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Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey

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Human toll of the Syrian civil war
Pre-war population 22 ±.5; Internally displaced 6 ±.5, Refugees 5.5 ±.5, Fatalities 0.5 ±.1 (millions)[citation needed]
Syrian refugees
By countryEgypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey
SettlementsCamps: Jordan
Internally displaced Syrians
Casualties of the war
CrimesWar crimes, massacres, rape
Return of refugees, Refugees as weapons, Prosecution of war criminals
Kilis Oncupinar Accommodation Facility

Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Turkey are the Syrian refugees fleeing the Syrian civil war. The Republic of Turkey hosts over 3.7 million registered refugees.

As part of Turkey's migrant crisis, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), in 2018 Turkey was hosting 63% of all of the Syrian refugees in the world.[1] More than a third of the refugees are hosted in Southeastern Turkey, near the Syria-Turkey border.[2]

Statistics

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As of 31 March 2022 there are 3,763,565 registered Syrian refugees in Turkey.[3]

Milestones

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  • June, 2011: Refugee flow into Turkey with the military siege of Jisr al-Shughour in the northwestern part of Syria.
  • November, 2011: Turkey had spent up to $15 million to set up six camps for thousands of refugees and military defectors, however Turkish officials declare that Syrians are "guests" and not "refugees."
  • April, 2012: Refugee flow ahead of UN ceasefire. Over 2,500 swell across Turkish-Syrian border in one day, the highest ever recorded.
  • July, 2012: Refugee flow ahead of fighting in Aleppo.
  • September, 2012: UNHCR reports that more than 11,000 Syrians flee into Turkey in a day's time.

Settlement (repatriation, transit)

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In 2014, the capacity of the camps established in 2012 and 2013 became insufficient.[4] In 2014, refugees according to their own preferences begin to migrate across provinces.[4]

About 30% live in 22 government-run camps near the Syrian border.[5]

The number of refugees in transit to Europe dramatically increased in 2015.[6]

Citizenship

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Up to 300,000 Syrian refugees living in Turkey could be given citizenship, allegedly, under a plan to keep wealthy and educated Syrians in the country.[7] The current policy towards the Syrian refugees provides temporary protection and homage non-European refugees. According to the policy, Turkey has a legal responsibility towards European refugees only, but for the rest it is only through voluntary action. The temporary protection offered by Turkey to Syrians seeking refuge in the country means that they are limited in some ways.[8] Under temporary protection, Syrians in Turkey are limited from working, especially in formal employment. The temporary protection policy does not guarantee the Syrian refugees permanent protection that would allow them to compete for jobs equally with the Turkish citizens. In some cases the large number of refugees in the country has contributed to the nation changing its citizenship laws to integrate some of the refugees from Syria. Skilled Syrians are provided with citizenship because they contribute positively to the growth of the economy.[9]

Conditions

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Suruç refugee center
Syrian refugee center on the Turkish border 80 kilometres from Aleppo, Syria (3 August 2012).
USAID Assistant Administrator Lindborg with refugees in Turkey
A Syrian refugee child in Istanbul

(This figure is unduly precise)

As of April 2014 (2011–2014):[10]

  • 595,280 individuals reached through information campaigns, participatory assessments, activities to raise public awareness on rights, entitlements, services and assistance;
  • 205,899 children with protection needs were identified and referred to services;
  • 115,225 children participated in structured, sustained child protection or psycho-social support programme;
  • 145,433 youth and adolescents have attended empowerment programme enhancing their participation, communication, peer-to-peer interaction and self-confidence;
  • 18,793 Individuals, including children, have been reached through community-based initiatives for prevention and mitigation of gender-based violence;

As of April 2018 (2011–2018):[11]

  • 593,616 individuals have received hygiene kits, dignity kits or sanitary items;
  • 87,198 individuals have benefited from assistance in accessing adequate shelter;
  • 470,000 Syrians and host community members have benefited from improved municipal services, focusing among others on waste and waste water management.

