Rhene amanzi
| Rhene amanzi | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Salticidae |
| Subfamily: | Salticinae |
| Genus: | Rhene |
| Species: | R. amanzi
|
| Binomial name | |
| Rhene amanzi Wesołowska & Haddad, 2013
| |
Rhene amanzi is a species of jumping spider in the genus Rhene. The male was first identified in 2013 and the female in 2018. The species is named after the Amanzi Private Game Reserve in Free State, South Africa, which is the only place that it has been found. It is dark brown, almost black, and small, although the female is larger than the male. The upper part of the cephalothorax, or carapace, is trapezoid and dominated by a large trapezoid eye field. Its front legs are fatter than the others. Its copulatory organs are distinctive. It differs from other spiders in the genus by the large triangular embolus found on the male and the shallow notch in the female's epigyne. The male also has a very small palpal tibia that has a sharp curved spike, or tibial apophysis, which ends in a point.
Etymology and taxonomy
[edit]Rhene amanzi is a species of jumping spider, a member of the family Salticidae, that was first described by Wanda Wesołowska and Charles Haddad in 2013.[1] It is one of over 500 different species identified by Wesołowska in her career, making her the most prolific author in the discipline since Eugène Simon.[2] They allocated it to the genus Rhene, which is named after the Greek female name shared by mythological figures.[3] The species is named after the Amanzi Private Game Reserve, where the first example was collected.[4]
First circumscribed in 1869 by Tamerlan Thorell, the genus Rhene is a part of the subtribe Dendryphantina in the tribe Dendryphantini.[5][6] Wayne Maddison allocated the tribe to the subclade Simonida in the clade Saltafresia in the clade Salticoida.[7] It is related to the genera Dendryphantes and Macaroeris. The genus is also similar to Homalattus.[8] In 2017, Jerzy Prószyński designated it a member of a group of genera named Dendryphantines after the genus Dendryphantes.[9] He also noted that it is similar to the genera related to Simaetha, a group he named Simaethines, particularly in the shape of spider's body. [10] The genus is known for its good eyesight and its high level of spatial awareness, which is likely to show that it is recent in evolutionary terms.[11]
Description
[edit]Like many in the genus, Rhene amanzi resembles a beetle.[12] The spider was first identified in 2013, with initially only the male described by Wesołowska and Haddad. The female was first described in 2018 by the same team.[1] The spider is small, flat, robust and a very dark brown, almost black, in colour. The spider's body is divided into two main parts: a cephalothorax and an abdomen. The male's carapace, the hard upper part of the cephalothorax, is trapezoid in shape and has a length of 1.5 mm (0.06 in) and width of 1.9 mm (0.07 in). The spider's eye field is also trapezoid, and unusually large, dominating the majority of the upper surface. Its abdomen is very flat and 1.7 mm (0.07 in) long and 1.9 mm (0.07 in) wide. It is fringed with dense hairs. The spider has dark pedipalps and dark brown legs, the front legs fatter than the rest.[4]
The female is similar to the related Rhene timidus, but is smaller, despite being larger than the male. The cephalothorax has a length of 1.3 mm (0.05 in) and width of 1.5 mm (0.06 in), while the abdomen is 2.2 mm (0.09 in) long and 1.9 mm (0.07 in) wide. Externally, it is generally similar to the male. The carapace is dark, but has some very short white hairs on the edges. The abdomen also has some short dark hairs. It is blackish on the top and brown underneath. The spinnerets are also dark.[13]
The spider has distinctive copulatory organs. The male has a rounded cymbium that surrounds a bulgy palpal bulb. A large triangular embolus, the shape of which distinguishes the spider from others in the genus, emanates from the top. There is a very small palpal tibia that has a sharp curved spike, or tibial apophysis, which ends in a point.[4] It is similar externally to Dendryphantes neethlingi, differing in the way that the embolus curves and its longer tibial apophysis.[14]
The female has a round epigyne with a small notch at the end. The copulatory openings are at the front. They lead to two broad insemination ducts, via atria that are used as part of the insemination process, that loop around before entering the spermathecae, or receptacles. Both the spermathecae and the lips of the atria have some sclerotin. There are also large accessory glands.[15] The epigyne differs from Rhene timidus in details, including having a shallower notch.[16]
Distribution
[edit]Although Dendryphantine spiders a predominantly found in the Americas, Rhene spiders live in Africa and Eurasia.[6] Rhene amanzi is endemic to South Africa.[1] It has only been identified in the Amanzi Private Game Reserve near Brandfort in Free State.[17][13] Unusually for the genus, it has been found in grasslands as well as in wooded areas.[18]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b c World Spider Catalog (2023). "Rhene amanzi Wesolowska & Haddad, 2013". World Spider Catalog. 23.5. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- ^ Wiśniewski 2020, p. 6.
- ^ Thorell 1869, p. 37.
- ^ a b c Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 222.
- ^ Wesołowska & Russell-Smith 2022, p. 100.
- ^ a b Maddison 2015, p. 245.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 278.
- ^ Maddison 2015, pp. 246, 278.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, pp. 88, 92.
- ^ Prószyński 2017, p. 17.
- ^ Su et al. 2007, p. 1485.
- ^ Maddison 2015, p. 254.
- ^ a b Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, p. 902.
- ^ Haddad & Wesołowska 2013, p. 467.
- ^ Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, pp. 885, 902.
- ^ Wesołowska & Haddad 2018, p. 901.
- ^ Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 228.
- ^ Wesołowska & Haddad 2013, p. 223.
Bibliography
[edit]- Haddad, Charles R.; Wesołowska, Wanda (2013). "Additions to the Jumping Spider Fauna of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". Genus. 24 (3–4): 459–501.
- Maddison, Wayne P. (2015). "A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)". The Journal of Arachnology. 43 (3): 231–292. doi:10.1636/arac-43-03-231-292. S2CID 85680279.
- Prószyński, Jerzy (2017). "Pragmatic classification of the World's Salticidae (Araneae)". Ecologica Montenegrina. 12: 1–133. doi:10.37828/em.2017.12.1.
- Su, K.F.; Meier, R.; Jackson, R.R.; Harland, D.P.; Li, D. (2007). "Convergent evolution of eye ultrastructure and divergent evolution of vision‐mediated predatory behaviour in jumping spiders". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 20 (4): 1478–1489. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01335.x.
- Thorell, Tamerlan (1869). On European Spiders, Part 1: Review of the European Genera of Spiders, Preceded by Some Observations on Zoological Nomenclature. Uppsala: E. Berling. OCLC 769306868.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Haddad, Charles R. (2013). "New data on the jumping spiders of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". African Invertebrates. 54 (1): 177–240. doi:10.5733/afin.054.0111. S2CID 59450669.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Haddad, Charles R. (2018). "Further additions to the jumping spider fauna of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae)". Annales Zoologici. 68 (4): 879–908. doi:10.3161/00034541ANZ2018.68.4.011. S2CID 86626109.
- Wesołowska, Wanda; Russell-Smith, Anthony (2022). "Jumping spiders from Ivory Coast collected by J.-C. Ledoux (Araneae, Salticidae)". European Journal of Taxonomy. 841: 1–143. doi:10.5852/ejt.2022.841.1943.
- Wiśniewski, Konrad (2020). "Over 40 years with jumping spiders: on the 70th birthday of Wanda Wesołowska". Zootaxa. 4899 (1): 5–14. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4899.1.3. PMID 33756825. S2CID 232337200.