Right-wing dictatorship
(Redirected from Right-wing dictators)
 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
| Part of the Politics series |
| Basic forms of government |
|---|
| List of countries by system of government |
 Politics portal |
A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process), Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] and those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.
Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship
[edit]Military dictatorship
[edit]In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.[citation needed] Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.
Religion and the government
[edit]Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[2]
Right-wing dictatorships by region
[edit]The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.
Cases supported by varius sources and definitions will be presented below:
Europe
[edit]The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.
- List of European right-wing dictatorships
| Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Albania |
||||
 Austria |
Fatherland Front | |||
 Bulgaria |
Kingdom of Bulgaria |
|||
 Germany |
[need quotation to verify][9][10][11] | [12][13] | [14][15] | |
 Greece |
||||
 Italy |
 Kingdom of Italy[25][26] |
National Fascist Party[27][28] | 1922–1943 | Benito Mussolini[29][30] |
 Latvia |
Republic of Latvia[citation needed] |
Latvian Farmers' Union[citation needed] (disbanded after coup) | 1934–1940 | Kārlis Ulmanis[31] |
 Lithuania |
Republic of Lithuania[32] |
Lithuanian Nationalist Union[33] | 1926–1940 | Antanas Smetona[34][35] |
 Ottoman Empire |
|
|||
 Portugal |
|
|||
 Romania |
| |||
 Russia |
||||
 San Marino |
Republic of San Marino[50] |
Sammarinese Fascist Party | 1923–1943 | Giuliano Gozi |
 Spain |
||||
 Ukraine |
 Ukrainian State[58] |
Ukrainian People's Hromada | 1918 | Pavlo Skoropadskyi |
 Yugoslavia |
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[59] |
Asia
[edit]Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[63] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.
- List of Asian right-wing dictatorships
| This table possibly contains original research. (February 2011) |
North, Central, and South America
[edit]Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[140] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups. Many right-wing dictatorships in South America were established through Operation Condor in which left-wing governments in the region were replaced with right-wing military regimes through us-backed coups.
- List of North and South American right-wing dictatorships
Africa
[edit]Africa has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed. They commonly have strong anti-communist stances, pro-western stances and have also lead to genocide and discrimination against other ethnic groups.
- List of African right-wing dictatorships
See also
[edit]- Authoritarian capitalism
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships
- Military government
- Police state
- Operation Condor
Notes
[edit]- ^ Whether Chiang Kai-shek's early rule can be seen as a 'right-wing' dictatorship is debatable. During the 1920s and early 1930s, Chiang and supporters was seen as a 'centrist'[114][115] among 'right-wing' Hu Hanmin supporters and 'left-wing' Wang Jingwei supporters, but the Chinese Communist Party (or Maoism) later emerged as the main rival of the KMT, making Chiang's rule a 'right-wing' dictatorship. Other historians argue that Chiang's ideology differed from 'right-wing' dictators of the 20th century and that he did not espouse the ideology of fascism.[116]
References
[edit]- ^ Bailey, Diane (2 September 2014). Colton, Timothy J. (ed.). Dictatorship. Major Forms of World Government. Broomall, Pennsylvania: Mason Crest. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4222-9455-0. OCLC 1088312521.
- ^ Gottfried, Ted (2001). Heroes of the Holocaust. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780761317173. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence." About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends--German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries--were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews.
- ^ The New Fontaena Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition, (1999) p. 729.
- ^
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Charles Sudetic (April 1992). "Interwar Albania, 1918-41". In Zickel, Raymond; Iwaskiw, Walter R. (eds.). Albania: A country study. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. LCCN 93042885.
- ^ Sygkelos, Yanis (2011). Nationalism from the Left. BRILL. p. 254.
- ^ S.G. Evans, A Short History of Bulgaria, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1960, p. 161-170
- ^ Tsar's Coup Time, 4 February 1935. retrieved 10 August 2008.
- ^ Balkans and World War I Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine SofiaEcho.com
- ^ "German Empire | Facts, History, Flag, & Map | Britannica".
- ^ "German Fatherland Party / 1.0 / Encyclopedic".
- ^ Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 199–201. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
- ^ Davidson, Eugene (1997). The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism. University of Missouri Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0826211170. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ^ Orlow, Dietrich (2010). The Nazi Party 1919–1945: A Complete History. Enigma Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-0982491195. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ^ Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 226–227. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
- ^ Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. London: Penguin Books. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-14874-2.
