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Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaberry

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This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Díaz Aguado, the second or maternal family name is Salaberry.
Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaberry
Carlist politicians in Pamplona 1931.jpg
Born
Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaberry[1]

1870 (1870)
Pamplona, Spain
Died1942 (aged 71–72)
Madrid, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Known forpolitician
Political partyCarlism

Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaberry (1870–1942) was a Spanish Carlist politician, active in particular during the final years of the Restoration regime and during the Second Republic. He is best known as deputy to the Cortes during two terms between 1907 and 1914. During the 1936–1939 Civil War he periodically headed the Carlist underground relief organisation Socorro Blanco [es], which operated as a Francoist fifth column in Republican-held Madrid.

Family and youth

[edit]
1870s: a Carlist, a boy, a pottok and a dog

The family of Díaz Aguado has been related to Navarre and in the early 19th century many of its males served in army; during the First Carlist War Estebán Díaz Aguado Alonso sided with the Cristinos [es][2] and gained his name accepting surrender of the Orbaitzeta arms factory [es];[3] until the 1860s he commanded the Navarrese artillery corps.[4] The next generation demonstrated opposite preferences and joined the legitimists. One, also an artillery man, declared himself a Carlist "until the last drop of blood".[5] The father of Rafael, Felix Díaz Aguado Pérez (born 1834),[6] served in artillery as well;[7] gained honors and promotions for gallant performance during the war in Morocco in 1858-1860[8] before in 1867 and already as comandante he joined Carlist conspiracy in the Pamplona garrison. The plot was detected and a rising, planned for July 1868, was thwarted by a pre-emptive strike.[9] Díaz Aguado was of the few who avoided incarceration and managed to flee; following a spell on exile he returned and sought amnesty,[10] yet in 1872 he joined the Carlists again. He was recorded for brave stand in hand-to-hand combat during the battle of Oroquieta,[11] later serving as liaison officer at the Estado Mayor.[12] After the war[13] he settled at unspecified location[14] as a retired officer.[15]

Madrid, late 1880s

Félix Díaz Aguado married Magdalena Salaberry Romeo[16] (died 1906).[17] None of the sources consulted provides any information on her or her family[18] or how many children the couple had. Rafael was born in Pamplona; no detail on his early education is available but some clues point to his schooling in a Piarist college in Archidona [es].[19] Probably in the late 1880s he moved to Madrid to commence law studies in Universidad Central [es]; he was recorded as enrolled at the Faculty of law between 1891 and 1893.[20] It is not clear whether he graduated; he was later often referred to as "abogado" (lawyer),[21] and it seems that he started to practice as a lawyer in an unidentified location in Gipuzkoa; however, according to one source he did not have the right to practice, and ran into problems because of his fake credentials.[22]

In 1905 and already in Madrid Rafael Díaz Aguado married Auristela Fernández Mesas (died 1956).[23] The couple settled in the capital[24] and had four children, born between 1906 and 1917: Magdalena, Jaime, Rafael and Carlos Díaz-Aguado Fernández.[25] None of them became a public figure, yet at least two sons followed in the footsteps of their father and commenced careers in law: during the Francoist era Jaime served as a judge in Madrid and surroundings,[26] while Carlos[27] performed the same role in the provinces of Logroño,[28] Huesca,[29] Guadalajara, and until the early 1980s in Madrid.[30] Two of Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaberry's grandchildren are academics: Carlos Díaz-Aguado Jalón is a professor of civil law in Universidad del País Vasco,[31] while María José Díaz-Aguado Jalón is a professor at Universidad Complutense de Madrid, with expertise in preventing juvenile violence.[32] The Díaz-Aguado Ros grandchildren are lawyers, one of them active in the Left-wing Podemos party.[33]

Early public career (1895–1905)

[edit]
Don Carlos, 1890s

Son of the Carlist officer and combatant, Rafael embraced Traditionalism as part of his family education. However, it is not clear what stand the teenage adopted and whether he followed his father during the crisis which rocked Carlism in 1888. Félix Díaz Aguado concluded that followers of the claimant Don Carlos "persisted in error"[34] and protested against the injustice suffered by Ramón Nocedal, leader of the rebels who soon became secessionists.[35] Though there is no direct confirmation, this might suggest that Felix joined the Nocedalistas and entered their faction of Traditionalism, later to be known as Integrism. It is not clear whether Rafael shared any sympathy for the Integrists and what position he took, especially following his arrival in Madrid and commencement of university education in the early 1890s. Carlist structures in the capital were very much taken over by the Integrists and supporters of Nocedal particularly active in the academic realm, yet there is no evidence that the young Diaz Aguado joined them; there is no evidence of his engagement in orthodox Carlist structures either.

