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Religion in Maharashtra

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Religion in Maharashtra (2011)[1]

  Hinduism (79.83%)
  Islam (11.54%)
  Buddhism (5.81%)
  Jainism (1.25%)
  Christianity (0.96%)
  Sikhism (0.2%)
  Other (0.41%)

Religion in Maharashtra is characterised by the diversity of religious beliefs and practices.

According to the 2011 census, Hinduism was the principal religion in the state at 79.83% of the total population, while Muslims constituted 11.54% of the total population. Maharashtra has India's largest Buddhist and Jain populations. Buddhism accounted for 5.81% in Maharashtra's total population, with 6.53 million followers, which is 77% of all Buddhists in India. Jains, Christians and Sikhs constituted 1.25%, 0.96%, 0.2% of the population respectively.[2] Maharashtra also is home to the Parsi (Zoroastrian) community and has a community of Jews known as Bene Israel.

Statistics

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Religion in Maharashtra as per census
Religion 1951 1961 2001[3] 2011[4]
Hinduism 28,642,304 32,530,901 77,859,385 89,703,057
Islam 2,436,357 3,034,332 10,270,485 12,971,152
Buddhism 2,487 2,789,501 5,838,710 6,531,200
Jainism 337,578 485,672 1,301,843 1,400,349
Christianity 433,290 560,594 1,058,313 1,080,073
Sikhism 41,434 57,617 215,337 223,247
Other 109,114 95,101 236,841 178,965
Not stated n/a n/a n/a 286,290
Total 32,002,564 39,553,718 96,878,627 112,374,333

* Most of Dalit convert Hinduism to Buddhism 1956 in Maharashtra

Religion in Maharashtra (%)
Religion 1951 1961 2001[3] 2011[3]
Hinduism 89.50 82.24 80.37 79.83
Islam 7.61 7.67 10.60 11.54
Buddhism 0.01 7.05 6.03 5.81
Jainism 1.06 1.23 1.34 1.25
Christianity 1.35 1.42 1.09 0.96
Sikhism 0.13 0.15 0.22 0.20
Other 0.34 0.24 0.24 0.17
Not stated n/a n/a 0.11 0.25
Total 100 100 100 100

Hinduism

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See also: Hinduism in Maharashtra

Hindus form 79.83% of the state's total population as per 2011 census and Hinduism plays an important role in the lives of the Maharashtrian people in their day-to-day life. Ganesha, Vitthala, other incarnations of Vishnu such as Rama and Krishna, Hanuman, Dattatreya, as well as Shiva and Parvati are popular with Hindus of Maharashtra. Shiva is worshipped mainly in the form of lingam, with a metal mask covering it at some temples.[5] The Warkari tradition holds a strong grip on the local Hindus of Maharashtra.[6]: 140–170  The public Ganesha festival started by Bal Gangadhar Tilak in the late 19th century is very popular. Marathi Hindus also revere Bhakti saints associated with varkari sects such as Dnyaneshwar, Savata Mali, Tukaram, Namdev, Janabaii and Chokhamela. Many religious figures from 19th and 20th century are revered.They include Swami Samarth, Gajanan Maharaj, Sai baba of Shirdi, Tukdoji Maharaj, Gondavalekar Maharaj, and Gadge Maharaj.[7]

Varkari saint Dnyaneshwar's palkhi (palanquin), Dagdusheth Ganpati, Pune, Sai baba of Shirdi, Mahalaxmi of Kolhapur, Khandoba temple Jejuri, Trimbakeshwar Jyotirlinga Temple

Maharashtra has significant Hindu populations with origins in other states and regions of India, which adds to the diversity of temples and traditions in the state. The state has numerous recently built temples by groups such as the Swaminarayan sect, ISKCON, and South Indian communities.

Ceremonies, rituals, and festivals

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The main life ceremonies in Hindu culture include those related to birth, weddings, initiation ceremonies, as well as death rituals. Other ceremonies for different occasions in Hindu life include Vastushanti and "Satyanarayan" which is performed before a family formally establishes residence in a new house. Satyanarayana Puja is a ceremony performed before commencing any new endeavour or for no particular reason. Invoking the name of the family's gotra and the kuladevata are important aspects of these ceremonies for many communities.

Like most other Hindu communities, the Marathi people have a household shrine called a devaghar with idols, symbols, and pictures of various deities for daily worship. Ritual reading of religious texts known as pothi is also popular in some communities.

