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Bifidobacterium animalis

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Bifidobacterium animalis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Bifidobacteriales
Family: Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus: Bifidobacterium
Species:
B. animalis
Binomial name
Bifidobacterium animalis
(Mitsuoka 1969) Scardovi and Trovatelli 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
Subspecies

B. a. animalis
B. a. lactis

Bifidobacterium animalis is a gram-positive, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the Bifidobacterium genus which can be found in the large intestines of most mammals, including humans.

Bifidobacterium animalis and Bifidobacterium lactis were previously described as two distinct species. Presently, both are considered B. animalis with the subspecies Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis.[1][2][3]

Both old names B. animalis and B. lactis are still used on product labels, as this species is frequently used as a probiotic. In most cases, which subspecies is used in the product is not clear.

Trade names

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Several companies have attempted[clarification needed] to trademark particular strains, and as a marketing technique, have invented scientific-sounding names for the strains.

Danone (Dannon in the United States) markets the subspecies strain DN 173 010 as Bifidus Digestivum (UK), Bifidus Regularis (US and Mexico), Bifidobacterium Lactis or B.L. Regularis (Canada), DanRegularis (Brazil), Bifidus Actiregularis (Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain and the UK), and Bifidus Essensis in the Middle East (and formerly in Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania and The Netherlands) through Activia from Safi Danone KSA.[citation needed]

Chr. Hansen A/S from Denmark has a similar claim on a strain of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, marketed under the trademark BB-12.[4]

Lidl lists "Bifidobacterium BB-12" in its "Proviact" yogurt.

Bifidobacterium lactis Bl-04 and Bi-07 are strains from DuPont's Danisco FloraFIT range. They are used in many dietary probiotic supplements.

Theralac contains the strains Bifidobacterium lactis BI-07 and Bifidobacterium lactis BL-34[5] (also called BI-04) in its probiotic capsule.

Bifidobacterium animalis lactis HN019 (DR10) is a strain from Fonterra licensed to DuPont, which markets it as HOWARU Bifido. It is sold in a variety of commercial probiotics, among them Tropicana Products Essentials Probiotics,[6] Attune Wellness Bars[7] and NOW Foods Clinical GI Probiotic.[8] Fonterra has a yogurt that is sold in New Zealand called Symbio Probalance, where the strain is labelled as DR10.

Research

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Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis BB-12 administered in combination with other probiotics has showed "a trend toward increased remission" in a study of 32 patients with ulcerative colitis.[9]

Research on Bifidobacterium animalis supplementation in preterm infants, as detailed in the systematic review by Szajewska et al., a meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving a total of 324 infants, has shown promising results. These include increased fecal bifidobacteria counts, reduced Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium spp counts, as well as improvements in stool pH, fecal calprotectin concentrations, fecal immunoglobulin A levels, and short-chain fatty acid concentrations. However, the analysis did not find significant effects on the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis stage ≥2, risk of sepsis, or use of antibiotics compared to controls.[10]

Products

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B. animalis is present in many food products and dietary supplements. The probiotic is mostly found in dairy products.[11] Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 is a bacterial subspecies within the animalis strain that exhibits rod-shaped structure and lacks catalase activity. The subspecies was initially identified as Bifidobacterium bifidum, however advancements in molecular classification later reclassified it as Bifidobacterium animalis, and subsequently as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis. It was first preserved in Chr. Hansen's cell culture bank in 1983 as part of the dairy culture collection. It exhibits suitability for producing probiotic dairy products and has found application in infant formula, dietary supplements, and fermented milk products. This is due to a variety of favorable technological characteristics such as its fermentation activity, high tolerance to air, stability, and resilience to acidic and bile environments, even in freeze-dried products. Moreover, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactisBB-12 does not alter the taste, appearance, or texture of food products and maintains viability in probiotic foods until consumption.[12]

Health concerns

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The manipulation of the gut flora is complex and may cause bacteria-host interactions.[13] Although probiotics, in general, are considered safe, there are concerns about their use in certain cases.[13][14] Some people, such as those with compromised immune systems, short bowel syndrome, central venous catheters, heart valve disease and premature infants, may be at higher risk for adverse events.[15] Rarely, consumption of probiotics may cause bacteremia, and sepsis, potentially fatal infections in children with lowered immune systems or who are already critically ill.[16]

