Ramanujan machine

The Ramanujan machine is a specialised software package, developed by a team of scientists at the Technion: Israeli Institute of Technology, to discover new formulas in mathematics. It has been named after the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan because it supposedly imitates the thought process of Ramanujan in his discovery of hundreds of formulas.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] The machine has produced several conjectures in the form of continued fraction expansions of expressions involving some of the most important constants in mathematics like e and π (pi). Some of these conjectures produced by the Ramanujan machine have subsequently been proved true. The others continue to remain as conjectures. The software was conceptualised and developed by a group of undergraduates of the Technion under the guidance of Ido Kaminer [he], an electrical engineering faculty member of Technion. The details of the machine were published online on 3 February 2021 in the journal Nature.^[3]

According to George Andrews, an expert on the mathematics of Ramanujan, even though some of the results produced by the Ramanujan machine are amazing and difficult to prove, the results produced by the machine are not of the caliber of Ramanujan and so calling the software the Ramanujan machine is slightly outrageous.^[5]^[6] Doron Zeilberger, an Israeli mathematician, has opined that the Ramanujan machine is a harbinger of a new methodology of doing mathematics.^[7]

Formulas discovered by the Ramanujan machine

The following are some of the formulas discovered by the Ramanujan machine which have been later proved to be true:^[3]

{\cfrac {4}{3\pi -8}}=3-{\cfrac {1\cdot 1}{6-{\cfrac {2\cdot 3}{9-{\cfrac {3\cdot 5}{12-{\cfrac {4\cdot 7}{15-{_{\ddots }}}}}}}}}}

{\cfrac {e}{e-2}}=4-{\cfrac {1}{5-{\cfrac {1}{6-{\cfrac {2}{7-{\cfrac {3}{8-{_{\ddots }}}}}}}}}}

The following are some of the many formulas conjectured by the Ramanujan machine whose truth or falsity has not yet been established:^[8]

{\cfrac {8}{\pi ^{2}}}=1-{\cfrac {2\cdot 1^{4}-3\cdot 1^{3}}{7-{\cfrac {2\cdot 2^{4}-3\cdot 2^{3}}{19-{\cfrac {2\cdot 3^{4}-3\cdot 3^{3}}{37-{\cfrac {2\cdot 4^{4}-3\cdot 4^{3}}{61-{_{\ddots }}}}}}}}}}

{\cfrac {1}{1-\log 2}}=4-{\cfrac {8}{14-{\cfrac {72}{30-{\cfrac {288}{52-{\cfrac {800}{80-{_{\ddots }}}}}}}}}}

In the last expression, the numbers 4, 14, 30, 52, . . . are defined by the sequence $a_{n}=3n^{2}+7n+4$ for $n=0,1,2,3,\ldots$ and the numbers 8, 72, 288, 800, . . . are generated using the formula $b_{n}=2n^{2}(n+1)^{2}$ for $n=1,2,3\ldots$ .

External links

Website of the Ramanujan machine project: The Ramanujan Machine: Using algorithms to discover new mathematics
Ido Kaminer - The Ramanujan Machine on YouTube

References

^ "The Ramanujan Machine". Technion: Israel Institute of Technology. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
^ "Ramanujan machine automatically generates conjectures for fundamental constants". phys.org. Science X. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gal Raayoni, Shahar Gottlieb, . . . (2021). "Generating conjectures on fundamental constants with the Ramanujan Machine". Nature. 590 (7844): 67–73. arXiv:1907.00205. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03229-4. PMID 33536657. S2CID 231805819. Retrieved 17 August 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Kabir Firaque (18 July 2019). "Explained: What is Ramanujan Machine, and why is it named after the Indian mathematician?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
^ Davide Castelvecchi (2021). "AI maths whiz creates tough new problems for humans to solve". Nature. 590 (7845): 196. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..196C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00304-8. PMID 33536602. S2CID 231804003. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
^ "Math in the Media". The American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
^ "Opinion 180: The Ramanujan Machine is a Harbinger of Mathematics becoming a Science again (and Fun again!)". Rutgers School of arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
^ "Results". The Ramanujan Machine. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[1] "The Ramanujan Machine". Technion: Israel Institute of Technology. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[2] "Ramanujan machine automatically generates conjectures for fundamental constants". phys.org. Science X. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[NATURE-3] Gal Raayoni, Shahar Gottlieb, . . . (2021). "Generating conjectures on fundamental constants with the Ramanujan Machine". Nature. 590 (7844): 67–73. arXiv:1907.00205. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03229-4. PMID 33536657. S2CID 231805819. Retrieved 17 August 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] Kabir Firaque (18 July 2019). "Explained: What is Ramanujan Machine, and why is it named after the Indian mathematician?". The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[5] Davide Castelvecchi (2021). "AI maths whiz creates tough new problems for humans to solve". Nature. 590 (7845): 196. Bibcode:2021Natur.590..196C. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-00304-8. PMID 33536602. S2CID 231804003. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[6] "Math in the Media". The American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[7] "Opinion 180: The Ramanujan Machine is a Harbinger of Mathematics becoming a Science again (and Fun again!)". Rutgers School of arts and Sciences. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

[8] "Results". The Ramanujan Machine. Retrieved 17 August 2021.

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