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Forza Italia (2013)

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For the defunct political party active between 1994 and 2009, see Forza Italia.

Forza Italia
AbbreviationFI
SecretaryAntonio Tajani
FounderSilvio Berlusconi
Founded16 November 2013; 11 years ago (2013-11-16)
Preceded byThe People of Freedom
HeadquartersPiazza San Lorenzo in Lucina 4, Rome
NewspaperIl Mattinale
Student wingStudenti per le Libertà
Youth wingForza Italia Giovani
Women's wingAzzurro Donna
Membership (2024)110,000[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
National affiliationCentre-right coalition
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Colours  Azure
Chamber of Deputies
48 / 400
Senate
20 / 200
European Parliament
8 / 76
Regional Councils
82 / 896
Conference of Regions
5 / 21
Website
www.forzaitalia.it Edit this at Wikidata

Forza Italia[nb 1] (FI; lit. 'Forward Italy' or 'Come on Italy' or 'Let's Go Italy')[2][3][4][5] is a centre-right[6][7] political party in Italy, whose ideology includes elements of liberal conservatism,[8][9][10] Christian democracy,[8][11] liberalism[12][13] and populism.[14][15][16] FI is a member of the European People's Party. Silvio Berlusconi (former Prime Minister of Italy, 1994–1995, 2001–2006, and 2008–2011) was the party's leader and president until his death in 2023. The party has since been led by Antonio Tajani (former President of the European Parliament, 2017–2019), who had been vice president and coordinator and now functions as secretary. Other leading members include Elisabetta Casellati (former President of the Senate, 2018–2022).

The party branched out of the People of Freedom (PdL) in 2013, and is a revival of the original Forza Italia (FI), founded in 1994 and disbanded in 2009, when it was merged with National Alliance (AN) and several minor parties to form the PdL. FI is a smaller party than the early PdL,[17] which suffered three significant splits: Future and Freedom in 2010, Brothers of Italy in 2012, and the New Centre-Right in 2013. In the 2018 general election FI was overtaken by the League as the largest party of the centre-right coalition, and in the 2022 general election it became the third largest in the coalition, as Brothers of Italy (FdI) became the new dominant party of the Italian centre-right.

After participating in the national unity government led by Mario Draghi, FI joined the government majority of the Meloni Cabinet in October 2022 with five ministers; these ministers include Tajani as deputy prime minister and foreign affairs minister.

History

[edit]

Background and foundation

[edit]

The new FI, announced in June 2013,[18][19] was launched on 18 September[20][21][22][23] and the PdL was formally dissolved into the party on 16 November.[24] The day before a group of dissidents (mainly Christian democrats), led by Berlusconi's former protégé Angelino Alfano, had broken away by announcing the foundation of the alternative New Centre-Right (NCD).[25] Another group of PdL members, led by former mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno, had left the party earlier to form Italy First and would later join Brothers of Italy (FdI).[26] According to Berlusconi, the PdL would become a coalition of centre-right parties, including the new FI, Lega Nord (LN), the NCD, the FdI, etc.[27]

Among the supporters of the return to FI, the so-called "hawks"[28] and self-proclaimed "loyalists",[29] a leading role was played by Raffaele Fitto, who, despite the common Christian-democratic background, was a long-time rival of Alfano. Loyalists included Antonio Martino, Renato Brunetta, Denis Verdini, Mariastella Gelmini, Mara Carfagna, Daniela Santanchè, Niccolò Ghedini and Daniele Capezzone, while Maurizio Gasparri, Altero Matteoli and Paolo Romani tried to mediate, but finally joined the new FI.[30][31] The symbol of FI made its return in the 2013 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol provincial elections, although in a regional fashion: "Forza Trentino"[32] and "Forza Alto Adige" (in list with Lega Nord Alto Adige – Südtirol).[33]

On 27 November, the Senate approved Berlusconi's expulsion,[34] following the leader's conviction for tax evasion in August, when Berlusconi was sentenced to four years of imprisonment, the last three being automatically pardoned.[35] The day before FI had joined the opposition to Enrico Letta's government,[36] which was still supported by Alfano's NCD instead. The latter voted against Berlusconi's expulsion,[37][38] but since then completely parted ways from FI.

