Riprendimi
DISCUSS WHICH KIND OF CLEAVAGE DOES AMPHIBIANS UNDERGO AND GIVE COMPLEHENSIVE EXPLANATION
We will discuss about discoidal cleavage in amphibians by explaining the process and why this type of cleavage adaptive for their development.
What is Discoidal Cleavage?
Embryonic Development in Amphibians- Discoidal cleavage is seen amphibian embryo formation due to cytoplasmic distribution. A unique version of the blastula, referred to as the "discoidal blastula," exhibits a small circularized group of cells (the presumptive superficial layer) within which is found an in-tact inner nuclear vacuole with its central granules and some residual yolk.
Why Do Amphibians Show Discoidal Cleavage?
Limited Yolk Supply:
Amphibian eggs contain relatively little yolk when compared to the amount normally found in bird's egg. Because there is only a limited supply of yolk, the cytoplasm and yolk must be partitioned in such a way that each daughter cell has enough nutrients.
Discavage can be used to more accurately and controlled division of cell cytoplasm, allowing nutrient goes straight into the developing cells.
Developmental Efficiency:
The cleavage is equally efficient in partitioning cytoplasm and yolk because it constructs a small blastula buttressed by the yolk plug. Over a longer time period, this confers much greater control over the developmental processes and results in an embryo that is able to make it through development.
The small size of the blastula results in reduced demands on embryonic resources and can reduce errors that would be detrimental to development.
Avoid Polarity Problems
This discoidal cleavage help to define axis of development. This alignment and cell identity are important for following stages of embryonic development like gastrulation or organogenesis.
Having a clearly defined axis of development means the cells are dividing properly, leading to properly differentiated tissues and organs.
Controlled Cell Division:
Much of the control exerted on cleavage in amphibian eggs may simply be a consequence of their containing so little yolk and cytoplasm, but such low levels demand that very tight regulation occurs at each division to restrain fragmentation or disorganization.
This is the level of control discoidal cleavage provides — a prototype (14) in which the embryo carries out its development collectively. This regulated division also facilitates that the embryo can preserve its integrity and make sure it goes to become a functional being.
The partitioning of the zygote and its early cleavage pattern are discoidal because that helps in making this process efficient at one end and regulated from another due to limited provision for yolk storage involved. If an embryo does not undergo this type of cleavage, nutrients will not be distributed evenly and the developmental axis (which is as important to a developing embro/Fetus) has no clear path. This type of cleavage permits the amphibian embryo to develop into a fully coherent and functional organism, having organized its variety of cell types in an efficient manner by forming a small blastula with this sort of yolk plug.
The kind of cleavage that occurs in amphibians is very important because it determines the developmental potential and fate of the cells within the embryo. Cleavage refers to the process of cell division that occurs during early embryonic development, and the type of cleavage has a significant effect on tissue and organ formation in the organism.
In amphibians, cleavage is usually of the radial type, meaning that the planes of cleavage are oriented at right angles to the embryo's longitudinal axis. Cleavage of this sort produces cells much larger and more yolk-laden than those formed in other types of cleavage. Radial cleavage allows for several clearly defined layers of cells that will differentiate into various tissues and organs.
The type of cleavage is important in amphibians because it influences the overall development and also the morphology of the organism.
Like other vertebrates, amphibians do show cleavage as an early embryonic development process. Cleavage refers to rapid cell division rates that follow fertilization and result in a multicellular embryo. The type of cleavage given by the pattern specific to amphibians is called holoblastic cleavage.
Holoblastic cleavage refers to the complete division of the egg into separate cells. This type of cleavage occurs when the egg has either little or moderate amount yolk uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. In contrast, meroblastic cleavage is seen in organisms with heavily yolked eggs like birds and reptiles and is characterized by incomplete division due to the large amount of yolk that impedes cell division.
In amphibians, during holoblastic cleavage, the zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions known as cleavage divisions. So rapid is their rate that little or no growth occur between them; hence, the increase in size is quite phenomenal.
In a nutshell amphibians generally exhibit holoblastic cleavage. Holoblastic cleavage is characteristic of yolk-rich eggs. In this type of cleavage, the entire egg structure divides into smaller cellular units during mitotic division. This kind of cleavage is typical for yolk-rich eggs since the yolk substance inhibits cell movement within the egg structure.In holoblastic cleavage of amphibians, the egg undergoes smaller cellular units by successive mitotic divisions. It is then the morula, which finally gives rise to a hollow ball of cells known as the blastula. The blastula undergoes gastrulation, which is the process by which the cells rearrange and differentiate to form germ layers that will produce various tissues and organs of the developing embryo.Holoblastic cleavage in amphibians is important during the initial development of the embryo to ensure that the right cells are produced and arranged prop to support
| Good Morning Heartache | |
|---|---|
 Theatrical release poster | |
| Riprendimi | |
| Directed by | Anna Negri |
| Screenplay by |
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| Produced by |
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| Starring |
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| Cinematography | Gian Enrico Bianchi |
| Edited by | Ilaria Fraioli |
| Music by | Dominik Scherrer |
Production company | Bess Movie |
| Distributed by | Medusa Film |
Release date |
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Running time | 93 minutes |
| Country | Italy |
| Language | Italian |
| Box office | $278,471[1] |
Good Morning Heartache (Italian: Riprendimi) is an Italian comedy-drama film of 2008 written by Giovanna Mori and Anna Negri and is directed by the latter.[2] The film is a pseudo-documentary and a low-budget film[3] that was shot in Rome.
Cast
[edit]- Alba Rohrwacher as Lucia
- Marco Foschi as Giovanni
- Valentina Lodovini as Michela
- Stefano Fresi as Giorgio
- Alessandro Averone as Eros
- Marina Rocco as Tiziana
- Cristina Odasso as Mara
- Francesca Cutolo as Tosca
- Massimo De Santis as Peppe
- Hossein Taheri as Mario
- Giulia Weber as Sara
Acknowledgments
[edit]Sundance Film Festival
[edit]The film was featured at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival with the creator of the film Anna Negri.[4]
Awards and nominations
[edit]- 2008 - Annecy Italian Film Festival
- 2008 - Nastro d'Argento
- Nominated for Best Actress: Alba Rohrwacher
- 2008 - Sulmonacinema Film Festival
- Best Actress: Alba Rohrwacher
References
[edit]- ^ "Foreign Movies: Riprendimi". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
- ^ "Trama E Cast: Riprendimi" [Plot And Cast: Good Morning Heartache] (in Italian). Coming Soon. 7 April 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
- ^ Gandolfi, Marzia (7 April 2008). "INCONTRI: Anna Negri gira un "documentario" sentimentale sul precariato e la sua influenza sui comportamenti sociali. – In principio era amore" [MEETINGS: Anna Negri turns a sentimental "documentary" on precariousness and its influence on social behavior. – In the beginning it was love]. MYmovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved 25 February 2018.
- ^ "Festival Italy: Anna Negri at Sundance Festival". Cineuropa. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
External links
[edit]- Riprendimi at IMDb
- Riprendimi at the TCM Movie Database
- Riprendimi at AllMovie
- Riprendimi at Rotten Tomatoes
- Riprendimi at Box Office Mojo
- Riprendimi at AlloCiné (in French)
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