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Rebeka Njau

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Rebeka Njau
Njau in 1965
Njau in 1965
BornRebeka Nyanjega
(1932-12-15) 15 December 1932 (age 91)
Kanyariri, Kiambu County, Kenya
Pen nameRebecca Njau; Marina Gashe
EducationAlliance Girls High School
Alma materMakerere University College
Notable worksThe Scar (1963); Ripples in the Pool (1975); The Sacred Seed (2003)
SpouseElimo Njau (separated 1983)
RelativesBinyavanga Wainaina (nephew)

Rebeka Njau (née Nyanjega; born 15 December 1932) was Kenya's first female playwright and a pioneer in the representation of African women in literature. Her writing has addressed topics such as female genital mutilation and homosexuality. Her first novel, Ripples in the Pool (1975), appeared as number 203 in the Heinemann African Writers Series.

Her earliest works appeared under the name "Rebecca Njau", and she had also published using the pseudonym "Marina Gashe".

Biography

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Early life

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Rebeka Njau was born in 1932 in the village of Kanyariri, in Kiambu County to the northwest of Nairobi.[1][2] Her family was Christian and she recalled the division this created with those around them:

It was interesting for us, especially in our home, because we were surrounded by people [that] we would call primitive. They circumcised their girls. In our home my parents were Christians. It's like we lived in two countries because we were separated by traditions. We had nothing to do with one another.[3]

Her mother's stance against female genital mutilation bought her into contact with the Mau Mau:

She was such a brave woman and [the] Mau Mau wanted to kill her. They changed [eventually]—I don't know why. They came to kill her but then on second thought, just before they neared our home, they went back.[4]

Education and career

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Njau was one of only 14 girls admitted to Alliance Girls High School in its inaugural year, before attending Makerere University College in Kampala.[5] While at Makerere, she attended the 1962 African Writers Conference.[6][7]

She returned to Kenya after graduation to teach at Alliance, before co-founding Nairobi Girls School in 1964. She married Elimo Njau, an artist from Tanzania.[8] Njau's teaching career came to an end in 1968, and she and her husband then became increasingly involved with the Paa Ya Paa Gallery in Nairobi,[9] before going on to edit Target, the magazine of the National Council of Churches in Kenya.[3] Njau separated from husband in 1983, and she published her memoirs, Mirrors of My Life, in 2019.[10]

Her son, Morille Njau, is an artist and a consultant based in the UK and her daughter Hana Njau-Okolo is a poet, and published author who lives and works in Atlanta, Georgia.[11] Her nephew was the author Binyavanga Wainaina.[12]

The Scar, 1965

The Scar (1963)

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The Scar, a one-act play, is considered the first play written by a Kenyan woman when it appeared in Transition journal in March 1963.[13][14] It was republished in 1965 by Kibo Art Gallery in Marangu, which was run by Elimo Njau.[15]

The Scar premiered at the Uganda National Theatre in 1963 and went on to be performed in Kenya, Ghana, Tanzania and the USA. The play centres on the issue of female genital mutilation. The main character is Mariana, a former prostitute who tries to help girls escape female genital mutilation, which she regards as a "brutal custom". She advocates for alternative forms of initiation that can empower girls. Mariana is opposed by other women, who claim to be acting on behalf of the community's elders. The play ends with Mariana being shamed for having an illegitimate child and losing her status.[16][17][18]

In 1964, a second play by Njau, In the Round Chain, was performed before being banned by the Ugandan government.[16][17][19]

Ripples in the Pool, 1975

Ripples in the Pool (1975)

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In 1964, Njau won a prize in an East African novel competition with her manuscript Alone with the Fig Tree. Following substantial revisions, it was published as Ripples in the Pool by TransAfrica Press in 1975. TransAfrica went bankrupt shortly afterwards, and Njau contacted Henry Chakava, editor of Heinemann Educational Books East Africa, to see if the novel could be republished. A subedited edition appeared in the African Writers Series in 1978.[20][11][17]

The novel tells the story of Selina, a prostitute living in the city who is a modern, independent woman. She decides to marry her younger lover, Gikere, and they move to his village. Selina miscarries and Gikere's mother, who had little respect for her already, calls her "an infertile witch". Gikere responds by trying to assert authority in the relationship by beating Selina. As she becomes more isolated, Selina turns her sexual desires towards Gikere's younger sister, Gaciru. She experiences a mental breakdown and tries to hang herself, before strangling Gaciru in her sleep. The novel ends with Selina as a "stray woman" wandering the countryside.[20][21]

At least one reviewer was left confused by the rapid shifts in plot and point of view,[22] but writing in 1982 Frank Birbalsingh concludes:

"...it is clear that Njau is continuing the tradition of social realism, established in the modern African novel by Achebe's Things Fall Apart, updated by Armah's The Beautyful Ones are not yet Born, and made politically significant in the most recent writings of Ngugi wa Thiong'o."[23]

Ripples in the Pool is considered the first Kenyan novel, and for many the first African novel, to both portray lesbian relationships and treat lesbianism sensitively.[24][18] The author reported that readers believed that it "wasn't her" because of its subject matter.[25]

The Sacred Seed, 2003

The Sacred Seed (2003)

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Njau's second novel was published in 2003. The Sacred Seed is described by Alex Wanjala as a quasi-autobiographical novel that brings together elements of social realism and the supernatural. He views the novel as Njau's attempt to expose the malaise in contemporary Kenyan society and its roots in patriarchal relations that stem from both the pre-colonial and colonial periods.[26]

In the words of The Daily Nation, the author "delves into the minds of her characters to reveal the psychological wounds they have suffered under patriarchy and dictatorship and their determination to heal the society. ... The narrator presents the destruction of the resourcefulness of women in the traditional African societies by modern regimes and points to ways women's power can be restored through the demolition of class hierarchies."[11]

Other works

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Njau, under the pseudonym Marina Gashe, published a poem, The Village in 1963.[27]

In 1964, she published a short story called "Muma" in Présence Africaine 50, although there is confusion over authorship.[28][29]

She is also the author of The Hypocrite and other Stories (1977), a reworking of traditional oral narratives, and of Kenya Women Heroes and their Mystical Power (1984), which records the overlooked historical contribution of women.[11] Njau is included in the anthology Daughters of Africa (ed. Margaret Busby, 1992).

Critical reception

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Alex Wanjala has said: "Like Grace Ogot, Rebeka Njau is a very important writer in Kenya.... She addresses issues that affect women directly and then demonstrates how women's issues are symptomatic of a malaise in the larger Kenyan society."[30] According to John Mugubi of Kenyatta University, "The uniqueness and power of Rebeka's style cannot be understated. She has a penchant for subversion of literary conventions in order to drive points home."[30]

Bibliography

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Novels

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  • Ripples in the Pool (TransAfrica Press, 1975; republished by Heinemann in 1978 as number 203 in the Heinemann African Writers Series; translated into Dutch as Rimpels in de poel by Joke Schretlen and published by Dekker, 1988). Extracted in Daughters of Africa, edited by Margaret Busby, London: Jonathan Cape, 1992
  • The Sacred Seed (Books Horizon, 2003)

Short stories

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Poems

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  • "The Village" (credited as Mrs Elimo Njau in Poems from Black Africa, edited by Langston Hughes, 1963; credited as Marina Gashe in The Heinemann book of African Women's Poetry, 1995)

Short-story collections

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  • The Hypocrite and other stories (Uzima, 1977)[31]

Plays

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  • The Scar: A Tragedy in One Act (Transition, 1963; republished by Kibo Art Gallery in 1965; Books Horizon, 2019)
  • In the Round Chain (unpublished, 1964)

Memoirs

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  • Mirrors of my Life (Books Horizon, 2019)[32]

Other non-fiction

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  • Kenya Women Heroes and their Mystical Power (with Gideon Mulaki; Risk Publications, 1984)