Internal struggles and Toti's rise

[edit]

As of the end of December 2013, Berlusconi was set to appoint two vice presidents: Antonio Tajani (European Commissioner and vice president of the European People's Party) and Giovanni Toti (former editor of Studio Aperto and TG4,[39] two news programs of Berlusconi's Mediaset).[40] As a result of the resentment by the party's old guard, notably including Fitto, on the alleged appointment of Toti also as coordinator-at-large, Berlusconi appointed him merely "political counselor" to the party.[41][42]

Silvio Berlusconi in 2018

In the 2014 European Parliament election, FI obtained 16.8% of the vote and had 13 MEPs elected, including Toti in the North-West, Elisabetta Gardini in the North-East, Tajani (who had first been elected to the European Parliament in 1994) in the Centre and, most notably, Fitto (who garnered more than 180,000 votes in his native Apulia alone) in the South.[43]

Fitto, the strongest backer of Berlusconi's leadership in late 2013, became his main internal challenger by mid 2014. After months of bickering with Berlusconi over the so-called "Nazareno pact" with Matteo Renzi, leader of the Democratic Party and Prime Minister, in February 2015, Fitto launched his own faction, named "Rebuilders".[44] Fitto's supporters included Capezzone, Maurizio Bianconi, Rocco Palese, Saverio Romano, Cinzia Bonfrisco, Augusto Minzolini and most Apulian MPs.[45]

In September 2014, FI was admitted into the European People's Party (EPP), inheriting the PdL's membership.[46]

2015 regional elections and splits

[edit]

In the run-up of the 2015 regional elections, the party was riven in internal disputes and was divided mainly in three groups: Berlusconi's loyalists, Fitto's "Rebuilders" and nostalgics of the "Nazareno pact".[47][48] The latter were led by Verdini and some of them, notably including Bondi, were openly pro-Renzi.[49][50] Bondi, a former Berlusconi loyalist, and his partner Manuela Repetti left the party in March,[51][52] while other disgruntled Verdiniani propped up the government from time to time. Berlusconi chose Toti as candidate for president in Liguria, confirmed incumbent Stefano Caldoro as the party's standard-bearer in Campania and renewed their support of LN's Luca Zaia in Veneto.[53] However, Berlusconi and Fitto did not find an agreement on the composition of the slates in Apulia, where the two wings of the party fielded opposing candidates for president,[54][55][56] and similar problems arose in Tuscany,[57] Verdini's (and Renzi's) home region and stronghold.

Two weeks before the elections, Fitto left FI and the European People's Party group in the European Parliament to join the European Conservatives and Reformists and start his own party, the Conservatives and Reformists (CR).[58] By mid July, when CR was formally established as a party, nine deputies, ten senators and another MEP had left FI to follow Fitto.[59][60][61][62]

In the elections, the party lost many votes, mainly to the LN, and gained more than 10% only in three regions out seven (including Apulia, where the party's candidate did worse than Fitto's one, while, in Veneto, a former stronghold, FI barely reached 6%), but, thanks to the LN's strong showing, Toti was elected President of Liguria.

Another split occurred in late July, when Verdini led his group out of the party and launched the Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA).[63][64][65]

Toward a new centre-right coalition

[edit]
Antonio Tajani, President of the European Parliament from 2017 to 2019

In the 2016 Milan municipal election, FI found a strong candidate for mayor in Stefano Parisi, a former director-general of Confindustria and CEO of Fastweb, who pulled the party to 20.2% (virtually double than the LN's score), but narrowly lost to his Democratic opponent in the run-off, Giuseppe Sala. After the election, FI was basically divided in two camps: one led by Parisi, who did not officially joined the party and proposed a more traditional centre-right "liberal-popular" path, and the other led by Toti, who had formed a strong partnership with Roberto Maroni and Luca Zaia, the LN's presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, and was supportive of a full-scale alliance with LN and, possibly, of its leader Matteo Salvini's bid to become the leader of the centre-right coalition.[66][67][68] In November, when it was clear that Parisi would not come to terms with Salvini, Berlusconi disowned Parisi,[69][70] who responded by launching his own Energies for Italy (EpI) party.[71][72][73]