In unclear circumstances of the early 1890s, Díaz Aguado started his co-operation with La Atalaya, a conservative Santander newspaper, listed since 1895 as director of the newspaper.[36] Dring his tenure the Philippine revolution started, with ensuing war; not limiting himself to raising patriotic spirits on newspaper pages, Díaz Aguado co-organized the local Junta de Socorro, set up to assist the Spanish soldiers wounded in the archipelago.[37] However, as public personality[38] he did not escape controversies and in 1897 he was challenged to a duel.[39] The managing board dismissed Díaz Aguado after he allowed publication of a letter which sided with a Liberal contender to the Cortes against a Conservative one;[40] in early 1898 he was called an ex-director.[41]

Carlist standard

Díaz Aguado returned to Madrid; it is not clear what he did for a living, but in the early 20th century he was referred to as "abogado".[42] He started to gain name in religious quasi-political activities. Noted in Congregación y Circulo de San Luis Gonzaga, a conservative cultural outpost,[43] he was also busy co-organizing massive pilgrimage to Rome[44] and took part in Catholic congresses in Burgos in 1899 and in Santiago in 1902.[45] He must have been already active in Carlist structures, as in 1904 he emerged as president of Juventud Tradicionalista[46] and vice-president of Junta Directiva of the Madrid Círculo Tradicionalista.[47] Díaz Aguado started to gain recognition as an orator and militant discussant. Reportedly it was thanks to his belligerent harangues that politicians like Salmerón demanded that Círculo San Gonzaga be closed as a centre of subversive propaganda;[48] in discussion centers like the Madrid Ateneo he clashed with Liberal speakers and personalities like Canalejas recognized him as leader of "juventud reaccionaria, pero animosa, vibrante y con fe en un ideal".[49] In 1905 Díaz Aguado was first noted as engaged in Carlist propaganda activities beyond Madrid, e.g. co-opening a municipal party círculo in Zaragoza.[50]

Political climax (1905–1914)

[edit]
as deputy, 1912

In the 1905 electoral campaign to the Cortes, Díaz Aguado stood as a joint Carlist and Liga Catolica candidate in Valencia,[51] the city he had nothing in common with. The party enjoyed some popularity in the region but remained internally divided and its local jefe, Manuel Polo y Peyrolón, opted rather for the senate. Following a brief campaign Díaz Aguado lost to the increasingly popular writer and militant republican Vicente Blasco Ibáñez; his final result is not known, yet partial data suggests he was not far behind the front-runner.[52] The defeat did not adversely affect his party career, as in the following months he remained active during various feasts across the country[53] and was even elected as honorary president – with party pundits including Vázquez de Mella and Polo y Peyrolón – of various provincial Carlist organizations.[54]

Prior to the 1907 elections, Díaz Aguado was initially rumored to stand in Oviedo[55] but he eventually fielded his candidature in the Gipuzkoan Tolosa, a district which remained a Carlist fiefdom and where a Carlist candidate was almost guaranteed success. Circumstances of his appointment are not clear and were probably related to the fact that previous Carlist deputy from the district, Julio Urquijo, unexpectedly decided not to run.[56] Indeed, the campaign proved an easy triumph and Díaz Aguado was elected with 3,105 votes out of 3,107 ballots cast.[57] In the subsequent campaign of 1910, he again presented his candidature in Tolosa, where this time no-one dared to challenge the Carlist contender; he was declared victorious with no voting taking place and according to the notorious Article 29 of the electoral legislation.[58] It is not clear why he did not run in Tolosa in the campaign of 1914; perhaps he lost his almost-guaranteed place due to electoral haggling between the Carlists, the Integrists and other parties.[59] He was supposed to stand in Seville, but shortly prior to election date he withdrew,[60] never to resume his parliamentarian career again.