References

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  1. ^ Jahn, Janheinz (197). Who's who in African Literature: Biographies, Works, Commentaries. Horst Erdmann Verlag. p. 261. ISBN 9783771101534.
  2. ^ Head, Dominic (2006). The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English. Cambridge University Press. pp. 807–08. ISBN 0521831792.
  3. ^ a b Njau, Rebeka; Odhiambo, Tom (2021). "Remembering the past and reflecting on Kenya's present". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde. 58 (1): 20. doi:10.17159/tl.v58i1.10422. ISSN 0041-476X. S2CID 236627596.
  4. ^ Njau, Rebeka; Odhiambo, Tom (2021). "Remembering the past and reflecting on Kenya's present". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde. 58 (1): 21. doi:10.17159/tl.v58i1.10422. ISSN 0041-476X. S2CID 236627596.
  5. ^ Killam, G. D. (2004). Literature of Africa. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 181. ISBN 0313319014.
  6. ^ Sicherman, Carol (1995). "Ngugi's Colonial Education: 'The Subversion...of the African Mind'". African Studies Review. 38 (3): 35. doi:10.2307/524791. ISSN 0002-0206. JSTOR 524791. S2CID 145170390.
  7. ^ Adima, Anna (18 August 2020). "Where were the women? East African writing and the 1962 Makerere Conference". africainwords.com. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  8. ^ Muchiri, Mary Nyambura (2006). His banner over me is love : the dreams of an African woman. AuthorHouse. p. 68. ISBN 1-4259-4061-7. OCLC 122263294.
  9. ^ "Kenya: Rebeka Njau Art Exhibition (1970)". British Pathé. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  10. ^ "Elimo Njau: My art, my world". Nation. 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  11. ^ a b c d Evan Mwangi (16 February 2013). "Author to bare it all in memoir coming soon". The Daily Nation.
  12. ^ Kopf, Martina (2021-10-04). "Binyavanga Wainaina's Narrative of the IMF-generation as Development Critique". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 34 (3): 325–341. doi:10.1080/13696815.2021.1976118. ISSN 1369-6815. S2CID 244181280.
  13. ^ Njau, Rebecca (1963). "The Scar". Transition (8): 23–28. doi:10.2307/2934731. ISSN 0041-1191. JSTOR 2934731.
  14. ^ Jones, Wilma L. (1995). Twenty Contemporary African Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliography.
  15. ^ "Kibo Art Gallery collection | Collection | SOVA". sova.si.edu. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  16. ^ a b Komu, Rose Wangui (2016-10-31). A History of Kenyan Theatre: The Intersections between Culture and Politics (phd thesis). University of Leeds.
  17. ^ a b c Gikandi, Simon; Evan Mwangi (2013). The Columbia Guide to East African Literature in English Since 1945. Columbia University Press. pp. 263–64. ISBN 978-0231500647.
  18. ^ a b Kuria, John Mike Muthari (2001). The challenge of feminism in Kenya : towards an Afrocentric worldview (phd thesis). University of Leeds.
  19. ^ Mbughuni, L.A. (1976). "Old and new drama from East Africa: a review of the works of four contemporary dramatists: Rebecca Njau, Ebrahim Hussein, Peninah Muhando and Ngugi". African Literature Today. 8: 85–98.
  20. ^ a b Currey, James (2008). Africa Writes Back: The African Writers Series and the Launch of African Literature. Oxford: James Currey. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-84701-502-0.
  21. ^ Veit-Wild, Flora (2006). Writing Madness: Borderlines of the Body in African Literature. Oxford: James Currey. pp. 136–40.
  22. ^ Bruner, Charlotte H. (1980). "Review of Ripples in the Pool". World Literature Today. 54 (1): 160. doi:10.2307/40134726. ISSN 0196-3570. JSTOR 40134726.
  23. ^ Birbalsingh, Frank (1982). "Review of Ripples in the Pool". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 16 (1): 189. doi:10.2307/484625. ISSN 0008-3968. JSTOR 484625.
  24. ^ Wilentz, Gay, in Jane Eldridge Miller's Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing (2001).
  25. ^ Zabus, Chantal (2009-07-22). "Out in Africa: Queer Desire in Some Anthropological and Literary Texts1". Comparative Critical Studies. 6 (2): 261. doi:10.3366/e1744185409000731. Retrieved 2022-06-01.
  26. ^ Wanjala, Alex (2011). "Orality in Rebecca Njau's The Sacred Seed". The Global South. 5 (2): 93. doi:10.2979/globalsouth.5.2.93. ISSN 1932-8648. JSTOR 10.2979/globalsouth.5.2.93. S2CID 145676302.
  27. ^ Matzke, Christine (1996-04-26). "A Preliminary Checklist of East African Women Writers". Matatu. 15–16 (1): 201–244. doi:10.1163/18757421-90000188. ISSN 1875-7421.
  28. ^ Njau, Rebecca (1964). "MUMA". Présence Africaine. 50 (2): 215–220. doi:10.3917/presa.050.0215. ISSN 0032-7638. JSTOR 24348440.
  29. ^ Pugliese, Cristiana (1986). "The Life-Story in Kenya: A Bibliography (1920-1984)". Africa: Rivista trimestrale di studi e documentazione dell'Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. 41 (3): 445. ISSN 0001-9747. JSTOR 40760028.
  30. ^ a b Quoted by Evan Mwangi in "Author to bare it all in memoir coming soon", The Daily Nation, 16 February 2013.
  31. ^ Njau, Rebeka (1977). The Hypocrite and Other Stories. Uzima.
  32. ^ Odhiambo, Tom (2019-09-14). "In Rebeka Njau lives pioneering spirit of Kenyan womanhood". Kenyan Tribune. Retrieved 2022-05-16.

Further reading

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  • Alex Wanjala, "Orality in Rebecca Njau's The Sacred Seed", The Global South, 5:2 (2011), 93–106.
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