Financial aid

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Turkey allocated US$30 billion between 2011 and 2018 on refugee assistance.[12]

Millions of Syrians received aid from the Turkish Aid Agency (AFAD). Turkey has spent more than any other country on Syrian refugee aid, and has also been subject to criticism for opening refugee camps on the Syrian side of the border.[13]

Financial aid from other countries to Syrian Refugees has been limited, though €3,200,000,000 was promised by the EU in November 2015.[14] In March 2016, the EU and Turkey agreed on the EU-Turkey Statement, which involved a number of political concessions as well as 'another €3 billion in aid, if Turkey agreed to a readmission of Syrians arriving in Greece and tighter border controls.'[15]

In 2018, the Directorate General of Migration Management built a fingerprint identification system for a more efficient distribution of financial aid to Syrian Refugees.[16]

On 2 December 2021, the EU announced it would be providing assistance of €325 million (around $368 million) for refugees in Turkey. The aid would be loaded on to the debit cards of refugees, helping more than 1.5 million to cover their most essential needs, such as food, rent, transport and medicine.[17]

Employment

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Under Turkish law, Syrian refugees cannot apply for resettlement but only temporary protection status. Registering for temporary protection status gives access to state services such as health and education, as well as the right to apply for a work permit in certain geographic areas and professions. Over a third of urban refugees are not registered.[citation needed]

A study which was supported by the Istanbul University Scientific Research Projects unit and conducted by academics from a number of universities, revealed that the vast majority of Syrians in Turkey are employed in unregistered work for significantly lower wages compared to their Turkish counterparts.[18]

However, compared to the increase in refugees, benefits for the increased number of people did not increase accordingly.[clarification needed] In fact, only 712,218 were given residency permits only 56,024 work permits were given to the Syrians by 2017.[19][needs update]

Housing

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Turkey's response to the refugee crisis is different from most other countries. As a World Bank report noted: It is a non-camp and government financed approach, as opposed to directing refugees into camps that rely on humanitarian aid agencies for support.[20]

Nativism and welfare chauvinism

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Nativism has emerged as a significant issue in Turkish politics concerning Syrian immigration and refugees. In recent years, the Turkish public discussions have witnessed an increase in patriotism during the cross-border military offensive against the Syrian regime, with nationalist keywords being used to target Syrian immigrants and refugees. The COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the situation, with welfare chauvinism dominating the social media discourse. Turkish citizens are increasingly viewed as deserving of priority in social benefits offered by the government, leading to negative attitudes towards immigrants. However, despite the anti-immigrant sentiments, symbolic nativism is barely present in discussions, and cultural markers are not strongly emphasized. Immigrants are seldom framed as a threat to the "Turkish way of life," and instead, the cowardice of immigrants is a frequently recurring concept in social media posts with patriotic content. This complex interplay between patriotism, welfare chauvinism, and anti-immigrant attitudes in Turkish politics is an area of ongoing research and analysis.[21]

Racism

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Main article: Anti-Arabism in Turkey

Anti-Arab sentiments in the country have significantly increased since the influx of Syrian refugees into Turkey.[22][23][24][25]

Education

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Turkey is trying to ensure that all refugee children can access a form of learning and be fully integrated into the formal education system.

Currently,[when?] 30% of Syrian refugee children have access to education, 4,000 businesses have been opened, and several Syrian refugee camps have grown into small towns with amenities from healthcare to barber shops.[citation needed]

As of March 2018, about 60% (600,000 primary and secondary education) of Syrian school-aged children under temporary protection remain in school.[26] The EU has supported education, through a €300 million direct grant to the Ministry of National Education.[26] Turkey's educational support:[26]

  • National Conditional Cash Transfers for Education of 2017 (CCTE): 300,000 Syrian children's family received. Cash Transfers to families encourages (1) enrolment, (2) improves school attendance (3) referral of children at risk to Child Protective Services
  • Early childhood and pre-primary education: 45,580 enrolment.
  • Formal education (Grades 1–12): 612,603 enrolment.
  • Informal non-accredited education (Sunday school): 20,806 enrolment.
  • State universities: 19,332 enrolment (Turkey waived tuition fees)
  • Accelerated Learning Programme (ALP): targeting 10 to 18-year-old out-of-school adolescents.
  • Teachers and education personnel: 128,843 education personnel acquired special training. 12,965 Syrian volunteer trainers and education personnel were provided with financial compensation.

