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Domingo Tejera de Quesada

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In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Tejera and the second or maternal family name is de Quesada.
Domingo Tejera de Quesada
Born
Domingo Tejera de Quesada

1881 (1881)
Las Palmas, Spain
Died1944 (aged 62–63)
Seville, Spain
NationalitySpanish
Occupationjournalist
Known forpublisher
Political partyCarlism

Domingo Tejera de Quesada (1881–1944) was a Spanish publisher. In 1911 to 1913 he managed a Madrid illustrated review Nuevo Mundo, in 1922 to1939 a Seville-based daily La Unión, and during short spells also other minor periodicals. During his career he contributed to numerous other newspapers, and gained recognition as the 1914 to 1917 war correspondent of ABC. Politically he initially sided with the Maurista faction of the Conservatives, but later he adopted a Traditionalist posture and became one of the most vehement Carlist propagandists. His political climax fell on the period of 1933 to 1936, when he served within the Carlist minority in the Cortes.

Family and youth

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father

The Tejeras originated from Northern Spain.[1] One branch settled in the Canary Islands, though distant ancestors of Domingo are unknown. His grandfather Santiago Tejera married Dominica Ossavarry, granddaughter to a painter José Ossavarry;[2] he perished mid-aged during the cholera epidemics in the 1850s.[3] Social standing of the widow was modest[4] and their oldest son, Santiago Tejera Ossavarry (1852[5]-1936),[6] was initially educated in a seminary. Aged 17 he opted for military career and became “músico militár”. He served on the peninsula but eventually returned to his native island[7] and until retirement in 1914[8] he directed a local military band. Tejera Ossavarry was well known in Las Palmas, first because every Thursday his band entertained the city dwellers, and then because as retiree he worked as an organist by the cathedral. Apart from briefly editing a humoristic bulletin he composed music;[9] some of his zarzuelas are played until today.[10] In advanced years he was reduced to poverty; the ayuntamiento purchased rights to his works and kept paying him extra pension.[11]

Tejera Ossavarry married María Quesada Déniz[12] (died 1920),[13] daughter to a local Canarian family.[14] The family had at least 3 children, all of them boys. The oldest one, Santiago Tejera Quesada, gained some recognition locally as a painter but he died prematurely mid-aged in 1916;[15] the youngest brother perished in 1931.[16] Domingo was raised in atmosphere marked by cultural heritage of the Ossavarries, literary and musical endeavors of his father, publishing business of the Quesada family[17] and early painting achievements of his older brother. It is known that from his childhood he tried his hands in letters,[18] yet his exact early education is not clear. At some point he moved to Madrid and entered Facultad de Derecho at Universidad Central;[19] he was last recorded as a student in 1906,[20] though it is not confirmed that he graduated. At the time he already commenced co-operation with numerous periodicals and entered the editorial board of a popular Madrid review Nuevo Mundo;[21] as its correspondent he already travelled to Cuba.[22]

Tejera's wedding, 1910

In 1910[23] Tejera married a girl from Madrid, Emilia García Nogales, the niece of a writer José Nogales.[24] The marriage barely endured a year. His wife developed grave health problems and in 1911 she died;[25] the couple had no issue. In 1917 Tejera remarried with Teresa Arroyo Mateo;[26] nothing closer is known about her or her family. The couple had many children,[27] born between the late 1910s and the early 1930s.[28] None of them became a public figure. At least 4 of them entered religious orders;[29] Manuel Tejera Arroyo was Rector del Colegio Máximo de la Compañía de Jesús in Seville.[30] Santiago Tejera Arroyo sided with Carlists; he served under colonel Redondo as requeté during the war,[31] was moderately active in the post-war years and declared Don Juan the legitimate heir to the throne in the late 1950s.[32] He was best known, however, as manager of the Seville-based football club Real Betis.[33]

Early career (1907-1918)