A Marathi household shrine with Khandoba at the forefront. [a]

In some traditional families, food is first offered to the preferred deity in the household shrine, as naivedya, before being consumed by family members and guests. Meals or snacks are not taken before this religious offering. In present times, the naivedya is offered by families only on days of special religious significance.

Many Marathi people trace their paternal ancestors to one of the seven or eight sages, the saptarshi. They classify themselves as gotras, named after the ancestor rishi. Intra-marriage within gotras (Sagotra Vivaha) was uncommon until recently, being discouraged as it was likened to incest.

Most Marathi families have their own family patron or protective deity or the Kuladevata.[6]: 1–27  This deity is common to a lineage or a clan of several families who are connected to each other through a common ancestor.[8] The Khandoba of Jejuri is an example of a Kuladaivat of some families; he is a common Kuladaivat to several castes ranging from Brahmins to Dalits.[9] The practice of worshiping local or territorial deities as Kuladaivats began in the period of the Yadava dynasty.[10] Other family deities of the people of Maharashtra are Bhavani of Tuljapur, Mahalaxmi of Kolhapur, Mahalaxmi of Amravati, Renuka of Mahur, Parashurama in Konkan, Saptashringi on Saptashringa hill at Vani in Nasik district, and Balaji.

At birth, a child is initiated into the family ritually. The child's naming ceremony may happen many weeks or even months later, and it is called the barsa. During the naming ceremony, the child's paternal aunt has the honor of naming the infant. When the child is 11 months old, they get their first hair-cut.[11][full citation needed] This is also an important ritual and is called Jawal. In the Maratha community, the maternal uncle is given the honour of the first snip during the ceremony.[12]

In Brahman, CKP and Gaud Saraswat Brahman communities when a male child reaches his eighth birthday, he undergoes the initiation thread ceremony variously known as Munja Vratabandha, or Upanayanam.[13] 96 kuli marathas generally conduct the Upanayanam ceremony before marriage.

A groom tying a mangalasutra during their wedding ceremony

Marathi Hindu people are historically endogamous within their caste but exogamous with their clan (gotra).[11][full citation needed] Cross-cousin alliances are allowed by most Marathi Hindu communities.[12] Hindu marriages, take place by negotiation.Studies show that most Indians' traditional views on caste, religion, and family background have remained unchanged when it came to marriage, that is, people marry within their own castes,[14] and matrimonial advertisements in newspapers are still classified by caste and sub-caste.[15]

Elements of a traditional Marathi Hindu wedding ceremony include seemant poojan on the wedding eve. The dharmic wedding includes the antarpat ceremony followed by the vedic ceremony which involves the bridegroom and the bride walking around the sacred fire seven times to complete the marriage. Modern urban wedding ceremonies conclude with an evening reception. A Marathi Hindu woman becomes part of her husband's family after marriage and adopts the gotra as well as the traditions of her husband's family. After weddings and after thread ceremonies, many Maratha and Deshastha Brahmin families arrange a traditional religious singing performance by a Gondali group.[16] Women from Hindu community are given a neckless called mangalasutra during the wedding ceremony by the groom. This is worn as a symbol of marriage by women throughout their married life.[17][18]

An old painting depicting Hindu cremation and death rituals at the confluence of two rivers in Pune

Marathi Hindu people dispose their dead by cremation.[19][full citation needed] The ashes are gathered in an earthen pitcher and immersed in a river on the third day after death. This is a 13-day ritual with the pinda being offered to the dead soul on the 11th and a Śrāddha ceremony followed by a funeral feast on the 13th. Cremation is performed according to vedic rites, usually within a day of the individual's death. Śrāddha becomes an annual ritual in which all forefathers of the family who have passed on are remembered.

Hindu Marathi people celebrate several festivals during the year. These include Gudi Padwa, Rama Navami, Hanuman Jayanti, Narali Pournima, Mangala Gaur, Navaratri, Janmashtami, Ganeshotsav, Kojagiri, Diwali, Khandoba Festival (Champa Shashthi), Makar Sankranti, Shivaratri, Holi, Raksha Bandhan and Shiv Jayanti. Most villages in Maharashtra also have a Jatra or Urus in honor of the village deity. Most of these festivals are also celebrated by Hindu communities in the state who have origins in other regions of India.

