Reprocessed uranium
Reprocessed uranium (RepU) is the uranium recovered from nuclear reprocessing, as done commercially in France, the UK and Japan and by nuclear weapons states' military plutonium production programs. This uranium makes up the bulk of the material separated during reprocessing.
Commercial LWR spent nuclear fuel contains on average (excluding cladding) only four percent plutonium, minor actinides and fission products by weight. Despite it often containing more fissile material than natural uranium, reuse of reprocessed uranium has not been common because of low prices in the uranium market of recent decades, and because it contains undesirable isotopes of uranium.
| Isotope | Proportion | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| uranium-238 | 98.5% | Fertile material |
| uranium-237 | 0% | Around 0.001% at discharge, but half-life only 1 week. Produces soluble, long-lived neptunium-237 which is hard to contain in a geological repository. 237 Np is the feedstock for the production of 238 Pu which is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators |
| uranium-236 | 0.4–0.6% | Neither fissile nor fertile. Affects reactivity. |
| uranium-235 | 0.5–1.0% | Fissile material |
| uranium-234 | >0.02% | Fertile material but can affect reactivity differently[2] |
| uranium-233 | trace | Fissile material |
| uranium-232 | trace | Fertile material, decay product thallium-208 emits strong gamma radiation making handling difficult |
Given sufficiently high uranium prices, it is feasible for reprocessed uranium to be re-enriched and reused. It requires a higher enrichment level than natural uranium to compensate for its higher levels of 236U which is lighter than 238U and therefore concentrates in the enriched product.[3] As enrichment concentrates lighter isotopes on the "enriched" side and heavier isotopes on the "depleted" side, 234
U will inevitably be enriched slightly stronger than 235
U, which is a negligible effect in a once-through fuel cycle due to the low (55 ppm) share of 234
U in natural uranium but can become relevant after successive passes through an enrichment-burnup-reprocessing-enrichment cycle, depending on enrichment and burnup characteristics. 234
U readily absorbs thermal neutrons and converts to fissile 235
U, which needs to be taken into account if it reaches significant proportions of the fuel material. If 235
U interacts with a fast neutron there is a chance of a (n,2n) "knockout" reaction. Depending on the characteristics of the reactor and burnup, this can be a larger source of 234
U in spent fuel than enrichment.
If fast breeder reactors ever come into widespread commercial use, reprocessed uranium, like depleted uranium, will be usable in their breeding blankets.
There have been some studies involving the use of reprocessed uranium in CANDU reactors. CANDU is designed to use natural uranium as fuel; the 235U content remaining in spent PWR/BWR fuel is typically greater than that found in natural uranium, which is about 0.72% 235U, allowing the re-enrichment step to be skipped. Fuel cycle tests also have included the DUPIC (Direct Use of spent PWR fuel In CANDU) fuel cycle, where used fuel from a pressurized water reactor (PWR) is packaged into a CANDU fuel bundle with only physical reprocessing (cut into pieces) but no chemical reprocessing.[4] Opening the cladding inevitably releases volatile fission products like xenon, tritium or krypton-85. Some variations of the DUPIC fuel cycle make deliberate use of this by including a voloxidation step whereby the fuel is heated to drive off semi-volatile fission products or subjected to one or more reduction / oxidation cycles to transform nonvolatile oxides into volatile native elements and vice versa.
The direct use of recovered uranium to fuel a CANDU reactor was first demonstrated at Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant in China.[5] The first use of re-enriched uranium in a commercial LWR was in 1994 at the Cruas Nuclear Power Plant in France.[6][7]
In 2020, France, one of the countries with the biggest reprocessing capacity, held a stock of 40,020 tonnes (39,390 long tons; 44,110 short tons) of reprocessed uranium, up from 24,100 tonnes (23,700 long tons; 26,600 short tons) in 2010.[8] Every year France processes 1,100 tonnes (1,100 long tons; 1,200 short tons) of spent fuel into 11 tonnes (11 long tons; 12 short tons) reactor grade plutonium (for immediate further processing into MOX fuel) and 1,045 tonnes (1,028 long tons; 1,152 short tons) of reprocessed uranium which is largely stockpiled. There are provisions in place for the storage of this reprocessed uranium for up to 250 years for potential future use.[9] Given France's domestic uranium enrichment capabilities, this stockpile constitutes a strategic reserve for the case of a major disruption of uranium supply as France does not have domestic uranium mining.
References
[edit]- ^ "Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel". World Nuclear Association. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ "Uranium from reprocessing". Archived from the original on 2007-10-19.
- ^ "Advanced Fuel Cycle Cost Basis" (PDF). Idaho National Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-24.
- ^ "The Evolution of CANDU Fuel Cycles and Their Potential Contribution to World Peace". DUPIC.
- ^ Use of CANDU fuel from spent light water reactor fuel at Qinshan nuclear power plant
- ^ Framatome to supply EDF with reprocessed uranium fuel
- ^ EDF plans to restart use of reprocessed uranium in some of its reactors
- ^ "Recovered & depleted uranium stocks in France 2010-2030".
- ^ "Processing of Used Nuclear Fuel - World Nuclear Association".
Further reading
[edit]Advanced Fuel Cycle Cost Basis - Idaho National Laboratory
- Module K2 Aqueously Reprocessed Uranium Conversion and Disposition
- Module K3 Pyrochemically/Pyrometallurgically Reprocessed Uranium Conversion and Disposition
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