- ^ Lee, Stephen J. 2000. European Dictatorships, 1918-1945 Routledge; 2 edition (22 Jun 2000). ISBN 0415230462.
- ^ Clogg, Richard "The Ideology of the "revolution of 21 April 1967'" p.36-58 from Greece Under Military Rule edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p.41.
- ^ Μεγάλη Στρατιωτικὴ καὶ Ναυτικὴ Ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία. Tόμος Πέμπτος: Νάβα–Σαρακηνοί [Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia. Volume V: Nave–Saracens] (in Greek). Athens: Ἔκδοσις Μεγάλης Στρατιωτικῆς καὶ Ναυτικῆς Ἐγκυκλοπαιδείας. 1930. pp. 214–215. OCLC 31255024.
- ^ Petrakis, Marina (2006). The Metaxas myth: dictatorship and propaganda in Greece. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. ISBN 1-84511-037-4.
- ^ Brewer, David (2016). Greece The Decade of War, Occupation, Resistance, and Civil War. I.B. Tauris. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-78076-854-0.
- ^ Mazower, Mark (1994) [1993]: Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44 (2nd Edition). Alexandria Editions, Athens. ISBN 978-960-221-096-3, p. 45
- ^ Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece. The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44.(Greek translation), Athens: Αλεξάνδρεια, 1994(1993),125.
- ^ Ομάδα Εκπαιδευτικών (14 July 2014). Λεξικό Σύγχρονο της Νεοελληνικής Γλώσσας. Pelekanos Books. p. 141. GGKEY:QD0C0PRDU6Z.
απριλιανοί: οι δικτατορες του 1974
- ^ Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p. 107.
- ^ Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p. 228.
- ^ Aristotle A. Kallis, Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 41.
- ^ John Pollard (22 July 2005). The Fascist Experience in Italy. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-134-81904-1.
- ^ Lyttelton, Adrian (2009). The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929. New York: Routledge. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-415-55394-0.
- ^ Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ^ Rogainis, Janis (Fall 1971). "The Emergence of an Authoritarian Regime in Latvia, 1932-1934". Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences. 17 (3). Archived from the original on 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2021-01-12.
- ^ Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Judith B. Sedaitis (1997). Lithuania: The Rebel Nation. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics. WestviewPress. pp. 34–36. ISBN 0-8133-1839-4.
- ^ Tamošaitis, Mindaugas (27 May 2019) [2008]. "Lietuvių tautininkų ir respublikonų sąjunga". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras.
- ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas (ed.). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 117–125. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
- ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated by Alfred Erich Senn. Brill Rodopi. ISBN 9789004302037.
- ^ Gallagher, Tom (1983). Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation. Manchester University Press. pp. 38–61. ISBN 9780719008764.
- ^ Wiarda, Howard J. (1977). Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience (First ed.). Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 97–101. ISBN 978-0870232213.
- ^ Lewis, Paul H (30 December 2002). Latin fascist elites: the Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar regimes. Praeger. p. 143. ISBN 978-0275978808.
- ^ Fernando Pessoa (1918). "À memoria do Presidente-Rei Sidónio Pais". Quoted in Darlene Joy Sadler (1998), An Introduction to Fernando Pessoa: Modernism and the Paradoxes of Authorship. Gainesville etc.: University of Florida Press, p. 45.
- ^ Gallagher, Tom (2020). Salazar: the dictator who refused to die. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. ISBN 9781787383883.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 392.
- ^ Haynes, Rebecca "Reluctant Allies? Iuliu Maniu and Corneliu Zelea Codreanu against King Carol II of Romania" pages 105-134 from The Slavonic and East European Review, Volume 85, Issue # 1, January 2007 pages 108-125.
- ^ Dennis Deletant, Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006. ISBN 1-4039-9341-6
- ^ Clark, Roland (2015-06-05). Holy Legionary Youth. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 221-228. doi:10.7591/9780801456343. ISBN 9780801456343.
- ^ Kenez, Peter (1980). "The Ideology of the White Movement". Soviet Studies. 32 (32): 58–83. doi:10.1080/09668138008411280.
- ^ "В Кремле рассказали о правом сдвиге "Единой России"" [The Kremlin talks about the right shift of "United Russia"] (in Russian). RBK Group. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
- ^ Jon Smele (2006) Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521029074. p.77
- ^ Mahdawi, Arwa (2 March 2022). "Why does Putin have superfans among the US right wing?". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
- ^ Kolesnikov, Andrei (19 April 2022). "Authoritarianism to Hybrid Totalitarianism". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 9 January 2023.
