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Rhynchostegium

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Rhynchostegium
Rhynchostegium murale
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Bryophyta
Class: Bryopsida
Subclass: Bryidae
Order: Hypnales
Family: Brachytheciaceae
Genus: Rhynchostegium
Bruch & Schimp. 1852[1]
Rhynchostegium confertum peristome

Rhynchostegium is a genus of pleurocarpous mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae.[2] The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution across different climatological regions except the polar regions, mostly in tropic to north temperate regions.[2][1] The genus contains both aquatic and terrestrial species.[1][3] The genus was named for their rostrate opercula.[1] The type species of this genus is Rhynchostegium confertum (Dicks.) Schimp.[1]

Etymology

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The genus name comes from the Greek rhyncho- (beaked) and stegos (a lid), which refers to the rostrate operculum of the sporophyte.[1]

History

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The genus was first described by Bruch and Wilhelm Philippe Schimper in 1852.[2][1]

Habitats

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Terrestrial species of Rhynchostegium live in moist to wet or shaded habitats, on rock, soil, tree base, tree stem, and logs.[1][4][5]

Aquatic species live by or in running water, including streams, springs, rivers, beds of waterfalls, and seepy cliffs.[3][6]

Morphology

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Gametophyte

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Lamina of Rhynchostegium murale.
A Close view of Rhynchostegium murale sporangium. Rostrate operculum can be seen.

Rhynchostegium are small to large mosses that form either loose tuft or extensive mats on the substrate, with irregular or regular branching.[1][3] The younger plants are generally deep green or light green; aging plants could become whitish, brownish, or paler green.[1][3] Stems are creeping and lack hyaloderm, with acute to acuminate pseudoparaphyllia.[3] Stem leaves are erectopatent or erect.[1][3] Branch leaves are similar in morphology to stem leaves but smaller and sometimes narrower.[3] Leaves are commonly straightly to homomallously arranged; subimbricate, subcomplanate, or complanate arrangement are sometimes seen, especially in branch leaves.[1] Leaf base, decurrent or not, varies from ovate to ovate-cordate, occasionally lanceolate, and the narrowing from gradual to abrupt, towards a short- or long-acuminate apex, where sometimes a differentiated long acumen or apiculus is present.[1] The leaves have a single costa that generally smoothly ends 35-75% up the leaf, and more often in branch leaves in an abaxial spine.[1] Leaf surfaces vary from flat to slightly concave and not to strongly longitudinally plicate, with little to some pores and linear laminal cells.[1][3] Leaf margins are serrate to serrulate.[1][3] Axillary hairs constitute of 3-7 cells,[3] with 1-3 upper cells.[1] Alar cells are slightly enlarged, and either undifferentiated or quadrate to elongate-rectangular.[1][3]

Sporophyte

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Rhynchostegium are autoicous.[3] Covered by a naked calyptra is a rostrate to long-rostrate operculum attached to a red-brown to brown, oblong-cylindric, weakly curved capsule, which is inclined or horizontal to a red-brown, smooth seta that has abruptly contracted perichaetial leaves at the base, with acumen straight to reflexed.[1][3] An annulus separates the operculum.[3] The peristome is xerochastic and perfect, which the red to orange-red exostomes have reduced trabeculae and cross-striolae at the base of the teeth; in rare cases the exostomes are narrow and yellow.[1][3] The broadly or narrowly perforated endostomes and developed to vestigial cilia are supported by a low or high basal membrane.[1] Spore diameters range between 9-16 μm.[3]

Biochemistry

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Allelopathy

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Allelopathy has been studied on Rhynchostegium pallidifolium, which usually form pure colonies in their natural habitat.[7][8] Methanol extract of R.pallidifolium represses the seedling of cress, alfalfa, lettuce, ryegrass, timothy,and Digitaria sanguinalis in a concentration-dependent manner.[7] A combination of ESI-MS and 1H NMR analyses identified the inhibitory chemical as 3-hydroxy-β-ionone.[7] Further study showed a minimal 3-hydroxy-β-ionone concentration of 1 μM for the inhibition of cress hypocotyl growth, and 3 μM for cress root growth, while the endogenous concentration.[8] The presence of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in their natural substrate and the growing medium suggested secretion to the environment, which may imply an important role of 3-hydroxy-β-ionone in competition with other plants and the forming of pure colonies.[8]

Antibacterial

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Rhynchostegium riparioides

Acetone extract of Rhynchostegium riparioides showed antibiotic activity on some Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Entero-bacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[9]

Ethanolic extract of Rhynchostegium vagans showed similar effect on some Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, with performance superior to chloramphenicol and fluconazole.[10]

Applications

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Freshwater monitoring

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Rhynchostegium riparioides is used in monitoring of heavy metals concentration in freshwater in multiple regions around the world,[11][12][13] such as copper,[14][15] zinc.[16] R. riparioides as a neutrophilous species has been used in monitoring water acidification.[17]

