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Rise for Animals
Founded1895
FocusAnimal Rights
Location
Area served
United States
Websiteriseforanimals.org

Rise for Animals (formerly New England Anti-Vivisection Society) is a national, registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit animal rights organization which aims to end nonhuman animal experimentation.[1] It has been described as "one of the oldest and wealthiest anti-vivisection organizations in the United States".[2]

History

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The Animals' Defender published by NEAVS

The New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS) was founded in 1895 in Boston, Massachusetts, in response to the migration of European vivisection practices to the United States. In 1871, Professor Henry Ingersoll Bowditch established the first U.S. vivisection lab at Harvard Medical School, inciting concern from Edward Clement, editor-in-chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, which subsequently ran a series of anti-vivisection editorials.[3]

In 1890 George Angell and the Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (MSPCA) held an essay contest entitled "Why I Am Against Vivisection". The winner of the contest, Joseph Greene of Dorchester, Massachusetts, later reached out to lawyer and doctor Philip Peabody, one of the contest judges, with the idea of forming an anti-vivisection society. Peabody agreed, and Greene began organizing a number of Boston's influential individuals. The first NEAVS meeting was held at Peabody's house on March 30, 1895, and the first office was opened at 179A Tremont St. in Boston on September 12 of the same year, with Peabody serving as NEAVS president.[4]

When Edward Clement became president in 1911, his journalistic expertise boosted both public awareness of vivisection and membership in the organization.[4] George R. Farnum was president of NEAVS from 1938 until his death in 1971.[5]

Author Cleveland Amory was NEAVS president from 1987 until 1998.[6] He has been described as "the founding father of the modern animal protection movement."[7]

In anticipation of his retirement, Amory appointed a nominating committee that chose psychologist and former NEAVS board member, Theodora Capaldo, to succeed him. She was elected NEAVS' first woman president in 1998. Amory died unexpectedly later that same year. Capaldo and her newly elected board of directors came with extensive animal protection and animal rights experience and have included individuals with medical, veterinary, psychology, mental health, sociology, and legal credentials, such as Sarah Luick, a founding member of the Animal Legal Defense Fund (ALDF).[8]

Under Capaldo, the board and staff developed and attempted to implement a succession of new strategies with which to achieve the organization's sole mission of ending the use of animals in science and replacing them with non-animal and scientifically superior alternatives. Highlights of those programs include campaigning to end the use in research of the first nonhuman species, chimpanzees – human's closest genetic relative (Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories); ending the use of terminal dog labs at the first veterinary school in the country, a curriculum shift later followed by other schools; and, most recently, reaching out to and incorporating other social movements into the animal protection movement. Examples include support for women doing research that does not involve animals and is aimed at understanding, among other things, sex differences' effect on biomedical research results as well as the implications of such differences for the use of other species to extrapolate animal data to human health; and environmentalism through investigation of the serious and detrimental environmental impact that the use and disposal of millions of animals used in research, testing, and education has on the environment (women and the environment are the core of NEAVS' Common Ground campaign).[9]

In September 2017, Nathan Herschler, J.D. began serving as executive director.[10]

The philosophy of NEAVS emphasizes that the use of animals in research, testing, and education is unscientific, as shown in numerous studies; is unnecessary due to the availability of and continuing development of alternatives that yield results superior to animal use; and that the humane and ethical arguments against the suffering and death of millions of animals in labs each year has never been stronger given how modern science shows animal use has limitations, dangers, and is little or no benefit to human health.[9]

NEAVS continued its work through public outreach, education, legislation and policy change, supporting animal sanctuaries, and funding the development of alternatives to animals in research and science education.[11] In September 2020, NEAVS changed name to Rise for Animals.[12]

Publications

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The NEAVS published the New England Anti-Vivisection Society Monthly in the late 19th-century. In the early 20th-century the magazine changed name to The Animals' Defender.[13] Joseph M. Greene was its editor and used the magazine to promote anti-vaccination material.[14] The Animals' Defender was later renamed the Living Tissue magazine. In 1957, president George R. Farnum stated that the magazine reached 50,000 people.[15]

Accomplishments

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Draize eye irritancy test alternative

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In 1981 NEAVS and its sister organization the American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) funded research at Tufts University Medical School for an alternative to the Draize test,[16][17] which applies chemicals such as pesticides, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics to the eyes of rabbits.[18] The resulting alternative was later used by a number of product and cosmetics companies.