- ^ "The Fascist, the Axis, and the Communist: The Story of the Forgotten History of San Marino". 3 February 2019.
- ^ Ben-Ami, Shlomo (1977). "The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera: A Political Reassessment". Journal of Contemporary History. 12 (1): 65–84. doi:10.1177/002200947701200103. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 260237. S2CID 155074826.
- ^ Saz Campos, Ismael (2004). Fascismo y franquismo (in Spanish). University of Valencia. ISBN 84-370-5910-0.
- ^ González Calleja, Eduardo (2005). La España de Primo de Rivera. La modernización autoritaria 1923-1930. Madrid: Alianza Editorial. ISBN 84-206-4724-1.
- ^ Albanese, Matteo; Hierro, Pablo del (2016). Transnational Fascism in the Twentieth Century: Spain, Italy and the Global Neo-Fascist Network. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4725-3200-8. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Blinkhorn, Martin (2003). Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-99712-1.
- ^ Ben-Ami, Shlomo. Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, 1923–1930, Oxford 1983.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1987). The Franco Regime. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299110703.
- ^ Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States: 1999, Routledge, 1999, ISBN 1857430581 (page 849)
- ^ Nielsen, Christian Axboe (2009). "Policing Yugoslavism: Surveillance, Denunciations, and Ideology during King Aleksandar's Dictatorship, 1929–1934". East European Politics and Societies. 23 (1): 34–62. doi:10.1177/0888325408326789. S2CID 145765948.
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 325. ISBN 0299148742.
- ^ Farley, Brigit, "King Aleksandar and the Royal Dictatorship in Yugoslavia," in Bernd J. Fischer (ed), Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of Southeastern Europe (West Lafayette, IN, 2007) (Central European Studies), 51-86.
- ^ Djokić, Dejan (2011). "'Leader' or 'Devil'? Milan Stojadinović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, and his Ideology". In Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn (eds.). In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 153–167. ISBN 978-1-84511-697-2.
- ^ Thomas David DuBois (25 April 2011), Religion and the Making of Modern East Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 176–, ISBN 978-1-139-49946-0
- ^ Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Mujib coup". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 32–36.
- ^ Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984). "The State in Bangladesh under Zia (1975–81)". Asian Survey. 24 (5). University of California Press: 556–573. doi:10.2307/2644413. JSTOR 2644413.
- ^ Ahmed, Mahiuddin (2016), BNP: Somoy-Osomoy বিএনপি সময়-অসময় (in Bengali), Prothoma, p. 99, ISBN 978-984-91762-51
- ^ Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds. (1989). "Restoration of Military Rule". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 36–37.
- ^ "Bangladesh's Declining Democracy". 15 September 2022.
- ^ Maniruzzaman, Talukder (1992). "The Fall of the Military Dictator: 1991 Elections and the Prospect of Civilian Rule in Bangladesh". Pacific Affairs. 65 (2): 203–224. doi:10.2307/2760169. ISSN 0030-851X. JSTOR 2760169.
- ^ Kiernan, B. How Pol Pot came to power, Yale University Press, 2004, p.158
- ^ Kershaw, Roger (2001). Monarchy in South East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition. Routledge. pp. 55–56.
- ^ David Roberts (29 April 2016). Political Transition in Cambodia 1991–99: Power, Elitism and Democracy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-136-85054-7. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2017. (section XI, "Recreating Elite Stability, July 1997 to July 1998")
- ^ Palmer, Norman D. (1948). "Makers of Modern China: II. The Strong Man: Yuan shih-kai". Current History. 15 (85): 149–155. doi:10.1525/curh.1948.15.85.149. JSTOR 45307395.
- ^ "EOKA-B disbands in aid of unity: The notorious underground EOKA-B movement, responsible for a militant campaign against Archbishop Makarios, announces that it has disbanded itself - February 11, 1978 - Cyprus Mail". Cyprus Mail. 2015-10-03. Retrieved 2018-06-03.
- ^ Cook, Chris; Diccon Bewes (1997). What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-century History. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 1-85728-533-6.
- ^ Derbyshire, J. Denis (1990). Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. p. 116.
- ^ Thomas Bohlken, Anjali (2016). Democratization from Above. Cambridge University Press. p. 221.