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Nuevo Mundo front page

In his mid-20s Tejera entered the circle of José Perojo, a conservative politician elected to the parliament from the Canaries; one scholar describes him as “lugarteniente de Perojo”.[34] Perojo was co-owner of Nuevo Mundo, a modern Madrid-based magazine; in 1906 Tejera, known merely for few poems[35] and single contributions to local dailies,[36] started to publish in a weekly add-on Por Esos Mundos,[37] and the same year he entered the editorial board of Nuevo Mundo.[38] Since 1907 he started to publish his own pieces,[39] and in 1909 he again travelled as its correspondent to Cuba.[40] Following death of Perojo the magazine underwent changes in ownership; though related to the previous owner, Tejera declared himself happy also under the new one.[41] In 1911 he was nominated the new editor-in-chief of Nuevo Mundo;[42] initially his appointment was something of a stopgap measure,[43] but it turned out to be more than provisional. Tejera managed the review for some 2 years; in 1913 and in circumstances which remain unclear, he resigned.[44]

Following outbreak of World War I Tejera started to co-operate with a Madrid daily ABC; between 1914 and 1917 he published 82 articles which traced wartime developments.[45] He published under the pen-name of “R. Schneider” and his correspondence demonstrated a hardly veiled pro-German and pro-Austrian bias; apart from ongoing analysis which usually underlined arguments in favor of the Central Powers,[46] he claimed that outbreak of the war was triggered by Russia, which sought domination in the Balkans.[47] One of his opponents – probably aware of identity of the author – noted that “R. Schneider piensa y discute como un auténtico aleman”.[48] He contributed war correspondence also to other periodicals; in 1915 Tejera published in Ilustración Española y Americana,[49] and after 1917 especially in La Acción,[50] where he wrote many first-page editorials.[51] At times Tejera published also in El Bien Público, La Gaceta de Tenerife, La Independencia, La Cruz and other newspapers.

Tejera (1fL) among members of Juventud Conservadora, 1910s

In the entourage of Perojo Tejera approached the right-wing faction of the conservative party, headed by Antonio Maura. In the early 1910s he stepped up engagement in political structures, both in the Canary Islands[52] and in Madrid, e.g. giving lectures in local circles of Juventud Conservadora.[53] He gained some recognition as vehement participant in debate over would-be division of the Canary Islands into two provinces; in numerous publications he opposed the plan and hailed Gran Canaria over Tenerife.[54] In 1914-1915 he emerged as one of the leaders of the Madrid maurista youth[55] and even in 1917 he animated Juventud Maurista.[56] In 1918 he was building a maurista party in the islands;[57] nationwide he was to head Sección de Prensa of Acción Maurista.[58] Prior to the 1918 elections he was marked as a Canarian candidate to the Cortes supported by the alliance of leonistas[59] and mauristas; eventually the negotiations broke down,[60] he stood as independent and lost miserably.[61] He supported a maurista candidate during the following campaign, but despite his efforts the Maura following in the Canarias was in decay.[62]

Experienced journalist (1918-1931)

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Tejera (centre) in Centro Maurista, late Restoration period

In 1918 Tejera became the director of a Madrid daily El Día.[63] According to one source he ceased in mid-1919,[64] but another source indicates that in 1922 he was subject to a lawsuit, resulting from El Día’s abusive publication on judicial system.[65] In 1919 Tejera commenced co-operation with El Debate, a Madrid daily set up as a modern Catholic newspaper tailored in line with the ACNP strategy. During the 1919-1920 period he edited a column which followed parliamentary developments.[66] In 1920 he moved from Madrid to Seville to assumed management of similarly formatted provincial newspaper, El Correo de Andalucia,[67] the daily partially controlled by the local archbishop.[68] Formally Tejera headed the paper until 1923.[69] He was also involved in an obscure cinema venture; in 1921 movie theatres advertised a 5-part series titled Las arañas negras, allegedly based on a novel by “R. Schneider”;[70] no details are known.[71]