Carlist rural feast, 1910s

The Cortes career or 1907-1914 marked Díaz Aguado's political climax. As the Carlist contingent remained a minoritarian if not marginal faction in the diet his room for maneuvering was limited, yet he used to take the floor willingly,[61] allegedly recognized as an eloquent and cultivated debater.[62] Some of his motions – even if pertaining to marginal issues and eventually defeated – took days to discuss.[63] The political agenda of Díaz Aguado did not differ from the standard Carlist program: he opposed centralization efforts[64] and championed separate local establishments[65] or confronted secularization drive and espoused the Church,[66] though was involved also in other issues like development of credit and insurance.[67] He reached top echelons in the party structures; apart from touring the country and speaking at various rallies, in the early 1910s he was nominated to Junta Superior Central, the nationwide Carlist political executive.[68] He achieved recognized public standing, as Liberal press bothered to mock him in dedicated articles.[69]

Disengagement and re-engagement (1915–1930)

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Don Jaime, 1918

It seems that in the late 1910s, during mounting conflict between the new claimant Don Jaime and key party theorist Juan Vázquez de Mella, Díaz Aguado did not take sides. It was especially so as he lost seat in the party executive, which consisted of MPs and regional leaders only. He was occasionally noted as taking part in Carlist feasts,[70] though no longer after 1915. None of the works which discuss internal strife within the movement mentions his name.[71] Instead he was noted as engaged in initiatives flavored with conservatism yet not clearly defined politically, e.g. in a 1916 Catholic syndicalist rally organized by El Debate.[72] When in early 1919 the conflict between de Mella and Don Jaime exploded Díaz Aguado was not listed as a protagonist. One source claims that he distanced himself from the breakaway Mellistas,[73] which is not necessarily tantamount to opting for the orthodox Jaimistas. Most likely he was left politically bewildered; in 1920 he was noted as taking part in a meeting organized by the Ciervistas, an offshoot grouping from disintegrating Conservative Party.[74]

According to one author in the early 1920s Díaz Aguado withdrew from politics;[75] indeed the press did not mention him as engaged in any public activity – be it political, quasi-political, religious or cultural – either during the last years of liberal democracy or during the Primo de Rivera dictatorship era. He remained involved in business, as in the late Restoration period he was engaged in savings and insurance industry; he entered the board of Sociedad de Ahorro y Previsión La Mundial[76] and for a few years featured in its adverts.[77] In the mid-1920s La Mundial grew to one of major insurers on the Spanish market with some 79m pesetas of financial assets, and Díaz Aguado kept holding major though not specified roles within the company.[78] It is not clear whether he practiced as abogado, though it seems he went on with his career in law. In 1925 Díaz Aguado was recorded as prosecutor serving in Audiencia de Alcalá de Henares and was probably related to fighting juvenile crime, as he supervised operations of the local Escuela Industrial de Jovenes Deliquentes.[79]

Carlist rural feast, 1930

Díaz Aguado resumed his Carlist activities shortly after the fall of Primo de Rivera, taking advantage of political thaw of the Dictablanda (soft dictatorship). Since early spring of 1930 he started frequenting the Madrid círculo associated with El Cruzado Español and was recorded as one of its more prominent speakers.[80] In the summer and fall his propaganda engagements got increasingly frequent, as he spoke in closed-door meetings and open rallies in Madrid[81] but also in Vascongadas[82] or Catalonia,[83] often seated next to party heavyweights like its Jefé Delegado marqués de Villores.[84] Since campaign prior to local elections gained momentum in early 1931, Díaz Aguado threw himself into monarchist and Right-wing propaganda;[85] as pro-Republican feelings were running high he did not hesitate to pronounce that if indeed a republic was to triumph, it "would be a parenthesis, a meteor, an ephemerical being."[86]

Republic, war and Francoism (1931–1942)