- ^ Berger, Marilyn (28 January 2008). "Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed". The New York Times.
- ^ Gittings, John (28 January 2008). "Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921-2008". The Guardian.
- ^ Hutton, Jeffrey (19 May 2018). "Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto?". South China Morning Post.
...would topple the dictator Suharto.
- ^ "Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi | Biography, History, & White Revolution | Britannica". 23 July 2024.
- ^ "Iran's Conservative Culture Challenged by Working Women".
- ^ Several sources:
- Alla, Malumud Ata (1974). Arab Struggle for Economic Independence. Progress. p. 62.
This struggle sharpened after the Right-wing Baathists seized power in Iraq in 1963 and instituted a reign of terror against the Communists and other progressive forces, which considerably weakened the influence of the Baath Party in all the Arab countries.
- Coughlin, Con (2005). Saddam: His Rise and Fall. Harper Perennial. p. 41. ISBN 0-06-050543-5.
- A. I. Dawisha, (1976). Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy. American Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0333191958. "Then in July 1968, a coup occurred in Baghdad which brought in the right-wing faction of the Baath party."
- Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 82-84. ISBN 978-1576079409.
- Alan John Day, ed. (1983). Political Dissent An International Guide to Dissident, Extra-parliamentary, Guerrilla, and Illegal Political Movements. Gale Research Company. p. 223. ISBN 9780810320505.
- Alla, Malumud Ata (1974). Arab Struggle for Economic Independence. Progress. p. 62.
- ^ "Nursultan Nazarbayev | Biography, Kazakhstan, Presidency, & Family | Britannica". 8 August 2024.
- ^ "The world's enduring dictators: Nursultan A. Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan - CBS News". CBS News. 19 June 2011.
- ^ "Former Kazakh dictator denies he fled, reiterates retirement – DW – 01/18/2022". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 221. ISBN 0-393-31681-5.
- ^ Yonhap News Agency (2004). Korea Annual 2004. Seoul: Author. p. 271. ISBN 89-7433-070-9.
- ^ a b Kim, B.-K.; Vogel, E. F., eds. (2011). The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea. Harvard University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780674058200.
- ^ 강준만, ed. (2004). 한국 현대사 산책 1950년대편 2: 6·25 전쟁에서 4·19 전야까지. 인물과사상사. ISBN 9788988410943.
- ^ Kohli, A. (2004). State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 92.
- ^ Kim, Youngmi (2011), The Politics of Coalition in Korea: Between institutions and culture, Routledge, p. 36
- ^ Tirman, John (2011). The Deaths of Others: The Fate of Civilians in America's Wars. Oxford University Press. pp. 93–95. ISBN 978-0-19-538121-4.
- ^ Eckert, Carter Park Chung Hee and Modern Korea The Roots of Militarism, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016 pages 1–2.
- ^ Yi, Pyŏng-chʻŏn (2006). Developmental Dictatorship and the Park Chung Hee Era: The Shaping of Modernity in the Republic of Korea. Homa & Sekey Books. pp. 248–280. ISBN 978-1-9319-0728-6.
- ^ "South Korea's ex-dictator Chun Doo-hwan tries to keep low profile in his twilight years". Los Angeles Times. 29 November 2015.
- ^ "4.7 Laos' National Defense Structure | Unforgettable Laos".
- ^ Prasenjit Duara (2004). Sovereignty and Authenticity:Manchukuo and the East Asian Modern. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 9780742530911.
- ^ Annika A. Culver (2013). Glorify the Empire: Japanese Avant-Garde Propaganda in Manchukuo. UBC Press. ISBN 9780774824361.
- ^ Donald M. Seekins, Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) (Scarecrow Press, 2006), 123–26 and 354.
- ^ Ferrara, Federico. (2003). Why Regimes Create Disorder: Hobbes's Dilemma during a Rangoon Summer. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(3), pp. 302–325.
- ^ "The world's enduring dictators". CBS News. May 16, 2011.
- ^ Hassan Abbas (2005). Pakistan's drift into extremism: Allah, the army, and America's war on terror. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 16–40. ISBN 978-0-7656-1496-4.
- ^ Hyman, Anthony; Ghayur, Muhammed; Kaushik, Naresh (1989). Pakistan, Zia and After--. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 30. ISBN 81-7017-253-5.
- ^ Dossani, Rafiq; Rowen, Henry S. (2005). Prospects for Peace in South Asia. Stanford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8047-5085-1.