In 1922 Tejera assumed management of another Seville daily, La Unión.[72] The newspaper was controlled by entrepreneurs grouped around the local Unión Comercial and remained only moderately successful.[73] Tejera embarked on a modernization program[74] and in the mid-1920s he participated in the group's propagandistic endeavors.[75] It is not known what was La Unión’s position towards the Primo de Rivera coup. However, Tejera's relations with the military were sour; in 1926 Consejo de Guerra claimed that he insulted the military when discussing the Morocco campaign and filed a lawsuit.[76] In the mid-1920s also the corporative press association in Seville felt offended by Tejera's intransigent publications; he was eventually relegated from Asociación de la Prensa de Seville.[77] In spite of it, in 1927 he attended a Madrid-based Congreso de la Prensa and delivered a lecture.[78] Approaching 50 he started to suffer from health problems[79] yet it seems they did not affect his professional performance. He still felt a Canarian and kept promoting the islands on various fields.[80]

Los Parásitos del Trono

In 1930 Tejera published a 360-page book, titled Los parásitos del trono;[81] it traced developments of Spanish politics between 1907 and 1923.[82] The volume formed part of a public debate, launched during dictablanda and aimed at discussing the shape of political regime after the fall of Primo. Los parasitos contained an onslaught against the party system. Tejera charged almost all politicians of late Restoration of ruining national politics with partisan squabbles[83] and claimed that the constitution of 1876, which allowed this, was no longer operational.[84] The book was a firm monarchist pronouncement; Tejera lamented that due to constitutional limitations Alfonso XIII was unable to prevent political deterioration and called to build the future system on strong executive, possibly based on broadened royal prerogatives.[85] The volume was widely discussed in the press.[86] In October 1930, when the king visited Seville, Tejera welcomed him on behalf of local business,[87] though one scholar claims that the encounter was not related to national politics and Tejera merely advanced specific economic interests of some Andalusian entrepreneurs.[88]

Anti-Republican crusader (1931-1936)

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La Unión

Declaration of the Republic produced rapid radicalization of La Unión. The daily assumed a militant stand aimed against champions of republican legislation; they were charged with pursuit of masonic and secular interests against the Spanish national tradition. In late 1931 Tejera was assaulted on the street by a relative of Diego Martínez Barrio, who as leader of the freemasonry was particular target of La Unión’s ire.[89] During the 24-hour takeover of Seville by Sanjurjo, La Unión’s editorial read that “Spain has need of all her sons and issues this day a call to provide the nation with healthier institutions”.[90] This stand cost the daily suspension.[91] In the atmosphere of massive political mobilization La Unión gained popularity, with the print run of some 5,000 copies.[92] In late 1932 the company launched a Cádiz daily La Información and took control of Diario de Jeréz;[93] Tejera for some time ceased at La Unión to assume managerial role in La Información;[94] all 3 papers co-operated closely.[95]

Some scholars maintain that in the early 1930s Tejera approached the accidentalist Acción Nacional.[96] Others claim that he turned towards Integrism.[97] Last but not least, starting mid-1933 in the press he was referred against the background of “tradicionalistas sevillanos”.[98] During the electoral campaign of late 1933 Tejera was fielded as a candidate on the Seville right-wing coalition list.[99] Initially he appeared as an independent,[100] later on he was presented in the press as a traditionalist, though still an independent one.[101] The campaign proved extremely conflictive; Tejera's car was once pelted with stones, and at another opportunity he was detained on charge of illicit possession of firearms.[102] Eventually Tejera was comfortably elected; though courted by the AP, he wired the Carlist leader Rodezno a message of adhesion: “quiero sentarme junto a Vd. debajo del reloj a esperar la hora que no debe de tardar”.[103]

Carlist standard

Starting late 1933 Tejera was clearly associated with the Carlists.[104] His interventions in the parliament were sporadic;[105] he focused rather on propaganda. La Unión embarked on particularly belligerent course; it emerged as the most-repressed daily in Spain. Tejera was subject to 63 lawsuits, the premises were many times assaulted[106] and until mid-1934 combined fines totaled 20,000 ptas;[107] the press kept publishing information on new administrative measures.[108] La Unión was getting increasingly explicit.[109] Tejera took part in Carlist rallies in Andalusia and in the Canaries;[110] in 1934 he was nominated the party jefé in the islands.[111] The same year he entered Consejo de Cultura, a body designed as guardian of Carlist ideological purity.[112] In his role of a pundit he published few pieces in the Carlist intellectual monthly Tradición;[113] he also launched a new party periodical in Las Palmas and became its director[114] Dubbed by scholars “Carlists’ chief masonophobe”[115] he also kept warning against Jewish influence; gradually his rantings “took on a more disturbingly contemporary tinge”.[116] However, he demonstrated also some unorthodox features, like a grade of sympathy towards the anarchists[117] and moderation when it came to lambasting Azaña.[118]