References

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  1. ^ "Bifidobacterium". Archived from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2007-07-08.
  2. ^ Masco L, Marco Ventura, Ralf Zink, Geert Huys, Jean Swings (July 2004). "Polyphasic taxonomic analysis of Bifidobacterium animalis and Bifidobacterium lactis reveals relatedness at the subspecies level: reclassification of Bifidobacterium animalis as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis subsp. nov. and Bifidobacterium lactis as Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis subsp. nov". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 54 (part 4): 1137–1143. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03011-0. PMID 15280282.
  3. ^ Ventura M, Zink R (December 2002). "Rapid Identification, Differentiation, and Proposed New Taxonomic Classification of Bifidobacterium lactis". Appl Environ Microbiol. 68 (12): 6429–6434. Bibcode:2002ApEnM..68.6429V. doi:10.1128/aem.68.12.6429-6434.2002. PMC 134397. PMID 12450873.
  4. ^ "BB-12® | Probio-Tec® | Probiotics for dietary supplements - CHR. Hansen | Improving Food & Health". Archived from the original on 2015-03-21. Retrieved 2014-01-28.
  5. ^ Probiotic Foods In Health And Disease. Taylor & Francis Ltd. 2011-02-14. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4398-5220-0. OCLC 1132341238. For example, Theralac capsules contain "Five Probiotic Species": Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-1—10 billion CFU; Lactobacillus paracasei F-19—5 billion CFU; Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-44—2 billion CFU; Bifidobacterium lactis BL-34—10 billion CFU; and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07—3 billion CFU with a guarantee of 30 billion CFUs altogether.
  6. ^ "Strawberry Banana". Archived from the original on 2016-10-21. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  7. ^ "HOWARU Bifido: AKA B. Lactis DR10, Bifidus DR10, and B. Lactis HN019". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  8. ^ "NOW Foods Clinical GI Probiotic 50+ Formula 20 Billion CFU 60 Veg Caps - Swanson Health Products". Archived from the original on 2014-02-25. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  9. ^ Ghouri YA, Richards DM, Rahimi EF, Krill JT, Jelinek KA, DuPont AW (Dec 9, 2014). "Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease". Clin Exp Gastroenterol (Review). 7: 473–87. doi:10.2147/CEG.S27530. PMC 4266241. PMID 25525379.
  10. ^ Szajewska H, Guandalini S, Morelli L, Van Goudoever J, Walker A (August 2010). "Effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Supplementation in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 51 (2): 203–209. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181dc0d93. PMC 4507410. PMID 20543719. Archived from the original on 2024-04-16. Retrieved 2024-04-16.
  11. ^ "American Society for MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology." Strain-Specific Genotyping of Bifidobacterium Animalis Subsp. Lactis by Using Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Insertions, and Deletions. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 June 2014.
  12. ^ Jungersen M, Wind A, Johansen E, Christensen J, Stuer-Lauridsen B, Eskesen D (June 2014). "The Science behind the Probiotic Strain Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12®". Microorganisms. 2 (2): 92–110. doi:10.3390/microorganisms2020092. PMC 5029483. PMID 27682233.
  13. ^ a b Durchschein F, Petritsch W, Hammer HF (2016). "Diet therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases: The established and the new". World J Gastroenterol (Review). 22 (7): 2179–94. doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i7.2179. PMC 4734995. PMID 26900283.
  14. ^ Boyle RJ, Robins-Browne RM, Tang ML (2006). "Probiotic use in clinical practice: what are the risks?". Am J Clin Nutr (Review). 83 (6): 1256–64, quiz 1446–7. doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1256. PMID 16762934.
  15. ^ Doron S, Snydman DR (2015). "Risk and safety of probiotics". Clin Infect Dis (Review). 60 (Suppl 2): S129-34. doi:10.1093/cid/civ085. PMC 4490230. PMID 25922398.
  16. ^ Singhi SC, Kumar S (2016). "Probiotics in critically ill children". F1000Res (Review). 5: 407. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7630.1. PMC 4813632. PMID 27081478.
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