- ^ Sven Matthiessen, Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home?, p. 134
- ^ Derbyshire, J. Denis (1991). Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. p. 120.
- ^ Griffin, Roger (1990). The Nature of Fascism. St. Martin's Press. p. 37.
- ^ "Philippine dictator Ferdinand Marcos given controversial hero's burial". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. November 18, 2016.
- ^ "Marcos: Rise and fall of a dictator". Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 19, 2016.
- ^ Roy, Denny (2003). Taiwan: A Political History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 55, 56. ISBN 0-8014-8805-2.
- ^ Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). In search of Chinese democracy: civil opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949. Cambridge modern China series. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-77124-5.
- ^ Fell, Dafydd (2005). Party Politics in Taiwan: Party Change and the Democratic Evolution of Taiwan, 1991–2004. Routledge. pp. 98, 117. ISBN 1-134-24021-X.
- ^ Donald A. Jordan (March 31, 2019). The Northern Expedition: China's National Revolution of 1926–1928. Humanities Open Books program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. p. 50.
- ^ Peter Gue Zarrow (2005). China in War and Revolution, 1895-1949. Routledge. p. 239.
- ^ Taylor, Jay. 2009. The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts ISBN 978-0-674-03338-2
- ^ "Adib al-Shishakli | Syrian President, Ba'athist Leader, Coup Leader | Britannica".
- ^ Pipes, Daniel (1988). "Radical Politics and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 20 (3): 303–324. doi:10.1017/S0020743800053642. JSTOR 163235.
- ^ "The world's enduring dictators: Emomali Rahmon, Tajikistan - CBS News". CBS News. 19 June 2011.
- ^ "Tajikistan: Country Profile".
- ^ https://eurasianet.org/perspectives-islamic-state-uses-tajikistans-dictator-in-recruitment-drive
- ^ Thak Chaloemtiarana. Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism (The Southeast Asia Program Edition) Silkworm Books, 2007 ISBN 978-974-9511-28-2
- ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-politics-timeline/timeline-thailands-turbulent-politics-since-2014-military-coup-idUSKCN2520CB
- ^ Karaveli, Halil Magnus (12 September 2008). "In the Shadow of Kenan Evren". The Turkey Analyst. 1 (13). Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ Konak, Nahide (2015). Waves of Social Movement Mobilizations in the Twenty-First Century: Challenges to the Neo-Liberal World Order and Democracy. Lexington Books. p. 64.
- ^ Jones, Jeremy (2007). Negotiating Change: The New Politics of the Middle East. I.B. Tauris. p. 219.
- ^ Erisen, Cengiz (2016). Political Psychology of Turkish Political Behavior. London: Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 9781317586074. OCLC 1019614461.
- ^ Dombey, Daniel (10 May 2015). "Kenan Evren, former Turkish military dictator". Financial Times. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
- ^ Phillips, David (20 April 2017). An uncertain ally: Turkey under Erdoğan's dictatorship. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412865456.
- ^ "Reporters Without Borders labels Erdogan as 'enemy of press freedom'". Deutsche Welle. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
- ^ Filkins, Dexter (17 April 2017). "Turkey's Vote Makes Erdoğan Effectively a Dictator". The New Yorker. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Tombus, Ertug (3 March 2017). "The Fall of Turkish Democracy". Publicseminar.org. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-974-9511-28-2
- ^ "Uzbekistan's New Era Might Just be Real".
- ^ "Uzbekistan | Geography, History, Maps, People, & Tourism | Britannica".
- ^ "Shavkat Mirziyoyev | Biography, Uzbekistan, & Presidency | Britannica". 20 July 2024.
- ^ Offenbach, Seth (2019). ""Mourning a Loss: Conservative Support for Ngo Dinh Diem"". The Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 26 (3): 257–284. doi:10.1163/18765610-02603003. JSTOR 26786338.
- ^ Butwell, Richard (1969). "The Many-Sided Politics of South Vietnam". Current History. 56 (330): 71–112. doi:10.1525/curh.1969.56.330.71. JSTOR 45312031.
- ^ Fahrenkrug, David T. (2006). "South Vietnamese Regime Change". Regime Change and the Role of Airpower: 37–47.
- ^ O. Henry (1904). Cabbages and Kings. New York City: Doubleday, Page & Company. pp. 132, 296.