Syncretic traditions

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Kanifnath temple at Madhi

Maharashtra has shrines dedicated to saints and holy men all over the state that are revered by both Hindus and Muslims. The Naunaths of Hindus have counterparts among Muslims too. The shrine of Kanifnath is visited by both Hindus and Muslims. In modern times, Sai Baba of Shirdi has embodied this syncretic tradition.[20]

Islam

[edit]
Jama Masjid in Nagpur
See also: Islam in India

Islam is the second largest religion in the state, with 12,967,840 adherents comprising 11.54% of the population, per estimates.[citation needed]The Muslim population in the state is heterogeneous. The majority of Muslims are mostly Sunni Muslims.[citation needed]and Shia Muslims There are also regional differences with the Konkani muslim community having a distinct character because of their history. For millennia, the Konkan coast has had mercantile relations with major ports on the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.Konkani Muslims can trace their ancestry to Arab traders who visited the konkan coast in the medieval era[21] Konkani Muslims follow also the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islamic law. This is in contrast to the rest of North India and Deccan regions whose Sunni Muslims adhere to the Hanafi school.[22][23]

The population in the state is highly urbanised, and spread across different regions. The urban character of the community in Maharashtra can be seen from the fact that Mumbai, the capital city of Maharashtra, is approximately 18.8% Muslim per the Census.[24] Mumbai, the capital city of the state, has approximately over 3 million Muslims, and the Muslim population of Mumbai is the city with a large Muslim population among any city outside Muslim-majority countries. The Haji Ali Dargah in Mumbai which is situated on an island is a famous islamic shrine in Maharashtra. Similarly, Nagpur, the second capital of Maharashtra, has population that is 11% Muslim.Marathwada region which formerly was part of Nizam ruled Hyderabad state has much higher muslim population than other parts of the state. In the Marathwada city of Aurangabad, Muslims form 30.79%[25] of the population, while in the northern city of Malegaon, Muslims are 79% of the population. The headquarters of Gujarati speaking Bohra shia Muslims community is located in Mumbai.[26]

Eid-ul-Fitr (Ramzan Eid) and Eid-ul-Azha (Bakari Eid) are the two most important Muslim festivals in the state. Visiting the tombs (Dargah) of Sufi saints is an important part of cultural and religious life of Muslims in Maharashtra. The annual death anniversary of the saints is celebrated with fairs (Urs) that attracts thousands of visitors.[27]

Buddhism

[edit]
See also: Navayana and Marathi Buddhists
Deekshabhoomi is a major centre of the Dalit Buddhist movement in Maharashtra
Global Vipassana Pagoda, Mumbai

Buddhism is the third largest religion in the state. Buddhism accounts 5.81% in Maharashtra's total population. 6,531,200 people are followers of Buddhism in Maharashtra as per 2011 census. Maharashtra account for 77.36% of all Buddhists in India.[28] Marathi Buddhists are followers of Navayana Buddhism of the Dalit Buddhist movement, a 20th-century Buddhist revival movement in India that received its most substantial impetus from Babasaheb Ambedkar born in Hindu Mahar family who called for the conversion of Dalits to Buddhism in order to liberate themselves from the caste-based society that have been harshly treated them in the hierarchy.[29] Dhammachakra Pravartan Din or Dhamma Wheel's Promulgation Day is also widely celebrated by the local Buddhist community for the Buddhist conversion of B. R. Ambedkar and his approximately 600,000 followers on 14 October 1956 at Deekshabhoomi, Nagpur.[30]

Jainism

[edit]
Main article: Jainism in Maharashtra
Jain Pavapuri Jal Mandir, Pune

Jains are a major group in Maharashtra. Jain community census for 2011 in Maharashtra area was 1,400,349 (1.25%). They are mostly concentrated in the urban cities in Western Maharashtra.

The vast majority of Jains in Maharashtra originate from the Marwad and Mewad regions of Rajasthan and from the state of Gujarat.[31] There are also indigenous Marathi Jain communities such as Saitwal, Chaturtha, Panchama & Kumbhoja found in Maharashtra.[32] Rulers of Maharashtra from the 1st millennium CE such as Rashtrakuta and the Chalukya were followers of Jain religion. Along with Hindu and Buddhist caves, there are a number of Jain caves at the ancient cave complex of Ellora.