[edit]
among Carlist politicians, 1931

In 1931 Díaz Aguado was rumored to stand as Jaimista candidate for the Cortes in Álava;[87] scholars say he would have preferred to stand in Vizcaya or Gipuzkoa. However, the Jaimista electoral partners from PNV required candidates running in Vascongadas to be Basques[88] excluding Díaz Aguado, who eventually stood in Valencia and lost miserably.[89] He kept attending Traditionalist rallies as a speaker, touring the country from Navarre[90] to Andalusia.[91] At the turn of 1931 and 1932 he took part in unification of Traditionalist branches in Comunión Tradicionalista[92] and remained its propagandist later on.[93] He did not enter nationwide or Castilian executive structures of the party; instead, he was appointed regional head in Galicia.[94] As representative of Galician Carlism he ran for the Cortes from La Coruña in 1933, losing again.[95] In 1934 Diaz Aguado returned to the Madrid Carlist executive, nominated president of Círculo Tradicionalista in the capital;[96] he brought with himself at least two older sons, as Jaime[97] and Rafael[98] appeared on the party membership rolls. Until 1936 he remained engaged in party propaganda activities from the very North[99] to the very South,[100] and in 1936 was rumored to run for the Cortes from Madrid;[101] it is not clear whether the news was false or whether he withdrew. None of the sources consulted notes whether Díaz Aguado was engaged in Carlist anti-Republican conspiracy.

During the July coup Díaz Aguado was in Madrid and remained trapped in the Republican-held capital; no details are available. He spent the entire Civil War in Madrid,[102] reportedly detained[103] and maltreated by the Republican counter-espionage agency, SIM.[104] The detention might have been related to his role in Socorro Blanco, an underground Carlist relief and mutual assistance organisation active in Republican Madrid; according to later press notes he headed the group after its original leader, Pascual Cebollada, was arrested.[105] Scholarly works dedicated to wartime Madrid do not mention Díaz Aguado as head of Socorro Blanco, though they note some members of the Aguado family engaged in other Fifth Column activities.[106]