- ^ Robertson, William Spence (1930). "Foreign Estimates of the Argentine Dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 10 (2): 125–137. doi:10.2307/2506521. JSTOR 2506521.
- ^ ""Don't Cry for Me, Argentina" — the Tumultuous Times of Juan and Evita Peron – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training".
- ^ "When Neo-Fascism Was Power in Argentina". 2 July 2014.
- ^ "Pedro Eugenio Aramburu | president of Argentina | Britannica".
- ^ "Dirty War | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica". 12 July 2024.
- ^ "Juan Peron | Rise to Power, Wife, & Death | Britannica".
- ^ "Hugo Bánzer Suárez | Military Leader, Dictator, Politician | Britannica".
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/05/12/hugo-banzer-bolivian-president/17613c63-cc40-4ef4-bdee-3552a85874c6/
- ^ "Luis García Meza | Bolivian military leader | Britannica".
- ^ "Some Bolivians Fear Return of Ex-Dictator : South America: Garcia Meza is expected to blow the whistle on former cronies, collaborators". Los Angeles Times. 21 March 1994.
- ^ "Bolivia - the "Sexenio," 1946-52".
- ^ "Estado Novo | Military Dictatorship, Authoritarianism & Fascism | Britannica".
- ^ "João Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo | Military career, Political reforms, Dictatorship | Britannica".
- ^ "Where Conspiracy Reigns". The Atlantic. 16 September 2020.
- ^ Coad, Malcolm (11 December 2006). "Augusto Pinochet". The Guardian.
- ^ "The Pinochet Regime and the Trans-nationalization of Italian Neo-fascism". Hayek: A Collaborative Biography. Archival Insights into the Evolution of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan. 27 October 2018. pp. 361–393. ISBN 978-3-319-91357-5.
- ^ "Gustavo Rojas Pinilla | Colombian Dictator & Military Leader | Britannica".
- ^ Bonilla, Alejandro (22 March 2009). "La última dictadura". La Nación. Retrieved 25 July 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Soto, Carlos (8 April 2019). "A 100 años de la última dictadura". La Nación. Retrieved 25 July 2019.
- ^ Fernández Morales, Jesús Manuel (2010). Las Presidencias del Castillo Azul (1 ed.). Imprenta LIL.
- ^ "Gerardo Machado y Morales | Cuban President, Military Leader, Autocrat | Britannica".
- ^ Cavendish, Richard (March 2002). "General Batista Returns to Power in Cuba". History Today. Vol. 52, no. 3. London: History Today Ltd. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
- ^ Jesus Colon (February 1993). The Way It Was and Other Writings. Acosta-Belén & Korrol.
- ^ Alex von Tunzelmann (2011). Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean. Henry Holt and Company. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25612799
- ^ Crassweller, Robert D. (1966). The Life and Times of a Caribbean Dictator. New York: The Macmillan Company. https://time.com/archive/6830369/dominican-republic-ramfis-in-power/
- ^ "Alfredo Poveda Burbano | Ecuadorian General, Revolutionary Leader | Britannica".
- ^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rodriguez-lara-guillermo-1923-1988
- ^ "Alfredo Poveda Burbano | Ecuadorian General, Revolutionary Leader | Britannica".
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/25/world/eric-gairy-75-former-premier-of-grenada-ousted-in-1979.html
- ^ "GRENADA: The Fall of a Warlock". 2 April 1979.
- ^ Rougier, Atiba (2019). "35 years later, the Grenadian Revolution". Dialectical Anthropology. 43 (2): 253–258. doi:10.1007/s10624-018-9538-1. JSTOR 45204025.
- ^ "Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Significance, Texas Revolution, & Facts | Britannica". 25 July 2024.
- ^ "Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga | president of Mexico | Britannica".
- ^ "Porfirio Diaz | Presidency & Facts | Britannica".
- ^ Passananti, Thomas P. (2007). ""Nada de Papeluchos!" Managing Globalization in Early Porfirian Mexico (Nada de Papeluchos! Controlando la Globalización Durante el Peróodo Temprano del Porfiriato en México)". Latin American Research Review. 42 (3): 101–128. doi:10.1353/lar.2007.0045. JSTOR 4499391.
- ^ Beverley, John (1982). "El Salvador". Social Text (5). Duke University Press: 55–72. doi:10.2307/466334. JSTOR 466334.