Repeal of pound seizure in Massachusetts

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In 1983 NEAVS successfully lobbied to repeal Massachusetts' 1957 pound seizure law, which required animal shelters to sell animals for use in research.[19][20] This work resulted in the first and strongest anti-pound seizure law in the U.S.[21] As of 2013, 18 states had banned pound seizure.[22]

LD50 alternative

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In 1985, NEAVS began funding Bjorn Ekwall, chairman of the Cytotoxicology Laboratory (CTLU) in Sweden,[23] a laboratory which designs and validates alternatives to animal research, to develop an in vitro method of toxicology testing capable of replacing the LD50 test,[24][25] which assesses substance toxicity based on the dose that kills 50% of animals in the test.[26] The resulting test better predicted human lethal blood concentrations.[27]

Terminal laboratories in veterinary education

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In 2000 collaboration between NEAVS and Tufts University's Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine led Tufts to become the first U.S. veterinary school without a terminal lab requirement, a procedure where students train on live animals before euthanizing them. As a replacement, NEAVS helped develop an alternative program involving spay/neuter surgeries for homeless cats.[28][29] A survey completed by the Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association in 2007 indicated that half of U.S. vet schools no longer require terminal labs in core courses.[30]

Dissection choice policy in Massachusetts

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NEAVS' affiliate, the Ethical Science and Education Coalition (ESEC), lobbied and testified before the Massachusetts state legislature in support of a bill that would have given public school students the right to opt out of dissection classes.[31] In 2004 after the bill was vetoed by Governor Mitt Romney, who said that the decision should be made by the Massachusetts Department of Education,[32][33] ESEC's continued advocacy led the State Board of Education to issue a policy in 2005 allowing students to choose alternatives to dissection.[31][34][32]

Protection of chimpanzees from biomedical research

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NEAVS launched its national Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories campaign in 2003 to end the use of chimpanzees in invasive biomedical research and provide them permanent homes in sanctuary.[35] Soon after, other organizations allied with NEAVS and after a decade of advocacy the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary.[36]

Campaigns

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Release and restitution for chimpanzees

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Launched in 2004, NEAVS' national campaign, Project R&R: Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories, aims to end all biomedical research using chimpanzees in the U.S. and retire them to sanctuaries.[37]

As part of this campaign, NEAVS published a number of scientific articles in peer-reviewed journals examining the utility of chimpanzees in biomedical research. Paper topics include findings of research chimpanzee autopsy reports, the implications of genetic differences between chimpanzees and humans, and the applicability of using chimpanzees as research models for cancer, hepatitis C, and AIDS.[38][39][40][41][42]

NEAVS also lobbied Congress in support of the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA), first introduced in 2008 and again in 2011. If passed, GAPSCA would retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary and phase out the use of great apes in biomedical research.[43][44]

In 2010 NEAVS, along with other animal protection organizations, petitioned the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to review a policy listing chimpanzees as "endangered" under the Endangered Species Act when found in the wild and "threatened" when in captivity. The petition aimed to reclassify captive chimpanzees as endangered.[45] On June 11, 2013, FWS proposed changing the policy and opened a public comment period.[46][47][36]

In 2000, the Chimpanzee Health Improvement, Maintenance, and Protection (CHIMP) Act was signed into law, authorizing the retirement of chimpanzees in research who were "not needed". More than a decade later, roughly 900 chimpanzees remained in U.S. labs and the vast majority were not being used.[48] In 2012, NEAVS and others organizations submitted a rulemaking petition to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) asking for criteria defining when chimpanzees are no longer needed.[49]

On June 26, 2013, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced it would move forward with plans to retire almost 90% of its chimpanzees to sanctuary.[36][50][51]

Ethical Science Education Coalition

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The Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC) is NEAVS' educational affiliate. ESEC's mission is to "end the harmful use of animals at all levels of science education" by providing resources and services that support alternatives to the use of animals in education, specifically the use of animals in terminal labs, live animal demonstrations, training courses, and dissection. ESEC is a proponent of dissection choice legislation and policies which provide students the right to choose alternatives to animal use in their education.[52]

Common ground: animals, women, environment

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NEAVS' Common Ground initiative includes two initial campaigns incorporating support for women in science and environmental stewardship with its animals in research mission. Animal Research is Hazardous Waste examines the millions of animals bred, used, and disposed as contaminated or hazardous waste. NEAVS' Fellowship Grant for Alternatives to Animal Research in Women's Health and Sex Differences funds a woman committed to alternatives to animal methods in the investigation of women's health or sex differences in research results. NEAVS' campaign against hormone replacement therapy drugs made from the urine of pregnant horses encourages women to use alternatives.[53]

Alternatives

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NEAVS supports using alternatives to animals in research, testing, and education, and promotes in vitro, epidemiological, and clinical study data as more predictive for humans. NEAVS funds scientists developing alternatives, and advocates for policies requiring use of validated animal alternatives in research and testing.[54]