Enthusiast and dissident (1936-1944)

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Tejera (2fL) at a requeté funeral

Tejera was engaged in Carlist anti-Republican conspiracy of 1936. The party executive was divided into those who opted for a Carlist-only rising and those who remained skeptical, leaning rather towards joining a coup organized by the military; Tejera counted among the latter.[119] After Seville had been seized by the rebels at unspecified time - though prior to mid-September[120] - he ceded management of La Unión and as a 55-year-old he joined the party militia requeté;[121] he was assigned to the Andalusian battalion named Tercio Virgen de los Reyes.[122] In October he was lightly wounded during fighting in the Córdoba province[123] and returned for treatment to Seville,[124] already in the requeté rank of a capitán.[125] His whereabouts during the winter are not clear; in December 1936 he claimed he intended to return into line.[126]

In early months of 1937 Tejera took part in internal party debates related to threat of forthcoming amalgamation into a state party. Concerned about the military pressure,[127] he opposed any negotiations about would-be merger with Falange unless future Spain were clearly declared a traditionalist monarchy; he found himself in minority.[128] Following forced unification Tejera did not participate in buildup of FET and was noted as taking part in Carlist-only events, like funerals of fallen requeté.[129] La Unión, formally owned by a private company, was not absorbed into the unificated Falangist propaganda machinery, yet it faced increased administrative pressure;[130] the 1938-adopted Ley de Prensa was intended to drive independent periodicals out of the market.[131] Tejera was increasingly viewed by military authorities as an intransigent and dissentious skeptic; to save La Unión he resigned and formally ceded its management to a fellow Carlist Melchor Ferrer. The plan did not work. In 1939 Tejera was subject to official investigation about spreading “noticias alarmantes”,[132] and La Unión was forced to close on December 31, 1939.[133]