- ^ Nohlen, Dieter (2005). Elections in the Americas: A data handbook. Vol. I. OUP Oxford. pp. 270–288. ISBN 978-0-19-928357-6.
- ^ Dunkerley, James (1998). British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. University Publications of America. ISBN 978-1-55655-673-9. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Luna, David (2000). University of El Salvador (ed.). Analisis de una dictadura fascista latinoamericana. Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, 1931-1944.
- ^ Wood, Andrew G. (2014). Oxford University Press (ed.). Agustin Lara: A Cultural Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780199892464.
- ^ Leonard, Thomas M.; Bratzel, John F. (2007). Rowman & Littlefield (ed.). Latin America During World War II. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 9. ISBN 9780742537415.
- ^ Almeida, Paul. D. (2008). Waves of Protest: Popular Struggle in El Salvador, 1925–2005. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9781452913520. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
- ^ "El Salvador's Bukele tells US conservatives to 'put up a fight'". 23 February 2024.
- ^ Mariana Llanos, Leiv Marsteintredet (2023). Taylor & Francis (ed.). Latin America in Times of Turbulence. Taylor & Francis. p. 1988. ISBN 9781000904369.
- ^ Baltazar Landeros, Edgar (2021). "El Populismo de Nayib Bukele" [The Populism of Nayib Bukele]. Bicentenario de Centroamérica: Historias Comunes, Luchas y Transformaciones [Bicentenary of Central America: Common Histories, Fights, and Transformations] (in Spanish). Latin American Council of Social Sciences. pp. 77–108. doi:10.2307/j.ctv2v88f55.6. ISBN 9789878130590. JSTOR j.ctv2v88f55.6. OCLC 10023154171.
- ^ Jim Handy (1982) Gift of the Devil: A History of Guatemala, South End Press
- ^ Immerman, Richard H. (1983). The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292710832.
- ^ Streeter, Stephen M. (2000). Managing the counterrevolution: the United States and Guatemala, 1954-1961. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-89680-215-5.
- ^ Fraser, Andrew (August 2006). "Architecture of a Broken Dream: The CIA and Guatemala, 1952–54". Intelligence and National Security. 20 (3): 486–508. doi:10.1080/02684520500269010. S2CID 154550395.
- ^ "Guatemala - Civil War, Human Rights, Refugees | Britannica".
- ^ Collier, Michael W. (2005). Political Corruption in the Caribbean Basin: Constructing a Theory to Combat Corruption. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 0415973287. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ Press, ed. (1988). Inter-American Yearbook on Human Rights, 1988. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 578. ISBN 0792312643. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ Press, ed. (1988). "Caribbean Affairs, Volume 1". Trinidad Express Newspapers. p. 55. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ Tullock, Gordon (1987). Autocracy. Springer. p. 17. ISBN 9024733987. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ Moody, John; Brelis, Dean; Diederich, Bernard (10 February 1986). "Haiti Bad Times for Baby Doc: As violent protests grow, a besieged dictator imposes martial law". Time. Vol. 127, no. 6. ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009.
While Jean‑Claude sometimes dozes through Cabinet meetings, his wife scolds ministers.
- ^ https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/haiti
- ^ Diederich, Bernard; Burt, Al (1969). Papa Doc: Haiti and Its Dictator. London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0-370-01326-8. LCCN 76532183. OCLC 221276122. OL 5009670M.
- ^ Keen, Benjamin; Haynes, Keith A. (2009). A History of Latin America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. p. 450. ISBN 978-0-618-78318-2.
- ^ "Arnulfo Arias | Panamanian leader, politician, reformer | Britannica". 11 August 2024.
- ^ "Manuel Noriega | the Dictator's Playbook". PBS.
- ^ "Manuel Noriega | Facts & Biography | Britannica". 12 August 2024.
- ^ a b https://www.nytimes.com/1948/06/04/archives/paraguay-deposes-morinigo-after-an-8year-dictatorship-coup.html
- ^ "Alberto Fujimori | Biography, Presidency, & Facts | Britannica". 13 August 2024.
- ^ "Francisco Morales Bermudez | Biography & Facts | Britannica".
- ^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/francisco-morales-bermudez-cerruti
- ^ "Uruguay - Military Regime, Democracy, Economy | Britannica".
- ^ "My Father Was Forced to Flee His Country for Demanding Freedom".
- ^ Gunson, Phil (19 July 2011). "Juan María Bordaberry obituary". The Guardian.