speaking, 1936

Following the Nationalist takeover of the capital in 1939 he was recorded as taking part in homages to the Carlist dead and other funerals.[107] It seems that he briefly resumed his earlier duties in the juridical system and related to fighting juvenile crime, as in the very early 1940s he was nominated inspector nacional del Impuesto of Consejo Superior de Protección de Menores.[108] He resumed Carlist activities and remained loyal to the leadership of Manuel Fal Conde; on his behalf Díaz Aguado used to chair sessions of the Carlist executive, though as honorary president rather than political protagonist.[109] Despite his loyalty to Fal, he seemed somewhat uneasy about the regency of Don Javier and the Borbón-Parmas as would-be Carlist successors to the throne.[110] The funeral of Díaz Aguado turned into a pompous ceremony, attended by minister of justice Esteban de Bilbao Eguía, minister of defense Carlos Asensio Cabanillas (jefe de la casa civil of Franco), and mayor of Madrid Alberto Alcocer y Ribacoba.[111]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ his name and surname appear in many variations: 1) Rafael Díaz y Aguado Salaberry (El Eco de Navarra 08.07.09, available here); 2) Rafaél Díaz-Aguado Salaberry (La Corespondencia de Valencia 30.06.31, available here); 3) Rafael Díaz-Aguado y Salaberry (Diario de Valencia 23.11.12, available here); 4) Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaverry (El Defensor de Córdoba 21.12.33, available here); 5) Rafael Díaz-Aguado y Salaverry (El Porvenir Segoviano 26.04.07, available here); 6) Rafael D. Aguado y Salaverry (La Atalaya 16.01.96, available here); 7) Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaverri (El Avisador Numantino 29.04.42, available here); 8) Rafael Díaz Aguado y Salaverri (Ahora 11.06.31, available here); 9) Rafael Díaz Aguado y Salaverry (La Atalaya 02.07.04, available here); 10) Rafael Díaz Aguado de Salaberry (Diario de Valencia 22.12.13, available here); 11) Rafael Díaz Aguado de Salaverry (Tradición 01.03.35, available here); 12) Rafael Díaz Aguado (La Correspondencia de España 24.04.07, available here); 13) Rafael Aguado y Salaberry (El Defensor de Córdoba 26.02.12, available here); 14) Rafael Aguado Salaberry (La Correspondencia de España 22.11.12, available here); 15) Rafael Aguado Salaverry (La Atalaya 20.10.95, available here); 16) Rafael Aguado Salaverri (El Correo de España 23.02.96, available here) and 17) Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaberry (Heraldo de Castellón 11.04.31, available here) apart from mis-spellings resulting form typos and perhaps other unidentified combinations. There seems to be no version accepted officially in Spain, e.g. the Cortes website prefers "Rafael Diaz Aguado Salaberry", while the state archive website prefers "Rafael Díaz-Aguado Salaverri". The "Rafael Díaz Aguado Salaberry" version is adopted here as this seems to be the version he preferred by the end of his life, even though in his youth he seems to have preferred "Rafael D. Aguado y Salaverry"
  2. ^ Modesto Lafuente, Historia general de España, vol. VI, Barcelona 1882, p. 12
  3. ^ Melchor Ferrer, Domingo Tejera, José F. Acedo, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 2, Sevilla 1941, p. 923
  4. ^ Estado Militár de España é Indias, Madrid 1860, p. 148, available here
  5. ^ El Pensamiento Español 26.01.70, available here
  6. ^ Felix Díaz Aguado died some time between 1892 (Diario Oficial de Avisos 06.08.92, available here) and 1906, when his wife died as a widow
  7. ^ at the age of 14 he entered the artillery school in Segovia, promoted to subteniente-alumno in 1850; graduated and rose to teniente in 1853. Fought against the rebels in July 1854 and was promoted to captain, B. de Artagan [Reynaldo Brea], Políticos del carlismo, Barcelona 1912, p. 218
  8. ^ in Africa he gained Cruz de la Real and Orden de San Fernando and rose to comandante. Later he got Cruz de la Real y Americana Orden de Isabel la Católica, Artagan 1912, p. 218
  9. ^ with Joaquín Elió he co-headed the Carlist conspiracy in Pamplona garrison; the plan was to gain control of 6,000 rifles stored in the citadel and hand them over to volunteers supposed to arrive; the scheduled day was July 25, 1869. Governmental intelligence got the wind and mounted pre-emptive strike, most of these involved were arrested but Díaz Aguado managed to run away, Juan Cruz Labeaga Mendiola, Memorias de exilio de un clérigo carlista (1868-1869), [in:] Príncipe de Viana 59 (1988), pp. 830, 848
  10. ^ El Pensamiento Español 21.10.71, available here
  11. ^ Roman Oyarzun, Historia del carlismo, Madrid 1969, p. 321
  12. ^ Artagan 1912, p. 218
  13. ^ he might have been imprisoned in 1874, see El Imparcial 24.11.74, available here
