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Ramona Bennett
Bennett speaks at a Rally for Leonard Peltier & Mother Earth in 2013
Born (1938-08-28) August 28, 1938 (age 86)
Seattle, Washington, US
NationalityPuyallup; American
Alma materEvergreen State College
University of Puget Sound
Known forNative American activism

Ramona Bennett (born August 23, 1938)[1]is an American Puyallup leader and activist who was involved in the 1960s and 1970s Fish Wars of the US Pacific Northwest and in tribal sovereignty.

Early life and education

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Bennett was born in Seattle, Washington. She is also descended maternally from the Swinomish and Yakima.[2] She was born to Archie and Gertrude (née McKinney) Church in Seattle but shortly after her birth her family moved to Bremerton, Washington, where her father worked in naval shipyards and was a labor activist. Bennett indicated her White father was racist, despite his marriage to her mother; her mother fiercely instilled knowledge of and pride in her Indigenous heritage.[1]

Bennett earned a bachelor's degree in liberal arts from Evergreen State College and a master's degree in education from the University of Puget Sound in Tacoma.[3]

Political involvement and activism

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Bennett worked at the Seattle Indian Center in the early 1960s, and she became involved with several community programs, including the American Indian Women's Service League.[1][4]

She increased her level of activism while engaging with colleagues including Bernie Whitebear (Confederated Tribes of the Colville), who led the claim over the Fort Lawton site that became home to the Daybreak Star Cultural Center.[4] The fort takeover included involvement by figures like Leonard Peltier.[4]

Seeking to address the issues of poor housing, education, and health care on the Puyallup reservation, she was elected to the tribal council in 1968.[2][3][5][6]

When the Puyallup people decided to fish from the Puyallup River, they faced intense resistance from both commercial fishers, environmentalists, and local authorities. The banning of fish traps, in particular, violated the Treaty of Point Elliott (1855) that have secured Native people continued access to the "natural resources" and in the "usual and accustomed places" which they had utilized for generations, including fish.[7]

In 1964, Bennett co-founded the Survival of American Indians Association with Janet McCloud (Tulalip).[8] She often worked closely with Hank Adams and other activists on fishing rights to generate political strategies and to push forward a variety of Native American sovereignty and treaty rights issues.[9][10][11] Along with Adams, she secured sanctuary for fisherman within the local Puyallup Episcopal church.[11] Her work paralleled that of fellow Indigenous fishing rights activists in the Pacific Northwest, such as Billy Frank Jr. (Nisqually). Bennett had also gained direct insights from other Civil Rights and Red Power Movement actions. She traveled to see the Alcatraz occupation, along with Whitebear, Adams, and Al Bridges (Puyallup/Nisqually/Duwamish), respectively[citation needed], to see activist efforts at land reclamation and proclaiming recognition of Indigenous sovereignty rights.[4] She was often a guest of Richard and Annie Oakes when traveling to the San Francisco Bay Area. She sold tribally fished salmon at Black Panther Party actions to support the Survival of American Indians Association. This model of coalitional work would be famously repeated during the fish-ins, when celebrities including Marlon Brando, Dick Gregory, Buffy Sainte-Marie, and Jane Fonda (who was arrested at Fort Lawton) lent their voice to Indigenous causes in the Pacific Northwest.[4]

In 1970, Bennett and other Puyallup set up a camp (now called "the ceremonial place") and protected it, including through the possession of firearms. The camp was attacked by state and federal law enforcement with nearly 60 campers, fishers, and protectors being roughed up and arrested.[2] Bennett was hit with a gas canister.[12]

She was elected tribal chairwoman in 1976.[13] In an interview, Bennett noted that when she traveled to a meeting of the National Tribal Chairman's Association, she was initially refused entry because she was a woman. She had to insist on her right to be present and not be relegated to sitting with "the chairman's wives". She immediately began arguing for the protection of Native American children, especially those adopted out of the community, who she saw as an endangered resource."[6] Her testimony was included in legislative hearings, and this perspective was eventually reflected in the passage of the 1978 Indian Child Welfare Act.[14]

Bennett helped organize a week-long occupation of the Cushman Hospital in 1976; the hospital sat on lands stolen from the Puyallup and given to the state of Washington.[2][13]

In 1974, the so-called Boldt decision (United States v. State of Washington) ruled that Native Americans of Washington have secured treaty assurances to half of the fish hauls.[3]

After her time as Tribal Chairperson, Bennett worked at the Wa-He-Lut Indian School in Olympia and with the Rainbow Youth and Family Services in 1989.[3][2] As reflected by her work for youth, she herself has stated that "virtually everything constructive I've done has been because children might need it."[6]

In 2003, she was recognized with an award by the Native Action Network.[3] That same year she was also awarded the Enduring Spirit recognition by the American Native Women's Leadership Development Forum.[13][15]

References

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  1. ^ a b c La Pointe-Gorman, Cecilia (2009). "Ramona Bennett: Puyallup Tribal Indian Activist". University of Washington: Tacoma Community History Project. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Bataille, Gretchen M.; Lisa, Laurie (2001). Native American women: A biographical dictionary (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93020-0. OCLC 46641650. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d e Sonneborn, Liz (2007). A to Z of American Indian women (Revised ed.). New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-8160-6694-0. OCLC 153561194. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b c d e Blansett, Kent (2018). A journey to freedom: Richard Oakes, Alcatraz, and the Red Power movement. New Haven. ISBN 978-0-300-24041-2. OCLC 1050870957. Archived from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Malinowski, Sharon; Abrams, George H. J. (1995). Notable native Americans. Gale Research. ISBN 0-8103-9638-6. OCLC 31172957. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Katz, Jane B. (1996). Messengers of the wind: Native American women tell their life stories (1st trade ed.). New York: One World. ISBN 0-345-40285-5. OCLC 34429021. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
  7. ^ Johnson, Ralph W. (1972). "The States Versus Indian Off-Reservation Fishing: A United States Supreme Court Error". Washington Law Review. 47 (2): 207–236. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  8. ^ Langston, Donna Hightower (2003). "American Indian Women's Activism in the 1960s and 1970s". Hypatia. 18 (2): 114–132. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb00806.x. S2CID 144308066.
  9. ^ Wilkins, David E. (2011). The Hank Adams reader: An exemplary native activist and the unleashing of indigenous sovereignty. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Pub. ISBN 978-1-55591-447-9. OCLC 704120580. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  10. ^ Wilkinson, Charles F. (2000). Messages from Frank's Landing : a story of salmon, treaties, and the Indian way. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-98011-7. OCLC 44391504. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2022.
  11. ^ a b Cobb, Daniel M.; Fowler, Loretta (2007). Beyond red power: American Indian politics and activism since 1900 (1st ed.). Santa Fe, N.M.: School for Advanced Research. ISBN 978-1-930618-86-2. OCLC 137331389. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  12. ^ Mapes, Lynda (September 6, 2010). "Fish-camp raid etched in state history". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.
  13. ^ a b c Krouse, Susan Applegate; Howard-Bobiwash, Heather (2009). Keeping the campfires going: Native women's activism in urban communities. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2645-6. OCLC 593234848. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
  14. ^ Barsh, Russel (1980). "The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978: A Critical Analysis". Hastings Law Journal. 31 (6): 1287–1336. Archived from the original on March 6, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  15. ^ Edwards, Laurie J. (2012). UXL encyclopedia of native American tribes (3rd ed.). Detroit: Gale. ISBN 978-1-4144-9098-4. OCLC 793806804. Archived from the original on April 6, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
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