List of species

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The World Flora Online lists 221 species of Rhynchostegium.[18]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hedenäs, Lars. "RHYNCHOSTEGIUM" (PDF). Australian Mosses Online. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Rhynchostegium Bruch & Schimp". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Rhynchostegium in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  4. ^ a b Cezón, Katia; Muñoz, Jesús; Hedenäs, Lars; Huttunen, Sanna (1 March 2010). "Rhynchostegium confusum, a new species from the Iberian Peninsula and its relation to R. confertum based on morphological and molecular data". Journal of Bryology. 32 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1179/037366810X12578498135832. ISSN 0373-6687. S2CID 86836787.
  5. ^ a b JUAN BERNARDO LARRAÍN; SANNA HUTTUNEN; ELENA IGNATOVA; MICHAEL IGNATOV (23 July 2020). "Rhynchostegium occultum (Brachytheciaceae), a new species from relict forests of central Chile". Phytotaxa. 453 (3): 199–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.453.3.3. S2CID 225464571. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  6. ^ Kelly, M. G.; Whitton, B. A. (December 1987). "Growth rate of the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioidesin Northern England". Freshwater Biology. 18 (3): 461–468. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01331.x. ISSN 0046-5070.
  7. ^ a b c Kato-Noguchi, Hisashi; Seki, Takahiro; Shigemori, Hideyuki (15 April 2010). "Allelopathy and allelopathic substance in the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium". Journal of Plant Physiology. 167 (6): 468–471. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2009.10.018. ISSN 0176-1617. PMID 20018404.
  8. ^ a b c Hisashi Kato-Noguchi; Takahiro Seki (1 June 2010). "Allelopathy of the moss Rhynchostegium pallidifolium and 3-hydroxy-β-ionone". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 5 (6): 702–704. doi:10.4161/psb.5.6.11642. PMC 3001564. PMID 20400848. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  9. ^ A. Basile; M. L. Vuotto; M. T. L. Ielpo; V. Moscatiello; L. Ricciardi; S. Giordano; R. Castaldo Cobianchi (1998). "Antibacterial Activity inRhynchostegiumriparioides(Hedw.) Card. Extract (Bryophyta)". Phytotherapy Research. 12 (S1): S146–S148. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(1998)12:1+<S146::AID-PTR278>3.0.CO;2-4. S2CID 85109228. Retrieved 11 September 2023 – via Wiley Online Library.
  10. ^ Negi, Kavita; Chaturvedi, Preeti (1 January 2016). "In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of Rhynchostegium vagans A. Jaeger (moss) against commonly occurring pathogenic microbes of Indian sub-tropics". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. 6 (1): 10–14. doi:10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60977-X. ISSN 2222-1808.
  11. ^ García-Álvaro, M. Angélica; Martínez-Abaigar, Javier; Núñez-Olivera, Encarnación; Beaucourt, Nathalie (September 2000). "Element Concentrations and Enrichment Ratios in the Aquatic Moss Rhynchostegium riparioides along the River Iregua (La Rioja, Northern Spain)". The Bryologist. 103 (3): 518–533. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0518:ECAERI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0007-2745. S2CID 86302267.
  12. ^ Wehr, J. D.; Whitton, B. A. (1 January 1983). "Accumulation of heavy metals by aquatic mosses. 2: Rhynchostegium riparioides". Hydrobiologia. 100 (1): 261–284. doi:10.1007/BF00027433. ISSN 1573-5117. S2CID 40247998.
  13. ^ Mouvet, Christophe; Claveri, Bruno (1 February 1999). "Localization of copper accumulated in Rhynchostegium riparioides using sequential chemical extraction". Aquatic Botany. 63 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1016/S0304-3770(98)00110-7. ISSN 0304-3770.
  14. ^ Claveri, B.; Morhain, E.; Mouvet, C. (1 June 1994). "A methodology for the assessment of accidental copper pollution using the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides". Chemosphere. 28 (11): 2001–2010. Bibcode:1994Chmsp..28.2001C. doi:10.1016/0045-6535(94)90150-3. ISSN 0045-6535.
  15. ^ Claveri, B.; Mouvet, C. (1 April 1995). "Temperature effects on copper uptake and CO2 assimilation by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 28 (3): 314–320. doi:10.1007/BF00213108. ISSN 1432-0703. S2CID 94456028.
  16. ^ Wehr, J. D.; Kelly, M. G.; Whitton, B. A. (1 December 1987). "Factors affecting accumulation and loss of zinc by the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) C. Jens". Aquatic Botany. 29 (3): 261–274. doi:10.1016/0304-3770(87)90020-9. ISSN 0304-3770.
  17. ^ Thiebaut, Gabrielle; Vanderpoorten, Alain; Guerold, François; Boudot, Jean-Pierre; Muller, Serge (1 March 1998). "Bryological patterns and streamwater acidification in the Vosges Mountains (N.E. France): An analysis tool for the survey of acidification processes". Chemosphere. 36 (6): 1275–1289. Bibcode:1998Chmsp..36.1275T. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00373-1. ISSN 0045-6535.
  18. ^ "Search". www.worldfloraonline.org. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
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