Since then, the party has strengthened its position in parliament, thanks to an influx of MPs from other parties, including several returning after years of dissent. In August 2016, the party was re-joined by two senators, including Renato Schifani from the NCD and another from the ALA. In November came Mario Mauro and his Populars for Italy (PpI).[74] Since June 2017, the party was joined by three deputies and one senator from Popular Alternative (AP, ex-NCD), one deputy and one senator from the Mixed Group (ex-Five Star Movement, M5S), one deputy from Direction Italy (DI, ex-CR), one from Solidary Democracy (Demo.S), one from Act! (F!, ex-LN) and two senators from the ALA.[75][74] Particularly, Enrico Costa left AP and resigned from minister of Regional Affairs in Paolo Gentiloni's centre-left government,[76] aiming at forming a "liberal centre" with FI.[77] In the context of a more united centre-right, Costa might form the "fourth leg" of the coalition, after the LN, FI and the FdI, by uniting other AP splinters, DI, F!, Identity and Action (IdeA), the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Union of the Centre (UdC), and the Pensioners' Party (PP),[78][79][80] all variously affiliated with FI and the centre-right. Not all FI members were happy with all that; in fact, two senators and one deputy, Daniela Santanchè, switched to the FdI.[81]

In January 2017, Antonio Tajani was elected President of the European Parliament, the first Italian since Emilio Colombo (1977–1979).

2018 general and 2019 European Parliament elections

[edit]

In the 2018 general election, FI obtained 14.0% of the vote and was overtaken by the LN for the first time as the largest party of the centre-right. After the election, long-time FI senator Elisabetta Casellati, was appointed President of the Senate, with centre-right's and M5S' support. After months of negotiations, the centre-right fragmented as the LN chose to team up with the M5S and formed a yellow-green government, also dubbed as Government of Change, under Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte.

In July, Berlusconi appointed Tajani, who had been previously tipped as candidate for Prime Minister in the run-up of the 2018 general election,[82] vice president and Adriano Galliani coordinator of departments,[83][84][85] in an effort to restructure the party, which was shrinking in opinion polls.

2019 European Parliament election and internal developments

[edit]
Berlusconi at the European People's Party Congress in 2019

Berlusconi decided to run in the 2019 European Parliament election as FI's top candidate in all Italian constituencies, except for central Italy.[86][87] In the election, FI received only 8.8% of the vote, its worst result ever. Berlusconi was one of the party's elected representatives to the European Parliament, and the oldest member of the assembly.[88]

In June, Berlusconi appointed Toti and Carfagna national coordinators, with the goal of reforming and relaunching the party.[89] However, after a few weeks, Toti left the party in opposition to Berlusconi[90] and launched Cambiamo!.[91] One of the main reasons for the split was Toti's support of an alliance with the League and the Brothers of Italy (FdI) at national-level, about which Berlusconi was reticent and Carfagna against.[91][92][93]

Draghi's national unity government

[edit]
Main article: Draghi Cabinet

In January 2021, Conte's second government fell after losing support from Matteo Renzi's Italia Viva party.[94] Subsequently, President Mattarella appointed Mario Draghi to form a cabinet,[95] which won support from FI, the League,[96] the PD[97] and the M5S.[98] FI was given three ministers in the new government: Renato Brunetta at Public Administration, Mariastella Gelmini at Regional Affairs and Mara Carfagna at the South.

In July 2022, the M5S did not participate in a Senate's confidence vote on a government bill. Prime Minister Draghi offered his resignation, which was rejected by President Mattarella.[99] After a few days, Draghi sought a confidence vote again to secure the government majority supporting his cabinet, while rejecting the proposal put forward by Lega and FI of a new government without the M5S.[100] In that occasion, FI as well as the M5S, Lega and FdI, did not participate in the vote.[101] Consequently, Draghi tendered his final resignation to President Mattarella, who dissolved the houses of Parliament, leading to a snap election.[102][103] The party's abstention led some leading members of FI, notably including the three ministers Brunetta, Gelmini and Carfagna, to leave the party.[104][105][106]

Meloni government and Berlusconi's death

[edit]

In the 2022 general election, FI, which was part of the winning centre-right coalition, won 8.1% of the vote, compared to FdI's 26.0% and the League's 8.8%. As a result, Giorgia Meloni, leader of FdI, accepted the task of forming a new government and announced the Meloni Cabinet, which assumed official functions after each ministers were sworn in on 22 October.[107][108] FI joined the new government with five ministers, notably including Tajani as deputy prime minister and minister of Foreign Affairs.[109]