- ^ "Uruguay - THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT, 1973-85".
- ^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/delgado-chalbaud-carlos-1909-1950
- ^ "Marcos Pérez Jiménez | Military Dictator, Authoritarian Rule | Britannica".
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/22/world/marcos-perez-jimenez-87-venezuela-ruler.html https://www.atalayar.com/en/opinion/jose-e-mosquera/venezuela-country-of-caudillos-and-dictators/20240824140000204404.html https://www.jstor.org/stable/45334347
- ^ Ewell, Judith (1977). "The Extradition of Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 1959-63: Practical Precedent for Enforcement of Administrative Honesty?". Journal of Latin American Studies. 9 (2): 291–313. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00020629. JSTOR 156130.
- ^ "Reform in Burundi deepens ruling party divisions".
- ^ "Why history will judge Burundi's Pierre Nkurunziza harshly". 11 June 2020.
- ^ "Chad's Coup Leader Stops Democracy in its Tracks".
- ^ https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/chad-rebel-group-threatens-military-led-government-2023-08-22/
- ^ Brody, Reed (2022). To Catch a Dictator. Columbia University Press. doi:10.7312/brod20258. ISBN 978-0-231-55463-3. JSTOR 10.7312/brod20258.
- ^ "Idriss Déby Itno offered Chadians great hope, but ended up leaving a terrible legacy". 21 April 2021.
- ^ Schmitz, David F. (2006). The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511819971. ISBN 978-0-521-86133-5.
- ^ https://www.cato.org/commentary/ten-years-after-coup-us-still-supports-tyranny-egypt# https://www.economist.com/special-report/2021/08/24/egypt-is-again-under-military-rule-but-sisi-lacks-nassers-appeal
- ^ "The Gambia Story | PEACEBUILDING".
- ^ Bah, Mamadou Diouma (2015). "The Military and Politics in Guinea". Armed Forces & Society. 41 (1): 69–95. doi:10.1177/0095327X13495391. JSTOR 48609199.
- ^ Arieff, Alexis (2009). "Still Standing: Neighbourhood Wars and Political Stability in Guinea". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 47 (3): 331–348. doi:10.1017/S0022278X09004108. JSTOR 40538315.
- ^ Wharton, Barrie (2006). "The Impact and Legacy of Twentieth-century Spanish Colonial Policy on the Socio-political Development of Guinea Ecuatorial". Gefame.
- ^ https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793617873/Liberia-under-Samuel-Doe-1980%E2%80%931985-The-Politics-of-Personal-Rule
- ^ Gabay, Clive (2017). "The Radical and Reactionary Politics of Malawi's Hastings Banda". Journal of Southern African Studies. 43 (6): 1119–1135. doi:10.1080/03057070.2017.1365525. JSTOR 26804506.
- ^ Miller, Donald E.; Miller, Lorna Touryan; Miller, Arpi Misha (2020). Becoming Human Again: An Oral History of the Rwanda Genocide against the Tutsi. University of California Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvw1d5vv. ISBN 978-0-520-34378-8. JSTOR j.ctvw1d5vv.
- ^ https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/gs13_-_development_ideology_the_peasantry_and_genocoide_rwanda_represented_in_habyarimanas_speeches.pdf
- ^ "Omar al-Bashir brutalised Sudan – how his 30-year legacy is playing out today". 25 April 2023.
- ^ "Togo Slides Toward Authoritarianism with Upcoming Elections".
- ^ "It is confirmed and proven: Togo is a dictatorship". 25 March 2020.
- ^ "The Reign of the Snake – the Seedy Tenure of Togo's President Eyadema – Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training".
- ^ "Togo's longtime leader signs a new constitution that eliminates presidential elections". Associated Press News. 7 May 2024.
- ^ Bhagat, H. (1983). "Rise and Fall of Idi Amin". Economic and Political Weekly. 18 (38): 1614–1616. JSTOR 4372504.
- ^ Gupta, Anirudha (1972). "African 'Fascism' in Perspective". Economic and Political Weekly. 7 (44): 2203–2206. JSTOR 4361984.
- ^ "Uganda's Yoweri Museveni, from liberator to dictator – DW – 08/19/2018". Deutsche Welle.
Bibliography
[edit]- Schmitz, David F. (1999). Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807847739. OCLC 901305850.
- Schmitz, David F. (2006). The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521678536. OCLC 61295816.