As a dissenting Carlist who refused to engage in buildup of the national-syndicalist regime, since 1940 Tejera was subject to various administrative repressive measures;[134] they climaxed in a 3-month-long arrest of 1941,[135] possibly for confronting the Falangist tycoon, Pedro Gamero del Castilo.[136] Unable to publish in the press, in the early 1940s Tejera formed a historiographic team with Ferrer and another Seville-based Carlist author, José F. Acedo Castilla; they embarked on the task of producing sort of an official, detailed, party-endorsed history of Carlism. The project was envisioned on massive scale and materialised as a multi-volume series titled Historia del tradicionalismo español; until Tejera's death there were 6 volumes published.[137] Exact role of all 3 co-authors is not clear. Tejera was the oldest and the most experienced of them yet usually it is Ferrer considered the key contributor, while Tejera and Acedo are occasionally dubbed as his mere “collaborators”; also, all editions listed Ferrer first, Tejera second and Acedo third.[138] Tejera died due to bronchopneumonia,[139] but further 5 volumes published after his death until 1948 were attributed to all three authors.[140]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ La Tejera entry, [in:] Heraldry Institute service, available here#
  2. ^ José Ossavarty Acosta, [in:] Real Academia Canaria de Bellas Artes service, available here
  3. ^ Guillermo Guerra (ed.), La Hija del Mestre [theatrical program issued by Teatro Pérez Galdo], Las Palmas de Gran Canaria 2018, p. 9
  4. ^ Guerra 2018, p. 9. Some sources claim that Tejera Ossavarry was born into poverty, Gaviño de Franchy, Apuntes para una biografía del pintor Santiago Tejera de Quesada, [in:] Gaviño de Franchy blog, 02.06.14, available at [...http://lopedeclavijo...] Archived 2017-10-23 at the Wayback Machine blogspot service, site blocked by WP
  5. ^ some sources claim he was born in 1864, Gaviño de Franchy 2014
  6. ^ El Defensor de Córdoba 10.12.36, available here
  7. ^ Guerra 2018, p. 9
  8. ^ Guerra 2018, pp. 9-10
  9. ^ “su corpus compositivo ... es, posiblemente, el más amplio y variado de su generación”, La Hija del Mestre 2018, p. 17
  10. ^ the two best known are Folias tristes and La Hija del Mestre; compare La Hija del Mestre 2018, or La Prensa 11.12.36, available here. The first film produced in the Canary Islands was the movie adaptation of La Hija del Mestre (1928), for entire production see here
  11. ^ Guerra 2018, p. 17
  12. ^ surnames referred after Gaviño de Franchy 2014, reportedly quoted after the original birth certificate of Santiago Tejera Quesada. Some sources prefer the “Denis” spelling, compare El Debate 20.11.20, available here
  13. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 19.11.20, available here
  14. ^ she was daughter to Francisco Quezada López and María del Pino Déniz y Grech, Gaviño de Franchy 2014
  15. ^ Gaviño de Franchy 2014
  16. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 24.04.31, available here
  17. ^ Juan de Quesada y Déniz, [in:] Oocities service, available here. Miguel Quesada Déniz was an architect, José de Quesada y Déniz ran a cigar factory in Seville
  18. ^ Tradición 01.02.35, available here
  19. ^ La Opinión 17.10.05, available here
  20. ^ La Opinión 28.06.06, available here
  21. ^ La Opinión 28.06.06, available here
  22. ^ El Cantábrico 28.06.06, available here
  23. ^ La Epoca 16.06.10, available here
  24. ^ La Opinión 02.07.10, available here
  25. ^ La Correspondencia de España 18.08.11, available here
  26. ^ El Correo de Cádiz 19.07.17, available here
  27. ^ the couple was “numerosa en hijos”, Nicolás Salas, Recuerdo de Domingo Tejera de Quesada, periodista, [in:] El Correo de Andalucia 09.12.16, available here
  28. ^ El Guadalete 17.06.31, available here
  29. ^ Fallece una hermana de los jesuitas José y Manuel Tejera Arroyo, [in:] Info SJ service 16.11.15, available here
  30. ^ Homenajes, [in:] Real Academia Sevillana de Ciencias service, available here
  31. ^ El Defensor de Córdoba 30.01.37, available here
  32. ^ César Alcalá, D. Mauricio de Sivatte. Una biografía política (1901-1980), Barcelona 2001, ISBN 8493109797, p. 140
  33. ^ Alfonso del Castillo, Entrevista Santiago Tejera Arroyo 1969, [in:] Historia Real Betis service, available here
  34. ^ Agustín Millares Cantero, La desintegración del leonismo en Gran Canaria (1918-1921), [in:] Francisco Morales Padrón (ed.), XI Coloquio de Historia Canario-Americana, Las Palmas 1996, ISBN 8481031399, p. 478
