Reduviidae
| Reduviidae Temporal range:
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_with_bee_(Apis_ssp)_prey.jpg)
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| Assassin bug (Rhynocoris iracundus) with bee prey | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hemiptera |
| Suborder: | Heteroptera |
| Infraorder: | Cimicomorpha |
| Family: | Reduviidae Latreille, 1807 |
| Subfamilies | |
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Bactrodinae | |
The Reduviidae is a large cosmopolitan family of the suborder Heteroptera of the order Hemiptera (true bugs). Among the Hemiptera and together with the Nabidae almost all species are terrestrial ambush predators; most other predatory Hemiptera are aquatic. The main examples of non-predatory Reduviidae are some blood-sucking ectoparasites in the subfamily Triatominae, with a few species from South America noted for their ability to transmit Chagas disease. Though spectacular exceptions are known, most members of the family are fairly easily recognizable: they have a relatively narrow neck, sturdy build, and formidable curved proboscis (sometimes called a rostrum). Large specimens should be handled with caution, if at all, because they sometimes defend themselves with a very painful stab from the proboscis.
Taxonomy
[edit]The family members are almost all predatory, except for a few blood-sucking species, some of which are important as disease vectors. About 7000 species have been described, in more than 20 recognized subfamilies, making it one of the largest families in the Hemiptera.[1]
The name Reduviidae is derived from the type genus, Reduvius. That name, in turn, comes from the Latin reduvia, meaning "hangnail" or "remnant". Possibly this name was inspired by the lateral flanges on the abdomen of many species.
Common genera include:
While members of most subfamilies have no common names other than assassin bugs, some subfamilies have their own common names such as:
- Ambush bugs – subfamily Phymatinae
- Thread-legged bugs – subfamily Emesinae, including the genus Emesaya
- Kissing bugs (or cone-headed bugs) – subfamily Triatominae, unusual in that most species are blood-suckers and several are important disease vectors
- Wheel bugs – genus Arilus, including the common North American species Arilus cristatus[2][3][4]
- Grass assassin bugs – genus Lopodytes
Morphology
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Adult insects range from roughly 12 to 36 mm (0.47 to 1.42 in), depending on the species.[5] They most commonly have an elongated head with a distinct narrowed 'neck', long legs, and prominent, segmented, tubular mouthparts, most commonly called the proboscis, but some authors use the term "rostrum". Most species are bright in colour with hues of brown, black, red, or orange.
The most distinctive feature of the family is that the tip of the proboscis fits into a ridged groove in the prosternum, where it can be used to produce sound by stridulation.[6] Sound is made by rasping the proboscis against ridges in this groove or stridulitrum (stridulatory organ). These sounds are often used to discourage predators. When harassed, many species can deliver a painful stab with the proboscis, injecting venom or digestive juices. The effects can be intensely painful and the injection from some species may be medically significant.
Feeding
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Predatory Reduviidae use the long rostrum to inject a lethal saliva that liquefies the insides of the prey, which are then sucked out. The saliva contains enzymes that digest the tissues they swallow. This process is generally referred to as extraoral digestion.[8] The saliva is commonly effective at killing prey substantially larger than the bug itself.
The legs of some Reduviidae have areas covered in tiny hairs that aid in holding onto their prey while they feed. Others, members of the subfamily Phymatinae in particular, have forelegs that resemble those of the praying mantis, and they catch and hold their prey in a similar way to mantises.
As nymphs, some species cover and camouflage themselves effectively with debris or the remains of dead prey insects. The nymphal instars of the species Acanthaspis pedestris present one good example of this behaviour where they occur in Tamil Nadu in India. Another well-known species is Reduvius personatus, known as the masked hunter because of its habit of camouflaging itself with dust. Some species tend to feed on pests such as cockroaches or bedbugs and are accordingly popular in regions where people regard their hunting as beneficial. Reduvius personatus is an example, and some people breed them as pets and for pest control. Some assassin bug subfamilies are adapted to hunting certain types of prey; for example, the Ectrichodiinae eat millipedes, and feather-legged bugs eat ants. A spectacular example of the latter is Ptilocnemus lemur, an Australian species in which the adult attacks and eats ants, but the nymph waits until the ant bites the feathery tufts on its hind legs, upon which it whips around and pierces the ant's head with its proboscis, and proceeds to feed.[9]
Some research on the nature of the venom from certain Reduviidae is under way. The saliva of Rhynocoris marginatus showed some insecticidal activity in vitro, in tests on lepidopteran pests. The effects included reduction of food consumption, assimilation, and use. Its antiaggregation factors also affected the aggregation and mobility of haemocytes.[10]
The saliva of the species Rhynocoris marginatus (Fab.) and Catamirus brevipennis (Servile) have been studied because of their activity against human pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria (including strains of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhimurium) and the Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes).
Some species are bloodsuckers rather than predators, and they are accordingly far less welcome to humans. The blood-feeding habit is thought to have evolved from species that lived in the nests of mammalian hosts. Several species are known to live among bat roosts, including Cavernicola pilosa, Triatoma dimidiata and Eratyrus mucronatus. Triatoma species and other members of the subfamily Triatominae, such as Rhodnius species, Panstrongylus megistus, and Paratriatoma hirsuta, are known as kissing bugs, because they tend to bite sleeping humans in the soft tissue around the lips and eyes. A more serious problem than their bites is the fact that several of these haematophagous Central and South American species transmit the potentially fatal trypanosomal Chagas disease, sometimes called American trypanosomiasis. This results in the death of 12,000 people a year.[11]
The Emesinae live among spider webs.