Christianity

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Main article: Christianity in Maharashtra
Mount Mary Church, Bandra This catholic church is well known for the Annual Feast,
Protestant church in the town of Nevasa in Maharashtra

Christians account for 1,080,073 or 0.96% of Maharashtra's population. Most of the Christians are Catholics and Protestants. There are also Goan, Mangalorean, Keralite and Tamilian Christians in the urban pockets of Mumbai and Pune. There are two ethnic Christian communities in Maharashtra:

Sikhism

[edit]
Shri Hazoor Sahib Gurudwara Nanded
Interior view of Gurdwara Sach-Khand Hazūr Sāhib

There is a sizeable Sikh population in Maharashtra, with the 2011 census indicating 223,247 or 0.20% adherents.[37] Major cities in the state such as Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Nashik and Aurangabad have significant Sikh populations. Nanded, the second largest city in the Marathwada region (after Aurangabad), is an important holy place for the Sikh faith and is famous for the Hazur Sahib Gurudwara. Hazūr Sāhib ("presence of the master"), also spelled Hazoor Sahib, is one of the five takhts (seats of temporal authority) in Sikhism. Located on the banks of the River Godavari, it is where the 10th Guru, Gobind Singh died. The Gurudwara within the complex is known Sach-Khand, "Realm of Truth". At a stone-throw distance from the Hazoor Sahib Gurudwara, there lies the Langar Sahib Gurudwara which is very famous for its grand Langar. In all the city has 13 major Gurudwaras with historic significance. There is a significant Sikh population in Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Nashik and Aurangabad.

Zoroastrians

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Maneckji Seth Agiary (Parsi place of worship) in Mumbai.

There are two Zoroastrian communities in Maharashtra.

  • Parsis - The 2011 census found that the vast majority of the tiny Parsi community of India live in Maharashtra, mainly in Mumbai.[38][39] have descended from a group of Iranian Zoroastrians who immigrated to Western India during 10th century AD.
  • Iranis, are comparatively recent arrivals, and represent the smaller of the two Indian-Zoroastrian communities. Their descendants culturally and linguistically are closer to the Zoroastrians of Iran, in particular to the Zoroastrians of Yazd and Kerman. Consequently, the Dari dialect of the Zoroastrians of those provinces may also be heard amongst the Iranis.

Judaism

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Ohel David Synagogue in Pune.

The Bene Israel ("Sons of Israel") are a community of Marathi Jews originally from villages in the Konkan region. who migrated in the late 17th century to the nearby cities, primarily Mumbai, but also to Pune, and Ahmedabad.[40] Prior to these waves of emigrations and to this day, the Bene Israel formed the largest sector of the subcontinent's Jewish population. The native language of the Bene Israel is Marathi.[41] Most Bene Israel have now emigrated to Israel, Canada and other Commonwealth countries. Before the Indian Independence this community numbered at least 80,000.[42] They are given minority status by Government of Maharashtra.[43]

Notable places of worship

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Main article: List of places of worship in Maharashtra

Maharashtra has numerous places of worship that are more than a few centuries old.