  35. ^ Por Esos Mundos 1906, available here
  36. ^ La Tarde 25.08.06, available here
  37. ^ Gran Vida January 1911, available
  38. ^ La Opinión 28.06.06, available here
  39. ^ Nuevo Mundo 1906 [index], available here
  40. ^ La Opinión 11.02.09, available here
  41. ^ La Correspondencia de España 25.10.11, available here
  42. ^ La Correspondencia de España 05.11.11., available here
  43. ^ La Prensa 14.11.11, available here
  44. ^ La Prensa 11.03.13, available here
  45. ^ compare digital archive of ABC, available here
  46. ^ e.g. Tejera denounced pan-slavism is in fact pan-russism, ABC 09.02.14, available here
  47. ^ ABC 03.09.15, available here
  48. ^ ABC 21.05.06, available here
  49. ^ La Lealtad 25.05.15, available here
  50. ^ La Prensa 24.07.17, available here
  51. ^ La Acción 12.03.18, available here, or La Acción 17.09.18, available here, or La Acción 09.01.17, available here
  52. ^ El Progreso 15.12.09, available here
  53. ^ La Correspondencia de España 30.01.10, available here
  54. ^ see e.g. El Progreso 15.12.09, available here, also La Prensa 07.07.11, available here; Tejera was criticised by his opponents as the one who “ha llevado sus odios á Tenerife hasta el ridículo extremo”, El Progreso 23.05.11, available here
  55. ^ El Diario 20.07.20, available here also La Lealtad 01.06.15, available here
  56. ^ Ciudadania 06.05.17, available here
  57. ^ La Prensa 05.03.18, available here; he allegedly managed to form “núcleo de partido”, Millares Cantero 1996, p. 483
  58. ^ El Debate 08.11.18, available here
  59. ^ “leonistas” was the name applied to clientele of the local Canarian cacique, Fernando León y Castillo, and his grip on politics in the islands was dubbed “leonismo”, see Millares Cantero 1996
  60. ^ Millares Cantero 1996, p. 478
  61. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 06.03.18, available here
  62. ^ Millares Cantero 1996, p. 495
  63. ^ El Progreso 13.12.18, available here
  64. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 22.07.19, available here
  65. ^ Heraldo de Madrid 29.01.24, available here
  66. ^ Salas 2016
  67. ^ Tejera was employed by Jose Roca y Ponsa, at the time the retired canon by the Seville cathedral, who reportedly inspired him towards zealos Catholic if not Traditionalist position already in the 1880s, ABC 11.06.94, available here
  68. ^ Leandro Alvarez Rey, La derecha en la II República: Sevilla, 1931-1936, Sevilla 1993, ISBN 9788447201525, p. 94
  69. ^ Salas 2016
  70. ^ Correspondencia de España 14.05.21, available here
  71. ^ none of the works consulted provided any information on the film, which appears to be second-rate production. In one study the film is counted among German expressionist films displayed in Spain, but unlike all other films referred, neither the supposed original German title nor the director is referred, compare Joaquín T. Canovas Belchi, El cine alemán an la prensa española (1920-1931). Expresionismo e historicismo, [in:] Anales de la Universidad de Murcia 41 (1982), p. 163
  72. ^ Cristina Barreiro Gordillo, El carlismo y su red de prensa en la Segunda República, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788497390378, p. 323
  73. ^ Alvarez Rey 1993, p. 94
  74. ^ Barreiro Gordillo 2011, p. 323
  75. ^ El Guadalete 25.04.25, available here
  76. ^ the injunction has been eventually lifted, Diario de Córdoba 12.03.26, available here
  77. ^ Diario de Valencia 09.08.25, available here
  78. ^ El Noticiero Gaditano 05.07.25, available here
  79. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 16.07.29, available here
  80. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 01.11.29, available here
  81. ^ full title Los parásitos del trono. Génesis de la dictadura; the pamphlet was published by La Unión. The last version identified was marked as "sexto millar", which suggests that there were at least 6,000 copies printed
  82. ^ Salas 2016
  83. ^ La Independencia 29.10.30, available here
  84. ^ La Nación 08.08.30, available here
  85. ^ Africa November 1930, available here
  86. ^ see e.g. Miróbriga 24.08.30, available here, El Mediterraneo 11.12.30, available here, La Nación 08.08.30, available here
  87. ^ La Opinión 31.10.30, available here
  88. ^ Semana 27/29 (1967), p. 173
  89. ^ the encounter produced sort of duel, fought with sticks and canes - El Telegrama del Rif 11.10.31, available here
  90. ^ Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 9780521207294, pp. 326-327