On 12 June 2023, Berlusconi died,[110] leaving the party's future in uncertainty.[111][112] The Italian government, led by Meloni, proclaimed a national day of mourning for the day of the funeral, also ordering that flags be flown half mast for three days.[113] On 14 June, Berlusconi's state funeral was officiated in the Ambrosian Rite in the Milan Cathedral by Mario Delpini, the Archbishop of Milan; the funeral was attended, among others, by President Mattarella, Meloni and the entire government, as well as opposition leaders and foreign heads of state or government.[114]

A few days after Berlusconi's death, the party announced that a national council would be summoned before the end of summer to appoint an acting president and determine the road map toward the national congress that would elect the new party's leadership.[115]

Leadership of Tajani and 2024 EP election

[edit]

In July 2023, the party's national council amended the party's statute by removing the post of president, which would be forever associated with Berlusconi (including in the party's symbol), and introducing the post of secretary. Contextually, Tajani was unanimously elected secretary.[116]

In February 2024, the party held its first national congress. Tajani was unanimously re-elected secretary, along with four deputy secretaries (Stefano Benigni, Deborah Bergamini, Alberto Cirio and Roberto Occhiuto), while Renato Schifani was appointed president of the national council.[117][118][119]

In the run-up of the 2024 European Parliament election, FI formed a joint list with Us Moderates,[120] signed an electoral pact with the South Tyrolean People's Party[121] and welcomed candidates of the Sardinian Reformers.[122] Additionally, FI or individual FI candidates were endorsed by Coraggio Italia,[123] the Movement for Autonomy,[124] Future Sicily,[125] Christian Democracy,[126] New Times – United Populars,[127] other minor or local Christian-democratic groups[128] and the Transnational Radical Party[129] Moreover, a number of former members of Lega Nord, notably including Flavio Tosi (former leader of Liga Veneta, now leader of FI in Veneto), Alessandro Sorte (leader of FI in Lombardy), Roberto Cota (former president of Piedmont), Marco Reguzzoni (former floor leader of Lega Nord in the Chamber of Deputies), Massimiliano Bastoni (former member of Lega Nord's right-wing and leading Padanian nationalist), Matteo Gazzini (outgoing MEP and leader of FI in South Tyrol) and Stefania Zambelli (outgoing MEP), formed, within the party, a coalition named "Forza Nord".[130]

In September 2024, FI was admitted into the International Democracy Union.[131]

Ideology and factions

[edit]

FI's ideology is similar to that of its predecessor, The People of Freedom (PdL), a big tent Centre-right party including Christian democrats, liberals, conservatives, and social democrats. FI presents itself as a "liberal", "Catholic", "reformist", and "moderate" alternative to the political left in alliance with the political right[132][133][134] but not rightist itself.[135] The PdL's break-up and the exit of the New Centre-Right (NCD) left FI with a more liberal base. Generally speaking, with the long-prepared return to FI, Berlusconi aimed at returning to the party's "liberal roots"; in doing so, he reinforced his ties with those liberals, like Antonio Martino, who had been marginalised in the PdL,[136] while losing many of its Christian democrats and conservatives to the NCD. After NCD's internal struggles, its transformation into Popular Alternative (AP) and several splits, some NCD conservatives have returned to FI. In 2015, FI lost several liberal MPs, who formed the Liberal Popular Alliance in support to Matteo Renzi's cabinet.

FI includes several factions and ideological trends. The party's leading faction was long not an organised one: named the "magic circle" by journalists (a reference to a defunct faction within Lega Nord), it was composed of Berlusconi's closest allies, notably including Giovanni Toti, Mariarosaria Rossi, Deborah Bergamini, and Francesca Pascale (Berlusconi's partner).[137][138] Since being elected President of Liguria in 2015, Toti became more autonomous from Berlusconi and more and more a strong supporter of closer ties with Lega Nord.[139][140] In 2018, Toti lost the title of "political counselor" (the closest thing to a number two so far) and Berlusconi appointed Antonio Tajani as vice president. In 2019, Toti finally left the party.[90][91]

Berlusconi with then FI's leaders in the Parliament, Mariastella Gelmini and Anna Maria Bernini