In the 21st century billions of animals have been used for human's benefit through animal testing of consumer products, in the United States and dozens of other countries. Laboratories sticking painful eye irritants into restrained rabbit's eyes to test an eye product and cats being forced to have brain electrocutions to test for neurological pharmaceutical drugs are just two of hundreds of products tested on animals according to PETA (peta.org). Animals don't have to be used for human's wants. Scientists Burch and Russell created the 3Rs: reduction, refinement and replacement to further anti-vivisection. In these 3 Rs alternative successful approaches to testing consumer products have been created. Alternatives like in vitro, computer simulations, cell and tissue samples, and mannequins are reducing the millions of sentient animals forced into painful experiments worldwide.[55]

American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research

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The American Fund for Alternatives to Animal Research (AFAAR) is NEAVS' sister organization. Founded by Ethel Thurston, PhD, in 1977, AFAAR's mission is to "promote and assist the development and use of alternatives to animals in science." Together, NEAVS and AFAAR have funded alternatives to common animal testing procedures such as the LD50 and Draize test for toxicity. Currently, AFAAR and NEAVS offer a one-year postdoctoral fellowship grant to fund women researchers who work to develop, validate, or use animal alternatives in investigating women's health or sex differences in research results.[56]

Cruelty-free cosmetics and products

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NEAVS is a founding member of the Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics (CCIC) and its Leaping Bunny program, which provides consumers with information about certified, cruelty-free companies that do not use animal testing during any product development stage.[57][58]

NEAVS is also the U.S. Executive Office for Cruelty Free International, founded by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV). Cruelty Free International works to end the use of animals in product testing worldwide.[59]

Legislation and policy

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NEAVS policy advocacy includes petitioning the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to require, when existing, validated alternatives in place of animal testing through the Mandatory Alternatives Petition (MAP) Coalition,[60] lobbying for dissection choice,[31] petitioning the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to list captive chimpanzees as endangered along with wild chimpanzees,[45] and lobbying for the Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act (GAPCSA) that would end invasive research on chimpanzees and retire all federally owned chimpanzees to sanctuary.[44][61][62][63]

