Management: 15. doi:10.31305/trjtm2021.v01.n02.003. S2CID 251658268.
  7. ^ a b c d "Et dansk eventyr i Indien". Nationalmuseet (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-04-14.
  8. ^ a b Bredsdorff, Asta (2009). The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 11.
  9. ^ "Tranquebar, 1620-1845". danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-04-14.
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