  91. ^ Antonio M. Moral Roncal, La cuestión religiosa en la Segunda República Española: Iglesia y carlismo, Madrid 2009, ISBN 9788497429054, p. 147
  92. ^ Eduardo González Calleja, La prensa carlista y falangista durante la Segunda República y la Guerra Civil (1931-1937), [in:] El Argonauta Espanol 9 (2012), p. 4
  93. ^ González Calleja 2012, p. 4
  94. ^ El Defensor de Córdoba 17.10.32, available here. In June 1933 Tejera took over also directorship of Diario de Jeréz, but ceded it soon, El Siglo Futuro 22.04.35, available here
  95. ^ Salas 2016
  96. ^ Moral Roncal 2009, p. 147
  97. ^ Alvarez Rey 1993, p. 94, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 52, Jordi Canal, El carlismo, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, p. 302. None of the authors listed provided evidence of alleged Tejera’s Integrist stand. The key Integrist press mouthpiece, El Siglo Futuro, has barely referred either Tejera or La Unión
  98. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 20.08.33, available here. Tejera himself admitted that as a child, he was captured by sermons delivered by the then canon by the Las Palmas cathedral, José Roca y Ponsa, the zealous Traditionalist, see Tradición 01.02.35, available here. However, there is no evidence that this juvenile experience translated into Tejera’s Traditionalist leaning. There was no trace of it until 1933, and in his 1930 pamphlet Tejera delivered a ballyhoo of Alfonso XIII. One author claims that Tejera "ingreso en el carlismo en 1931", Melchor Ferrer, Historia de tradicionalismo espanol, vol. XXX, Sevilla 1979, p. 79
  99. ^ Las Provincias 28.10.33, available here
  100. ^ El Siglo Futuro 12.10.33, available here
  101. ^ Alvarez Rey 1993, p. 322, also El Siglo Futuro 16.10.33, available here
  102. ^ the charge was later dropped as unsubstantiated, Ahora 21.11.33, available here
  103. ^ El Guadalete 01.12.33, available here. In 1934 Acción Popular initially asked Tejera to reconsider his parliamentary affiliation and move to the CEDA group, La Cruz 14.02.34, available here. He was eventually excluded from AP, Ahora 14.02.34, available here. Tejera keep sniffing at Gil, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 187
  104. ^ at one point in the 1930s La Unión undergone ownership changes; entrepreneurs related to Unión Comercial sold it to Editorial Hispalense S.A., an Andalusian publishing house set up by the Carlists in 1933. Tejera was nominated president of its Consejo de Administración, Juan Antonio García Galindo, Juan Francisco Gutiérrez Lozano, Juan Fco Gutiérrez Lozano, Inmaculada Sánchez Alarcón, La comunicación social durante el franquismo, Malaga 2002 ISBN 9788477854982, p. 111
  105. ^ El Siglo Futuro 14.12.34, available here
  106. ^ Salas 2016. See also his Mis sesenta y tres procesos durante la República, a manuscript, referred after Nicolás Salas, Seville fue la clave, Sevilla 1992, ISBN 9788480580007, p. 19
  107. ^ Tradición 15.04.34, available here
  108. ^ El Noticiero Gaditano 01.02.33, available here, also El Noticiero Gaditano 14.11.33, available here, El Siglo Futuro 31.01.36, available here. In 1935, when an editor of El Pensamiento Alaves was to be trialed for publishing an anynomous anti-lerroux article, Tejera came out to say it was him the author, El Adelanto 16.11.35, available here
  109. ^ at one point La Unión claimed that rebellion against the republic “illegal in origin and practice” would always be licit, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 217, and at another it published a headline “¿República? ¡Anarquía!”, Diario de Córdoba de Comercio 28.01.34, available here
  110. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 30.08.34, available here
  111. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 06.10.34, available here
  112. ^ Tradición 01.07.34, available here
  113. ^ Tradición 01.07.35, available here
  114. ^ named España, La Gaceta de Tenerife 23.03.34, available here. There is no further trace of its existence
  115. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 180
  116. ^ Blinkhorn 2008, p. 181
  117. ^ in 1933 Tejera demonstrated some warm feelings towards anarchists and claimed that “if the Syndicalists only believed in God, they would be Traditionalists for life”, quoted after Blinkhorn 2008, p. 174
  118. ^ Tejera was the only Carlist who was not “howling for Azaña’s blood” and warned that campaign against him might make him a hero, Blinkhorn 2008, p. 194