Healthcare

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As of October 2014 (2011–2014), Turkey provided with its own resources:[4]

  • 250,000 inpatient care;
  • 200,000 operated on;
  • 150,000 births;
  • 6 million consultations

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Total Persons of Concern by Country of Asylum". data2. UNHCR. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  2. ^ "Syrians shifting demographics in Turkey's Kurdish regions - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East". 10 August 2016.
  3. ^ "UNHCR Situation Syria Regional Refugee Response – Turkey". Government of Turkey. 11 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Boluk, Gulden (2016). "Syrian Refugees in Turkey: between Heaven and Hell?" (PDF). Mediterranean Yearbook (Observatory of Euro Mediterranean Policies) ) (2016): 119. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  5. ^ "Turkey – Syrian Refugees". Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
  6. ^ Boluk, Gulden (2016). "Syrian Refugees in Turkey: between Heaven and Hell?" (PDF). Mediterranean Yearbook (Observatory of Euro Mediterranean Policies) ) (2016): 118. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  7. ^ AFP. "Up to 300,000 Syrians could get Turkish citizenship: report".
  8. ^ Baban, Feyzi; Ilcan, Suzan; Rygiel, Kim (2016-06-08). "Syrian refugees in Turkey: pathways to precarity, differential inclusion, and negotiated citizenship rights". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 43 (1): 41–57. doi:10.1080/1369183x.2016.1192996. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 147858169.
  9. ^ Koser Akcapar, Sebnem; Simsek, Dogus (2018-03-29). "The Politics of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: A Question of Inclusion and Exclusion through Citizenship". Social Inclusion. 6 (1): 176–187. doi:10.17645/si.v6i1.1323. ISSN 2183-2803.
  10. ^ Editorial (24 April 2018). "Assistance to Syrian refugees in Turkey" Conference document (PDF). Brussels: Brussels II Conference. p. 2. Retrieved 29 July 2019. Content is copied from this source, which is © European Union, 1995-2018. Reuse is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. Conference declaration was drafted by the European Union in close co-ordination with the Turkish Government and the United Nations
  11. ^ Editorial (24 April 2018). "Assistance to Syrian refugees in Turkey" Conference document (PDF). Brussels: Brussels II Conference. p. 3. Retrieved 29 July 2019. Content is copied from this source, which is © European Union, 1995-2018. Reuse is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. Conference declaration was drafted by the European Union in close co-ordination with the Turkish Government and the United Nations.
  12. ^ "Turkey spends $30 billion on Syrian refugees: FM - Turkey News". Anadolu Agency via Hürriyet Daily News. 6 November 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  13. ^ "Syrian Refugees in Turkey: The Long Road Ahead". Migration Policy Instıtute. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  14. ^ Kanter, James (29 November 2015). "Turkey, EU agree 3-billion-euro aid deal to stem migrant crisis". New York Times. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  15. ^ Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2019-10-01). "The Syrian Refugee Crisis and Foreign Policy Decision-Making in Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey". Journal of Global Security Studies. 4 (4): 464–481. doi:10.1093/jogss/ogz016. ISSN 2057-3170.
  16. ^ "Biometric Refugee Registration in Turkey" (PDF). Aratek Biometrics. 8 January 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  17. ^ "EU provides $368 mln boost for refugees in Turkey". Al Arabiya English. 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
  18. ^ "Majority of Syrians in Turkey employed in unregistered work for lower wages: Survey – LABOR". Hürriyet Daily News. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  19. ^ cagaptay, Soner. "Syrian Refugees in Turkey". The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
  20. ^ "Turkey's Response to the Syrian Refugee Crisis and the Road Ahead". World Bank. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  21. ^ Koytak, Huseyin Zeyd; Celik, Muhammed Hasan (August 6, 2022). "A Text Mining Approach to Determinants of Attitude Towards Syrian Immigration in the Turkish Twittersphere". Social Science Computer Review. doi:10.1177/08944393221117460. S2CID 251434125.
  22. ^ "Palestinians Were Spared Turkey's Rising anti-Arab Hate. Until Now". Haaretz. 2019-07-16. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  23. ^ Tremblay, Pinar (2014-08-21). "Anti-Arab sentiment on rise in Turkey". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  24. ^ "Syrian refugees who were welcomed in Turkey now face backlash". NBC News. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-27.
  25. ^ Halis, Mujgan (2013-11-13). "Anti-Syrian sentiment on the rise in Turkey". Al-Monitor (in Turkish). Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  26. ^ a b c Editorial (24 April 2018). "Assistance to Syrian refugees in Turkey" Conference document (PDF). Brussels: Brussels II Conference. p. 3. Retrieved 29 July 2019. Content is copied from this source, which is © European Union, 1995-2018. Reuse is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged. Conference declaration was drafted by the European Union in close co-ordination with the Turkish Government and the United Nations
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