  14. ^ a native Navarro, after the Third Carlist War Felix Díaz Aguado would have normally settled back in Navarre. However, it is not clear what conditions of his amnesty settling were. It remains puzzling that his son frequented the Piarist college in Archidona, in the province of Málaga, El Correo Español 12.10.09, available here
  15. ^ Diario Oficial de Avisos 06.08.92, available here
  16. ^ La Atalaya 06.03.06, available here
  17. ^ La Lectura Dominical 03.03.96, available here
  18. ^ one author claims that Felix added "Salaberry" to his name as during the Third Carlist War he served under command of Domingo Salaberry, Artagan 1912, p. 219. It is not clear whether Aratagan has invented this history himself or whether he was for some obscure reason misled by Diaz Aguado Salaberry
  19. ^ El Correo Español 12.10.09, available here
  20. ^ Díaz-Aguado Salaverri, Rafael entry, signature UNIVERSIDADES 3899, Exp.5., [in:] Archivo Histórico Nacional service, available here
  21. ^ Artagan 1912, p. 219
  22. ^ Díaz-Aguado y Salaberri, Rafael entry, [in:] Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia, available here. Credibility of the source is in doubt, as it wrongly suggests that during his parliamentarian career Díaz Aguado was of the same affiliation ("idéntica filiación") as Senante; in fact Senante was Integrista and Díaz Aguado was Carlista/Jaimista
  23. ^ ABC 01.02.55, available here, ABC 26.09.05, available here
  24. ^ the Díaz Aguado family lived in Madrid at calle de Santa Teresa 2, El Correo Español 16.04.10, available here
  25. ^ Pensamiento Alaves 29.04.42, available here or ABC 01.02.56, available here. Rafael Díaz-Aguado Fernández married Laura Saénz de Ugarte y Díez and died childless in 1988, ABC 11.10.88, available here
  26. ^ for Jaime Díaz-Aguado Fernández see e.g. ABC 17.08.76, available here
  27. ^ Carlos Díaz-Aguado Fernández (1917-1996) married María Eulalia Jalón, see ABC 05.05.48, available here; for obituary see also ABC 0.07.96, available here
  28. ^ ABC 04.05.50, available here
  29. ^ BOE 22.10.62, available here
  30. ^ BOE 12.12.80, available here
  31. ^ for brief bibliography of his works compare Dialnet. Unirioja service, available here
  32. ^ see her personal web page available here
  33. ^ see Jaime Díaz-aguado Ros, candidato al consejo y la comisión de Podemos, [in:] Plaza Podemos service, available here
  34. ^ El Siglo Futuro 22.09.88, available here
  35. ^ La Fidelidad Castellana 18.11.88, available here
  36. ^ La Atalaya 09.09.95, available here
  37. ^ El Imparcial 28.10.96, available here
  38. ^ see e.g. a poem dedicated to Diaz Aguado, La Atalaya 21.05.97, available here
  39. ^ El Nuevo Alcantino 26.01.97, available here. Diaz Aguado refused to accept the challenge and was later active in Anti-Duel League, El Correo Español 21.05.06, available here
  40. ^ La Atalaya 14.12.97, available here. Today getting to the bottom of this storm-in-a-teacup-style affair seems close to impossible. A Liberal José Garnica y Diaz recorded a string of 6 electoral victories in the district of Liebana between 1884 and 1899, interrupted only by a 1896 triumph of a Conservative, Santiago López y Díaz. Because of his earlier Carlist background and later Carlist militancy it seems unlikely that Diaz Aguado favored Garnica over López. However, there might have been other factors – e.g. personal – in play, or the letter might have been published due to poor editorial supervision
  41. ^ La Atalaya 26.04.98, available here
  42. ^ Las Provincias 29.05.06, available here
  43. ^ El Imparcial 21.03.98, available here
  44. ^ exact date is unclear, but since it was intended as a tribute to pope Leon XIII it must have taken place prior to 1903, Artagan 1912, p. 220
  45. ^ Artagan 1912, p. 221
  46. ^ Artagan 1912, p. 219, El Correo Español 20.03.05, available here
  47. ^ El Dia 17.12.04, available here
  48. ^ Artagan 1912, p. 220
  49. ^ "juventud reaccionaria, pero animosa, vibrante y con fe en un ideal, más digna de respeto que otras juventudes de alma muerta", quoted after Artagan 1912, p. 221
  50. ^ El Correo Español 20.03.05, available here
  51. ^ Luz Sanfeliu, Republicanas: Identidades de género en el blasquismo (1895-1910), Valencia 2005, ISBN 9788437062372, p. 193
  52. ^ El Correo Español 11.09.05, available here
  53. ^ for Bilbao in 1906 see El Correo Español 24.08.06, available here
  54. ^ for Galicia see El Correo Español 28.06.06, available here, for Andalusia see El Correo Español 14.02.14, available here
  55. ^ El Porvenir 27.02.07, available here
  56. ^ El Siglo Futuro 15.04.07, available here. Díez Aguado was at the time on good terms with Urquijo, who during his trips abroad used to buy Basque books for him, Bernhard Hurch, Maria Jose Kerejeta, Introducción, [in:] Hugo Schuchardt - Julio de Urquijo. Correspondencia (1906-1927), Donostia 1997, ISBN 848373009X, p. 11
  57. ^ see his official 1907 Cortes ticket, available here