On social issues, most FI politicians are conservative, even though a minority of them can be considered liberal. According to an article from Corriere della Sera, on the so-called "ethical issues" like abortion and LGBT rights, the party aimed at returning to its 1994's original values, including "liberalism, the socialist roots, even the radical component", respected its MPs' "freedom of conscience", and was open to civil unions, while NCD's positions were "closer to those of the European traditionalist right".[141] In October 2014, Berlusconi personally endorsed Renzi's proposals on civil unions for gays and a quicker path to citizenship to Italian-born children of immigrants;[142] however, the party remained socially conservative. FI clarified that it considers marriage solely as the union between a man and a woman.[143] The majority of its members voted against civil unions, whereas the NCD voted in favour.[144][145] Moreover, the party is critical of teaching gender studies in schools.[146] Party members are generally opposed to abortion and seek to limit access to them[147] and euthanasia.[148] The party has criticised illegal immigration and the way it has been managed by centre-left coalition governments.[149] It has also declared itself against the introduction of jus soli in Italy.[150] In addition, the party is opposed to drug liberalisation, which it considers potentially negative for health and not useful for solving criminal matters.[151] When FI's predecessors were in power, they restricted the legislation on the matter, with the Fini-Giovanardi law.[152] Finally, FI considers Italy as a country with a Christian civilisation and favours displaying Christian symbols in public places.[153]

On economic issues, FI is more supportive of the private rather than the public sector. It aims at representing business owners' interests and has often advocated for a reduction of taxation, red tape, and public expenditure. One of its latest proposals is the introduction of a flat tax. In addition, FI is more supportive of free trade agreements rather than protectionism.[154]

On foreign policy, the party supports the European Union (EU), despite elements of criticism, NATO, and a close relationship with the United States. FI also seeks good relations with Russia, especially in defence of the interests of Italian companies that export to the Russian market.[155] The party is a member of the Europeanist, centre-right European People's Party (EPP). Whereas most of its members are supportive of the European Union (EU), the most notable example being Tajani (President of the European Parliament from 2017 to 2019), others are slightly Eurosceptic and have criticised the Euro and Germany's role in the EU.[156][157][158] The party refuses the "Eurosceptic" label, while supporting a reform of the EU.[159] In 2017 Berlusconi reconciled with Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany and one of the EPP leaders, after years of hostility, re-affirming his support to the European integration and his hostility towards populism.[160][161][162]

[edit]

The electoral results of the FI in general (Chamber of Deputies) and European Parliament elections since 2014 are shown in the chart below.

Election results

[edit]

Italian Parliament

[edit]
Election Leader Chamber of Deputies Senate of the Republic
Votes % Seats +/– Position Votes % Seats +/– Position
2018 Silvio Berlusconi 4,596,956 14.0
106 / 630
 New 4th 4,358,004 14.4
58 / 315
 New 4th
2022 2,278,217 8.1
45 / 400
 Decrease 61 Decrease 5th 2,279,802 8.3
18 / 200
 Decrease 40 Decrease 5th

European Parliament

[edit]
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
2014 Silvio Berlusconi 4,614,364 (3rd) 16.8
13 / 73
 New EPP
2019 2,351,673 (4th) 8.8
7 / 76
 Decrease 6
2024[a] Antonio Tajani 2,243,030 (4th) 9.6
8 / 76
 Increase 1
  1. ^ Run in a joint list with Us Moderates.