Sanctuary support

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Through its Sanctuary Fund, NEAVS makes grants to organizations providing lifetime care for animals previously used in research. Sanctuaries funded in the past include Animals Asia Foundation, Chimp Haven, Fauna Foundation, and Save the Chimps. NEAVS also makes lifetime care commitments to animals in sanctuary and helped support the formation of the North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance.[64]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Our Story". Rise for Animals. 2024. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024.
  2. ^ Guither, Harold D. (1998). Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0809321995
  3. ^ Stathos, M. (2000). A History of Compassion. p. 6.
  4. ^ a b Stathos, M. (2000). A History of Compassion. p. 7.
  5. ^ "George R. Farnum". The New York Times. 1971. Archived from the original on April 1, 2024.
  6. ^ "Amory eulogized for wit, work for animal rights". The Sunday Gazette. Nov 14, 1998.
  7. ^ "Making Burros Fly: Cleveland Amory, Animal Rescue Pioneer". Human Society of the United States. Aug 28, 2006. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008.
  8. ^ "Board of Directors". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  9. ^ a b "A Brief History of NEAVS". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  10. ^ "Nathan W. Herschler, J.D. | About Us". Retrieved 2018-08-29.
  11. ^ "Avenues of Advocacy: An Overview". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  12. ^ "Big News!" (PDF). Rise for Animals. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2024.
  13. ^ "The Animals' Defender". Hathitrust. 2024. Archived from the original on March 31, 2024.
  14. ^ Walloch, Karen L. (2015). The Antivaccine Heresy: Jacobson V. Massachusetts and the Troubled History of Compulsory Vaccination in the United States. University of Rochester Press. pp. 6-7. ISBN 978-1580465373
  15. ^ Leonard, John D. (1957). "The Moral Issue". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on April 1, 2024.
  16. ^ "Ethel Thurston, PhD". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  17. ^ Stathos, M. (2000). A History of Compassion. p. 21.
  18. ^ "ICCVAM Summary Review Document: The Low Volume Eye Test" (PDF). Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods.
  19. ^ Phillips, A. (2010). How Shelter Pets are Brokered for Experimentation: Understanding Pound Seizure. p. 29.
  20. ^ Stathos, M. (2000). A History of Compassion. p. 20.
  21. ^ Gilliam, J.D. (1999). "Fido Goes to the lab: Amending the Animal Welfare Act to Require Animal Rescue Facilities to Disclose Pound Seizure Practices to Pet Owners" (PDF). Journal of Animal Law. 5: 107.
  22. ^ "State Pound Seizure Laws" (PDF). Humane Society of the United States.
  23. ^ Kolman, Ada (2010). "Björn Ekwall and his contribution to modern cell toxicology". Tsitologiia. 52 (10): 888–890. PMID 21268847.
  24. ^ "Alternatives in Testing". New England Anti-Vivisection Society. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  25. ^ "Toxicology Testing Called into Question". Uncaged.
  26. ^ "Lethal Dosage (LD50) Values". Environmental Protection Agency.
  27. ^ Ekwall, Bjorn (1999). "The In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation, Including the Selection of a Practical Battery of Cell Tests for Prediction of Acute Lethal blood Concentrations in Humans". Toxicology in Vitro. 13 (4–5): 665–673. doi:10.1016/S0887-2333(99)00061-2. PMID 20654532.
  28. ^ "DVM Animal Use". Tufts University.
  29. ^ "2000 to Present: A New Millennium". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  30. ^ "Comparison of Alternatives Offered by Veterinary Schools" (PDF). Humane Society Veterinary Medical Association.
  31. ^ a b c "Students Can Voice Their Choice in Massachusetts". Marketwired. November 2, 2006.
  32. ^ a b "Ed commissioner pushes for dissection alternatives". Dedham Transcript. 5 August 2005.
  33. ^ "Legislative Roll Call". Dedham Transcript. 5 August 2005.
  34. ^ "Massachusetts Curriculum Frameworks: Policy on Dissection and Dissection Alternatives Activities". Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. November 14, 2005.
  35. ^ "About Project R&R". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  36. ^ a b c "U.S. to Begin Retiring Most Research Chimps". The New York Times. 26 June 2013.
  37. ^ "Release and Restitution for Chimpanzees in U.S. Laboratories (Project R&R)". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  38. ^ Capaldo, Theodora; Peppercorn, Marge (2012). "A Review of Autopsy Reports on Chimpanzees in or from U.S. Laboratories". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 40 (5): 259–69. doi:10.1177/026119291204000505. PMID 23215662. S2CID 38036344.
  39. ^ Bailey, Jarrod (2011). "Lessons from Chimpanzee-Based Research on Human Disease: The Implications of Genetic Differences". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 39 (6): 527–540. doi:10.1177/026119291103900608. PMID 22243397. S2CID 10210494.
  40. ^ Bailey, Jarrod (2010). "An Assessment of the Use of Chimpanzees in Hepatitis C Research Past, Present and Future (Part 1): Validity of the Chimpanzee Model". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 38 (5): 387–418. doi:10.1177/026119291003800501. PMID 21105756.
  41. ^ Bailey, Jarrod (2009). "An Examination of Chimpanzee Use in Human Cancer Research". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 37 (4): 399–416. doi:10.1177/026119290903700410. PMID 19807212.
  42. ^ Bailey, Jarrod (2008). "An Assessment of the Role of Chimpanzees in AIDS Vaccine Research". Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 36 (4): 381–428. doi:10.1177/026119290803600403. PMID 18826331. S2CID 21857283.
  43. ^ "Chimps' Days in Labs May Be Dwindling". The New York Times. 4 November 2011.
  44. ^ a b "The Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  45. ^ a b "Petition Before the Fish and Wildlife Service United States Department of the Interior" (PDF). Humane Society of the United States. March 16, 2010.
  46. ^ "Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)". United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
  47. ^ "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Proposes Protection for All Chimpanzees – Captive and Wild – as Endangered". United States Fish and Wildlife Service. June 11, 2013.
  48. ^ "NIH must retire chimpanzees to sanctuary". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  49. ^ "Petition for Rulemaking: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services" (PDF). New England Anti-Vivisection Society. 18 July 2012.
  50. ^ "Agency Moves to Retire Most Research Chimps". The New York Times. 22 January 2013.
  51. ^ "Announcement of Agency Decision: Recommendations on the Use of Chimpanzees in NIH-Supported Research" (PDF). NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives.
  52. ^ "Ethical Science Education Coalition (ESEC)". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  53. ^ "Common Ground: Animals, Women, Environment". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  54. ^ "Alternatives Overview". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  55. ^ Howard, Carol. "Yes, Dad, There Are Alternatives." AV Magazine. Spring 2005. Pgs. 1-4 Yes, Dad, There Are Alternatives
  56. ^ "Welcome to AFAAR". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  57. ^ "Leaping Bunny: Cruelty-Free Products". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
  58. ^ "Welcome to Leapingbunny.org". The Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics.
  59. ^ "U.S. Executive Office". Cruelty Free International.
  60. ^ "Mandatory Alternatives Petition". Mandatory Alternatives Petition Coalition.
  61. ^ "Chimps' Days in Labs May Be Dwindling". The New York Times. 14 November 2011.
  62. ^ "Humane Science the Focus of Feline Meeting". Newburyport Today. 9 October 2011.
  63. ^ "The Chimps Hear the Good News: IOM Concludes '…chimpanzees [are] not necessary…'". PR Newswire. December 15, 2011.
  64. ^ "Sanctuary Support". New England Anti-Vivisection Society.
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