  58. ^ see his official 1910 Cortes ticket, available here
  59. ^ see Las Provincias 09.03.14, available here
  60. ^ La Epoca 06.03.14, available here
  61. ^ for a sample of his addresses see El Correo Español 21.07.10, available here
  62. ^ Artagan 1912, p. 222
  63. ^ e.g. Cortes for 2 days debated on his motion which protested granting the Italian king a status of honorary colonel in the Spanish army. Díaz Aguado opposed the project due to perceived hostility of Italian state towards Vatican and considered it an insult to the Spanish nation, Fernando García Sanz, Historia de las relaciones entre España e Italia: imágenes, comercio y política exterior: 1890-1914, Madrid 1994, ISBN 9788400067380, p. 396
  64. ^ Regina Polo Martín, Centralización, descentralización y autonomía en la España constitucional. Su gestación y evolución conceptual entre 1808 y 1936, Madrid 2014, p. 237
  65. ^ e.g. in 1909 he championed petitions of provincial diputaciones in defense of their local rights, Idoia Estornés Zubizarreta, La construcción de una nacionalidad vasca, Donostia 1990, ISBN 9788487471049, p. 82
  66. ^ Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, La Santa Sede y II República, Madrid 2014, ISBN 9788415965206, p. 83
  67. ^ Ilustriación Financiera I/9 (1908), available here
  68. ^ Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845–1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis Complutense], Madrid 2012, p. 444
  69. ^ Gedeón 26.05.12, available here
  70. ^ Diario de Valencia 03.02.15, available here
  71. ^ see Fernández Escudero 2012 notes him only as elected to Junta Superior in 1912, Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista: historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8487863825 does not mention him at all
  72. ^ El Correo Español 03.12.16, available here
  73. ^ Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 28, Sevilla 1960, p. 194
  74. ^ La Vanguardia 10.11.20, available here
  75. ^ Ferrer 1960, p. 194
  76. ^ Revista Ilustrada de Banca, available here
  77. ^ Baleares 28.04.17, available here
  78. ^ La Opinión 11.08.26, available here
  79. ^ El Siglo Futuro 20.05.25, available here
  80. ^ El Cruzado Español 09.05.30, available here
  81. ^ El Cruzado Español 01.08.30, available here
  82. ^ El Cruzado Español 17.10.30, available here
  83. ^ El Cruzado Español 14.11.30, available here
  84. ^ El Cruzado Español 19.09.30, available here
  85. ^ Heraldo de Castellón 08.04.31, available here
  86. ^ Heraldo de Castellón 11.04.31, available here
  87. ^ Ahora 11.06.31, available here
  88. ^ Estornés Zubizarreta 1990, pp. 496-497
  89. ^ he gained some 11,000 votes compared to 40-50,000 votes gathered by victorious candidates, La Correspondencia de Valencia 01.06.31, available here
  90. ^ Estornés Zubizarreta 1990, p. 456
  91. ^ Alfonso Braojos Garrido, Tradicionalismo y antimasonería en la Sevilla de la II República. El semanario "El Observador" (1931-1933), [in:] José Antonio Ferrer Benimeli (ed.), Masonería, política y sociedad, vol. 1, Madrid 1989, ISBN 8440449402, p. 387
  92. ^ La Hormiga de Oro 12.05.32, available here
  93. ^ La Epoca 20.05.33, available here
  94. ^ Ferrer 1960, p. 194
  95. ^ El Siglo Futuro 21.11.33, available here
  96. ^ El Siglo Futuro 26.05.34, available here
  97. ^ El Siglo Futuro 06.09.35, available here
  98. ^ El Siglo Futuro 09.09.35, available here
  99. ^ El Siglo Futuro 01.06.35, available here
  100. ^ El Siglo Futuro 03.02.36, available here
  101. ^ El Siglo Futuro 30.01.36, available here
  102. ^ Pensamiento Alaves 30.03.40, available here
  103. ^ ABC 28.04.42, available here,
  104. ^ Pensamiento Alaves 30.03.40, available here
  105. ^ Pensamiento Alaves 27.04.39, available here. The information is not confirmed and the source is not entirely trustworthy, e.g. the newspaper distorted the name of his reported predecessor, Pascual Cebollada García, as "Cebolleda"
  106. ^ see e.g. frequent references to Luis Rodriguez Aguado and his "Organisación Rodriguez Aguado" in Javier Cervera Gil, Violencia política y acción clandestina: la retaguardia de Madrid en Guerra (1936-1939) [PhD thesis Complutense], Madrid 2002
  107. ^ ABC 19.08.39, available here.html also ABC 19.11.39, availaleble here
  108. ^ ABC 10.05.42, available here
  109. ^ Manuel de Santa Cruz, Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 2, Madrid 1940, p. 26
  110. ^ Díaz Aguado considered the Borbón-Parmas the Frenchmen, Manuel de Santa Cruz, Apuntes y documentos para la historia del tradicionalismo español, vol. 4, Madrid 1942, p. 190
  111. ^ ABC 29.04.42, available here

Further reading

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  • B. de Artagan [Reynaldo Brea], Políticos del carlismo, Barcelona 1912
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