Regional Councils

[edit]
Region Election year Votes % Seats +/− Status in legislature
Aosta Valley 2020 Joint list with Brothers of Italy
0 / 35
 Decrease 1 No seats
Piedmont 2024 162,888 9.8
5 / 50
 Increase1 Majority
Lombardy 2023 208,420 7.2
6 / 80
 Decrease 8 Majority
South Tyrol 2023 1,625 0.6
0 / 35
 Steady 0 No seats
Trentino 2023 4,708 2.0
0 / 35
 Decrease 1 No seats
Veneto 2020 73,244 3.6
2 / 51
 Decrease 1 Majority
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 2023 26,329 6.7
3 / 49
 Decrease 2 Majority
Emilia-Romagna 2020 55,317 2.6
1 / 50
 Decrease 1 Opposition
Liguria 2020 33,040 5.3
1 / 31
 Decrease 2 Majority
Tuscany 2020 69,456 4.3
1 / 41
 Decrease 1 Opposition
Marche 2020 36,716 5.9
2 / 31
 Steady 0 Majority
Umbria 2019 22,991 5.5
1 / 21
 Steady 0 Majority
Lazio 2023 130,368 8.4
3 / 50
 Decrease 3 Majority
Abruzzo 2024 77,841 13.4
4 / 31
 Increase 1 Majority
Molise 2023 16,924 12.0
3 / 21
 Steady 0 Majority
Campania 2020 121,695 5.2
2 / 51
 Decrease 5 Opposition
Apulia 2020 149,399 8.9
4 / 51
 Decrease 1 Opposition
Basilicata 2024 34 018 13.0
3 / 21
 Steady 0 Majority
Calabria 2021 131,882 17.3
8 / 31
 Increase 3 Majority
Sicily 2022 275,736 14.8
12 / 70
 Decrease 2 Majority
Sardinia 2024 43,171 6.3
3 / 60
 Decrease 2 Opposition

Leadership

[edit]
2013–2023
2023–present
Parliament

Symbols

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The name is not usually translated into English: forza is the second-person singular imperative of forzare, in this case translating to "to compel" or "to press", and so means something like "Forward, Italy", "Come on, Italy" or "Go, Italy!". Forza Italia! was used as a sport slogan, and was also the slogan of Christian Democracy in the 1987 general election (see Giovanni Baccarin, Che fine ha fatto la DC?, Gregoriana, Padova 2000). See Forza Italia for details.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "FI: Tajani, raggiunto 110 mila iscritti, già eletti 196 delegati al Congresso del 23 e 24 febbraio | Agenzia Nova".
  2. ^ Thomas Jansen; Steven Van Hecke (2011). At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party. Springer. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-3-642-19414-6.
  3. ^ Donatella M. Viola (2015). Italy. Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
  4. ^ Patrick McCarthy (2002). Stephen Gundle; Simon Parker (eds.). Forza Italia: the new politics and old values of a changing Italy. Routledge. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-134-80791-8. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
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  6. ^ Nicolò Conti (2015). "No Longer Pro-European? Politicisation and contestation of Europe and Italy". In Andrea Mammone; Ercole Giap Parini; Giuseppe Veltri (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Italy: History, Politics, Society. Routledge. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-317-48755-5.
  7. ^ Morieson, Nicholas (2021). Religion and the Populist Radical Right. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press. pp. xvii. ISBN 978-1-64889-217-2. OCLC 1241448267.
  8. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2018). "Italy". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  9. ^ Adami, Marina (30 September 2021). "A Crowded and Complex Picture: Local Elections in Italy". Green European Journal. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  10. ^ Augusto Gnisci; Margherita Asterope; Risa Casapulla; Maria D’Agostino; Gaetano Perillo (2022). "Threat to Face and Equivocation in Televised Interviews of Italy's Politicians For and Against the 2016 Constitutional Referendum". In Ofer Feldman (ed.). Adversarial Political Interviewing: Worldwide Perspectives During Polarized Times. Springer Nature. p. 89. ISBN 9789811905766.
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  14. ^ Woods, Dwayne (2014). The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism. Emerald Group. pp. 28, 41–44. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  15. ^ The SAGE handbook of European foreign policy. Knud Erik Jrgensen, Åsne Kalland Aarstad, Edith Drieskens, Katie Verlin Laatikainen, Ben Tonra. London. 2015. p. 539. ISBN 978-1-4739-1443-8. OCLC 915156254.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ^ Heinisch, Reinhard (2021). Political Populism : Handbook of Concepts, Questions and Strategies of Research. Christina Holtz-Bacha, Oscar Mazzoleni (2 ed.). Baden-Baden. p. 406. ISBN 978-3-7489-0751-0. OCLC 1286432010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ "Italian politics: Not so forza any more". The Economist. 13 August 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  18. ^ "Berlusconi al Tg1: torna Forza Italia e sarò io a guidarla" (in Italian). Il Sole 24 Ore. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
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  23. ^ "Berlusconi Stakes a Claim for Relevance, but Avoids Threats". The New York Times. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  24. ^ "Berlusconi breaks away from Italian government after party splits". Reuters. 16 November 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
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