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Rhizopogon occidentalis

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Rhizopogon occidentalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Rhizopogonaceae
Genus: Rhizopogon
Species:
R. occidentalis
Binomial name
Rhizopogon occidentalis
Zeller & C.W.Dodge (1918)

Rhizopogon occidentalis is an ectomycorrhizal fungus in the family Rhizopogonaceae of the Basidiomycota. It occurs most commonly in western North America in association with two-needle and three-needle pine hosts.[1] They are false truffles with fruiting bodies that are yellow on the surface and pale yellow inside. Their edibility is disputed.

Taxonomy

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Rhizopogon occidentalis was first described by Sanford Myron Zeller and Carroll William Dodge in 1918 from collections made in Moscow, Idaho; Klickitat Co. and Bingen, Washington; Between Hood River and Mosier, Oregon; and Pacific Grove, California.[2] The Latin name occidentalis means western, likely in reference to the species’ western North American distribution.[3] It is one of the species commonly known as a false truffle due to the shape and location of its fruiting body.[4]

Habitat and distribution

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They are distributed primarily across western North America.[5][6] They colonize trees in sandy soils namely in coastal dunes and montane forests as well as interior pine forests.[6]

Morphology

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Their fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) are truffle like and 1–4 cm in diameter when dried with a yellow 60-240 um thick peridium and pale yellow gleba.[6][2] These structures stain reddish with injury[7] Their basidia are clavate and contain 6 or 8 spores.[8] The spores are smooth, ellipsoidal and 7-9 by 3-5 um.[2] They have white hyphae 2–5 mm in width and 5-25 um in length with simple dichotomous branching and thick rhizomorphs.[9] They lack clamp connections and deposits of what is thought to be calcium oxalate found on the mantles of some other members of their genus.[8][10]

Ecology

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They are ectomycorrhizal mutualists primarily with two and three needle pines though they are also capable of forming ectomycorrhizal relationships with Sitka spruce.[6][9] Studies and observations of their interactions with bishop pine suggest they are most competitive in newly forested or areas with recent disturbance (such as fire) due their strong priority effect, and are often outcompeted as forests mature.[11][12][13] Early establishment after fire may also be aided by its spores greater heat resistance relative to some cooccurring ectomycorrhizal species.[14]

Their fruiting bodies grow underground and are eaten by small mammals, which disperse their spores.[15] Once dispersed, spores can remain dormant for more than four years.[16]

Uses

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Edibility

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The edibility of this species is disputed. One source describes it as inedible[17] while others describe it as having a mild odor and taste[6][8]

Lumber industry

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Traits like its speed of colonization and its low likelihood of long term establishment make the species potentially commercially useful in the lumber industry.[18]

References

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  1. ^ Trappe M, Evans F, Trappe JM (2013). Field Guide to North American Truffles: Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's Most Prized Fungi. Ten Speed Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-307-80775-5.
  2. ^ a b c Zeller, Sanford M.; Dodge, Carroll W. (February 1918). "Rhizopogon in North America". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 5 (1): 1–36 [ p. 14 ]. doi:10.2307/2990021. ISSN 0026-6493. JSTOR 2990021.
  3. ^ Lewis, Charlton Thomas; Short, Charles (2002). A Latin Dictionary founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin Dictionary. At the Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-864201-5. OCLC 441681282.
  4. ^ HOEKSEMA, J. D.; THOMPSON, J. N. (May 2007). "Geographic structure in a widespread plant?mycorrhizal interaction: pines and false truffles". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 20 (3): 1148–1163. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01287.x. ISSN 1010-061X. PMID 17465924.
  5. ^ "Rhizopogon occidentalis Zeller & C.W.Dodge". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2023-05-07.
  6. ^ a b c d e Trappe, Matt (2013). Field Guide to North American Truffles : Hunting, Identifying, and Enjoying the World's most Prized Fungi. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-1-58008-862-6. OCLC 955301221.
  7. ^ Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 300–301. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  8. ^ a b c Lange, Morten (Mar–Apr 1967). "Reviewed Work: A Preliminary Account of the North American Species of Rhizopogon by Alexander H. Smith, S. M. Zeller". Mycologia. 59 (2): 384. doi:10.2307/3756817. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3756817.[verification needed]
  9. ^ a b MASSICOTTE, HUGUES B.; MELVILLE, LEWIS H.; PETERSON, R. LARRY; MOLINA, RANDY (May 1999). "Biology of the ectomycorrhizal fungal genus, Rhizopogon". New Phytologist. 142 (2): 355–370. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00392.x. ISSN 0028-646X.
  10. ^ Steinfeld, David; Amaranthus, Michael; Cazares, Efren (July 2003). "Survival of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex LAWS.) seedlings Outplanted with Rhizopogon mycorrhizae inoculated with spores at the Nursery". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 29 (4): 197–208. doi:10.48044/jauf.2003.023. ISSN 1935-5297.
  11. ^ Kjoller, Rasmus; Bruns, Thomas D. (July 2003). "Rhizopogon Spore Bank Communities within and among California Pine Forests". Mycologia. 95 (4): 603–613. doi:10.2307/3761936. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3761936. PMID 21148969.
  12. ^ KENNEDY, PETER G.; BERGEMANN, SARAH E.; HORTAL, SARA; BRUNS, THOMAS D. (February 2007). "Determining the outcome of field-based competition between two Rhizopogon species using real-time PCR". Molecular Ecology. 16 (4): 881–890. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03191.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 17284218. S2CID 8276241.
  13. ^ Kennedy, Peter G.; Bruns, Thomas D. (May 2005). "Priority effects determine the outcome of ectomycorrhizal competition between two Rhizopogon species colonizing Pinus muricata seedlings". New Phytologist. 166 (2): 631–638. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01355.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 15819925.
  14. ^ Peay, Kabir G.; Garbelotto, Matteo; Bruns, Thomas D. (May 2009). "Spore heat resistance plays an important role in disturbance-mediated assemblage shift of ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizingPinus muricataseedlings". Journal of Ecology. 97 (3): 537–547. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01489.x. ISSN 0022-0477.
  15. ^ GRUBISHA, LISA C.; KRETZER, ANNETTE M.; BRUNS, THOMAS D. (September 2005). "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from the truffle-like ectomycorrhizal fungi Rhizopogon occidentalis and Rhizopogon vulgaris". Molecular Ecology Notes. 5 (3): 608–610. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01008.x. ISSN 1471-8278.
  16. ^ Bruns, Thomas D.; Peay, Kabir G.; Boynton, Primrose J.; Grubisha, Lisa C.; Hynson, Nicole A.; Nguyen, Nhu H.; Rosenstock, Nicholas P. (January 2009). "Inoculum potential of Rhizopogon spores increases with time over the first 4 yr of a 99‐yr spore burial experiment". New Phytologist. 181 (2): 463–470. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02652.x. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 19121040.
  17. ^ Phillips, Roger; Foy, Nicky; Kibby, Geoffrey; Homola, Richard L. (2010). Mushrooms and other fungi of North America. Richmond Hill, Ont.: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2. OCLC 614856084.
  18. ^ Schwartz, Mark W.; Hoeksema, Jason D.; Gehring, Catherine A.; Johnson, Nancy C.; Klironomos, John N.; Abbott, Lynette K.; Pringle, Anne (May 2006). "The promise and the potential consequences of the global transport of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum". Ecology Letters. 9 (5): 501–515. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00910.x. ISSN 1461-023X. PMID 16643296.
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