  119. ^ Mercedes Peñalba Sotorrío, Entre la boina roja y la camisa azul, Estella 2013, ISBN 9788423533657, p. 18
  120. ^ La Unión 20.09.36, available here
  121. ^ La Gaceta de Tenerife 24.09.36, available here
  122. ^ El Defensor de Córdoba 24.10.36, available here
  123. ^ Julio Aróstegui, Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939, Madrid 2013, ISBN 9788499709758, p. 715
  124. ^ Salas 2016
  125. ^ El Defensor de Córdoba 28.10.36, available here
  126. ^ La Unión 26.12.36, available here
  127. ^ e.g. he complained that his successor as the Carlist jefé for Canarias, Antonio Gonález Chaves, was detained by authorities in November 1936, Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009, p. 157
  128. ^ Peñalba Sotorrío 2013, pp. 42, 127
  129. ^ Diario de Córdoba 22.07.37, available here
  130. ^ already in December 1936 La Unión was obliged to include on every front-page a sub-title “Una Patria. Un Estado. Un Caudillo”, the first issue with this heading appeared on December 18, 1936, La Unión 18.12.36, available here. Since late 1936 La Unión started to suffer from censorship interventions, compare e.g. La Unión 22.12.36, available here
  131. ^ in August 1938 the new Ley de Prensa specified very strict requirements to be met by every daily; they included an inflated staff, composed of e.g. a director, redactor jefe, redactor político, head of foreign policy section, head of daily chronicle section, head of sport section and so on; José Andrés-Gallego, ¿Fascismo o Estado católico?: Ideología, religión y censura en la España de Franco (1937-1941), Madrid 1997,ISBN 9788474904178, pp. 140, 143
  132. ^ namely that Severino Martínez Anido, chief of security who died somewhat earlier, was victim to assault, Francisco Espinosa Maestre, La justicia de Queipo: violencia selectiva y terror fascista en la II División en 1936: Sevilla, Huelva, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga y Badajoz, Sevilla 2000, ISBN 9788495197184, p. 18
  133. ^ Barreiro Gordillo 2003, p. 320
  134. ^ Salas 2016
  135. ^ Pablo Larraz Andía, Víctor Sierra-Sesúmaga Ariznabarreta, Requetés: de las trincheras al olvido, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788499700465, p. 518
  136. ^ Salas 2016
  137. ^ I (1941): El pensamiento español desde los tiempos de San Isidro hasta la sublevación masónica de 1820; II (1941): El precarlismo. Desde el pronuciamiento de Riego hasta la muerte de Fernando VII; III (1942): Desde la muerte de Fernando VII hasta la promoción de Zumalacarregui al mando supremo del Ejército carlista del Norte; IV (1943): Zumalacarregui: su primera campaña. Desde la promoción de Zumalacarregui al mando en Jefe del Ejército del Norte, hasta la llegada de Carlos V a Navarra; V (1943): Segunda campaña de Zumalacarregui. Desde la entrada de Carlos V en Navarra hasta final de 1834; VI (1943): Ultima campaña de Zumalacarregui. De enero de 1835 al sitio de Bilbao
  138. ^ in many brief references the whole series is attributed to Ferrer only, see. e.g. Mark Lawrence, Spain's First Carlist War, 1833–40, London 2014, ISBN 9781137401755, p. 17. Some highligt Ferrer and refer to Tejera and Acedo as "his collaborators", see e.g. A. J. P. Taylor, Oxford History of Modern Europe: The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1845–1918, London 1966, p. 702
  139. ^ Hoja Oficial de Lunes 12.06.44, available here
  140. ^ VII (1945): Muerte de Zumalacarregui y primer sitio de Bilbao. La guerra civil durante el primer semestre de 1835; VIII (1946): González Moreno en el Norte. Desde el levantamiento del primer sitio de Bilbao a fin de Diciembre de 1835; IX (1947): Ramon Cabrera, Expedición de Guergué a Cataluña. Desde Julio de 1836 a la terminación de dicho año; X (1948): Erro, ministro universal de Carlos V. Mando del general Eguia en el Norte (Enero – Junio de 1836); XI (1948): Las provincias españolas hasta la expedición de Gomez (1836)

Further reading

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  • Leandro Alvarez Rey, El Carlismo en Andalucía durante la II República (1931-1936), [in:] Actas de congreso sobre la República, la Guerra Civil y el Franquismo en Andalucía, Malaga 1989
  • Leandro Alvarez Rey, La derecha en la II República: Sevilla, 1931-1936, Sevilla 1993, ISBN 9788447201525
  • Cristina Barreiro Gordillo, El carlismo y su red de prensa en la Segunda República, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788497390378
  • Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 9780521207294
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