Phylogeny and evolutionary history
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Current taxonomy is based on morphological characteristics. The first cladistic analysis based on molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA) was published in 2009 and called into question the monophyly of some current groups, such as the Emesinae.[12] Reduviidae are monophyletic, and the "Phymatine Complex" is consistently recovered as the sister to the higher Reduviidae, which includes 90 percent of the reduviid species diversity.[13] Reduviidae is suggested to have split from other Cimicomorphs during the Jurassic, based on molecular clock.[14] The oldest fossils of the family are from the Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) aged Burmese amber, represented by nymphs[15] and the genus Paleotriatoma, belonging to the subfamily Triatominae.[16]
Example species
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Hwang, Wei Song; Weirauch, Christiane (2012-09-28). Crandall, Keith A. (ed.). "Evolutionary History of Assassin Bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Insights from Divergence Dating and Ancestral State Reconstruction". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45523. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...745523H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045523. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3460966. PMID 23029072.
- ^ Aldrich, Jeffrey R.; Chauhan, Kamlesh R.; Zhang, Aijun; Zarbin, Paulo H.G. (2013). "Exocrine Secretions of Wheel Bugs (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Arilus spp.): Clarification and Chemistry". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 68 (11–12): 522–526. doi:10.1515/znc-2013-11-1211. PMID 24601090. S2CID 30698712. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
- ^ Laiton J., Laura A.; Giraldo-Jaramillo, Marisol; Forero, Dimitri; Benavides M., Pablo (2021). "The wheel bug Arilus gallus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): life history and description of immature stages". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 123 (3): 551–563. doi:10.4289/0013-8797.123.3.551. S2CID 240074895.
- ^ Fitzsimmons, Jay M.; Fitzsimmons, Lauren P. (2010). "Pre-copulatory behavior of the wheel bug Arilus gallus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)". Entomological News. 121 (3): 304–307. doi:10.3157/021.121.0314. S2CID 86624882. Retrieved 2022-02-01.
- ^ Stevens, Lori; Dorn, Patricia L.; Schmidt, Justin O.; Klotz, John H.; Lucero, David; Klotz, Stephen A. (1 January 2011). "Chapter 8 - Kissing Bugs. The Vectors of Chagas". Advances in Parasitology. 75: 169–192. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385863-4.00008-3. ISBN 9780123858634. PMID 21820556.
- ^ Ribes, Eva; Goula, Marta; JeremÍas, Xavier (2008). "Assassin Bugs, Kissing Bugs and Others (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)". Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer Netherlands: 311–319. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_10368. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
- ^ Weaving, Alan; Picker, Mike; Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn (2003). Field Guide to Insects of South Africa. New Holland Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 1-86872-713-0.
- ^ Sahayaraj, Kitherin; Kanna, Ayyachamy Vinoth; Kumar, Subramanian Muthu (2010). "Gross Morphology of Feeding Canal, Salivary Apparatus and Digestive Enzymes of Salivary Gland of Catamirus brevipennis (Servile) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)". Journal of the Entomological Research Society. 12 (2): 37–50. Retrieved 14 December 2012.
- ^ Bulbert, Matthew W; Herberstein, Marie Elisabeth; Gerasimos, Cassis (Mar 2014). "Assassin bug requires dangerous ant prey to bite first". Current Biology. 24 (6): R220–R221. Bibcode:2014CBio...24.R220B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.006. PMID 24650903.
- ^ Kitherin, Sahayaraj; Muthukumar, S. (2011). "Zootoxic effects of reduviid Rhynocoris marginatus (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) venomous saliva on Spodoptera litura (Fab.)". Toxicon. 58 (5): 415–425. Bibcode:2011Txcn...58..415S. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.06.001. PMID 21787800.
- ^ "PAHO | Chagas disease".
- ^ Weirauch, Christiane; Munro, James B. (October 2009). "Molecular phylogeny of the assassin bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (1). Elsevier: 287–299. Bibcode:2009MolPE..53..287W. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.039. PMID 19531379.
- ^ Crandall, Keith A; Hwang, Wei Song; Weirauch, Christiane (September 28, 2012). "Evolutionary History of Assassin Bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Insights from Divergence Dating and Ancestral State Reconstruction". PLOS ONE. 7 (9): e45523. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...745523H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045523. PMC 3460966. PMID 23029072.
- ^ Hwang, & Weirauch, C. (2012). Evolutionary history of assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae): insights from divergence dating and ancestral state reconstruction. PLOS ONE, 7(9), e45523–e45523. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045523
- ^ Wang, Bo; Xia, Fangyuan; Engel, Michael S.; Perrichot, Vincent; Shi, Gongle; Zhang, Haichun; Chen, Jun; Jarzembowski, Edmund A.; Wappler, Torsten; Rust, Jes (June 2016). "Debris-carrying camouflage among diverse lineages of Cretaceous insects". Science Advances. 2 (6): e1501918. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1918W. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501918. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 4928993. PMID 27386568.
- ^ Poinar, George (January 2019). "A primitive triatomine bug, Paleotriatoma metaxytaxa gen. et sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Myanmar". Cretaceous Research. 93: 90–97. Bibcode:2019CrRes..93...90P. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.09.004. S2CID 134969065.
External links
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