See also

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References

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Notes

  1. ^ Going clockwise from the statue of Khandoba, a copper container with Gangajal or water from the River Ganges, bell used during Hindu rituals, oil lamp, Copper plate bearing images of the Eight Ganesh idols or Ashtavinayak, a metal plate of a Goddess, Lead oxide coated image of Goddess Renuka, conch shell or Shankh, Goddess Annapurna, Ganesh, crawling BalKrishna, or baby Krishna, black Shivling, black sandals representing a saint revered by the family
  1. ^ "Population by religious community - 2011". 2011 Census of India. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  2. ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  3. ^ a b c "Total population by religious communities". Censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
  4. ^ "Indian Census 2011". Census Department, Government of India. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  5. ^ Pattanaik, D. (2006). Shiva to Shankara: Decoding the phallic symbol. Indus Source.[1]
  6. ^ a b Maxine Berntsen, ed. (1988). The Experience of Hinduism: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-662-7.
  7. ^ Larios, B. (2022). Interleaf B:“This Is My Shirdi”. Devotional Spaces of a Global Saint: Shirdi Sai Baba's Presence.[2]
  8. ^ Walunjkar, T. N., Dr. (2009). "Religion". In A.S. Pathak (ed.). Maharashtra, Land and Its People (rev. ed.). Mumbai: Gazetteers Department, Govt. of Maharashtra. pp. 285–287.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Government of Maharashtra (1962). "The People: Religious Beliefs". Ratnagiri District Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 14 January 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  10. ^ Walunjkar 2009, pp. 285–287.
  11. ^ a b Ghosal 2004, pp. 478–480.
  12. ^ a b Carter, A. T. (1973). "A Comparative Analysis of Systems of Kinship and Marriage in South Asia". Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland No. 1973 (1973), Pp. 29-54 (1973): 33. doi:10.2307/3031719. JSTOR 3031719.
  13. ^ Mookerji, Radhakumud (1989). Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-81-208-0423-4.
  14. ^ Singh, J. P. (2005). The contemporary Indian family. Handbook of world families, 129-166.[3]
  15. ^ "Caste in doubt: The perilous arithmetic of positive discrimination". The Economist. 10 June 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  16. ^ Zelliot & Berntsen 1988, pp. 176.
  17. ^ Agarwal, P. (2021). downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information. bristol. ac. uk.[4]
  18. ^ Gowda, G. (2018). Mangalasutra-The Sacred Pendant of Women As Symbol of Marriage in India. SAARC Culture, 22.[5]
  19. ^ Ghosal 2004, p. 479.
  20. ^ J. J. Roy Burman (2002). Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities. Mittal Publications. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-81-7099-839-6.
  21. ^ Dr Omar Khalidi. "History". www.ikonkani.com. i-konkani. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015. [6]
  22. ^ Nasiri, Md. Jalis Akhtar (2010). Indian Muslims: Their Customs and Traditions during Last Fifty Years (Ph.D.). New Delhi: Jawaharlal Nehru University.
  23. ^ Dandekar, Deepra (2017). "Margins or Center? Konkani Sufis, India and "Arabastan"". In Mielke, Katja; Hornidge, Anna-Katharina (eds.). Area Studies at the Crossroads: Knowledge Production after the Mobility Turn. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 141–156.
  24. ^ "Census GIS Household". Census of India. Office of the Registrar General. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
  25. ^ "Aurangabad District Religion Data - Census 2011". www.census2011.co.in. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  26. ^ Qutbuddin, Tahera (2013). The Encyclopedia of Islam Three. Brill. p. 58.
  27. ^ J. J. Roy Burman. “Shivaji’s Myth and Maharashtra’s Syncretic Traditions.” Economic and Political Weekly 36, no. 14/15 (2001): 1226–34. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4410485.
  28. ^ Moudgil, Manu (17 June 2017). "Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate". TheQuint. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  29. ^ Thomas Pantham; Vrajendra Raj Mehta; Vrajendra Raj Mehta (2006). Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations. Sage Publications. ISBN 0-7619-3420-0.
  30. ^ "53rd Dhammachakra Pravartan day celebrated in Nagpur". Daily News and Analysis. 28 September 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  31. ^ Gadgil, D.R., 1952. Poona: Socio-economic survey. Part II.
  32. ^ B. V. Bhanu (2004). Maharashtra. Popular Prakashan. pp. 910–. ISBN 978-81-7991-101-3.
  33. ^ Rege, Sharmila (2006). Writing caste, writing gender: Reading Dalit women's testimonios. New Delhi: Zubaan. p. 139. ISBN 8189013017.
  34. ^ "Gazetteers Of The Bombay Presidency – Ahmadnagar". Maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  35. ^ Shelke, Christopher (2008). God the Creator : universality of inculturality. Roma: Pontificia università gregoriana. p. 167. ISBN 978-8878391284.
  36. ^ Stackhouse, Max L.; Pachuau, Lalsangkima, eds. (2007). News of boundless riches: Interrogating, comparing, and reconstructing mission in a global era. Delhi: ISPCK. pp. 230–232. ISBN 978-8184580136.
  37. ^ "Population by Religious communities". Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
  38. ^ "Where we belong: The fight of Parsi women in interfaith marriages". 22 October 2017.
  39. ^ "Parsi population dips by 22 per cent between 2001-2011: study". The Hindu. 25 July 2016.
  40. ^ Fischel, Walter (1970). "Bombay in Jewish History in the Light of New Documents from the Indian Archives". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 38/39: 119–144. doi:10.2307/3622356. JSTOR 3622356.
  41. ^ "Jews in Mumbai find new ways to keep religious traditions alive". Hindustan Times. 2019-02-18. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  42. ^ "Hailing from Maharashtra, a Community of Jews in Israel Celebrate Their Forefathers' Arrival in India". News18. 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  43. ^ Venkataraman, Ayesha (2016-06-22). "Maharashtra State in India Grants Jews Minority Status". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  44. ^ "Haji Ali dargah was built in 1431 » Haji Ali Dargah, Mosque in Mumbai". 2012-09-23. Archived from the original on 2012-09-23. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  45. ^ "Ellora Caves, Maharashtra - Archaeological Survey of India". 2014-03-30. Archived from the original on 2014-03-30. Retrieved 2023-03-26.
  46. ^ Singh, S. Harpal (2019-12-29). "Guru Nanak's centuries-old link with Nizam's Nirmal". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2023-03-26.

Sources

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