Shades of magenta

Magenta (subtractive primary)
Magenta (subtractive primary)
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FF0090
sRGBB (r, g, b)	(255, 0, 144)
HSV (h, s, v)	(326°, 100%, 100%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)	(55, 137, 350°)
Source	[1] CMYK
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purplish red
	B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte);

Magenta dye
Magenta dye
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#CA1F7B
sRGBB (r, g, b)	(202, 31, 123)
HSV (h, s, v)	(328°, 85%, 79%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)	(46, 100, 347°)
Source	Handprint.com
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purplish red
	B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte);

Magenta
Magenta
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FF00FF
sRGBB (r, g, b)	(255, 0, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 100%, 100%)
CIELChuv (L, C, h)	(60, 137, 308°)
Source	X11
	B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte);

The color magenta has notable tints and shades. These various colors are shown below.

Definition of magenta

Magenta is a color made up of equal parts of red and blue light. This would be the precise definition of the color as defined for computer display (the color #FF00FF shown in the color swatch above). It is a pure chroma on the RGB color wheel (File:RGB magentas . In HSV color space, magenta has a hue of 300°.

In a color proximity sense, a primary color has a color range of 120° (60° on each side of the color's hue) and any color has to be within that range to be considered a variation of that color. Secondary colors have a color range of 60° (30°), tertiary colors have a color range of 30° (15°), quaternary colors have a color range of 15° (7.5°), quinary colors have a color range of 7.5° (3.75°), and so on. Because magenta is located at a hue angle of 300°, it has a tertiary color range of 285° and 315°, and any color out of this range is more related to violet or rose than magenta.

Magenta is not a spectral but an extraspectral color: it cannot be generated by light of a single wavelength. Humans, being trichromats, can only see as far as 380 nanometers into the spectrum, i.e., as far as violet.

The hue magenta is the complement of green: magenta pigments absorb green light, thus magenta and green are opposite colors. This makes magenta an "extra-spectral color".

Three major historical variations of magenta

Magenta dye (original variation) (1860)

Before printer's magenta was invented in the 1890s for CMYK printing, and electric magenta was invented in the 1980s for computer displays, these two artificially engineered colors were preceded by the color displayed at right, which is the color originally called magenta made from coal tar dyes in the year 1859.^[1] Besides being called original magenta, magenta dye color is also called rich magenta to distinguish it from the colors printer's magenta and electric magenta, shown below.

Magenta was one of the first aniline dyes, discovered shortly after the Battle of Magenta (1859), which occurred near the town of Magenta in northern Italy. The color was originally called fuchsine or roseine, but for marketing purposes in 1860 the color name was changed to magenta after the battle. Hence, the color is named indirectly after the town.

Process magenta (pigment magenta) (printer's magenta) (1890s)

Cyan, magenta and black and yellow are the three subtractive primary colors used in printing.

In color printing, the color called process magenta or pigment magenta is one of the three primary pigment colors which, along with yellow and cyan, constitute the three subtractive primary colors of pigment. (The secondary colors of pigment are blue, green, and red.) As such, the CMYK printing process was invented in the 1890s, when newspapers began to publish color comic strips.

Process magenta is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure magenta ink. A typical formulation of process magenta is shown in the color box at right. The source of the color shown at right is the color magenta that is shown in the diagram located at the bottom of the following website offering tintbooks for CMYK printing: [2].

Web colors magenta and fuchsia (1990s)

Magenta (additive secondary)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FF00FF
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(255, 0, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 100%, 100%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(60, 137, 308°)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Magenta, shown at the right, is one of the three secondary colors in the RGB color model, used to make all the colors on computer and television displays. It is made by a mixture of red and blue light at equal intensity. It is called magenta on X11 list of color names, and fuchsia on the HTML color list. The web colors magenta and fuchsia are exactly the same color. Sometimes the web color magenta is called electric magenta or electronic magenta.

Additional variations of magenta

Magenta (Pantone)

Magenta (Pantone)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#D0417E
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(208, 65, 126)
HSV (h, s, v)	(334°, 69%, 82%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(50, 91, 351°)
Source	Pantone TPX^[2]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color magenta (Pantone), i.e., the color that is called magenta in the Pantone color system.

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #17-2036 TPX—Magenta.^[3]

Magenta (Crayola)

Magenta (Crayola)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#F653A6
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(246, 83, 166)
HSV (h, s, v)	(329°, 66%, 96%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(60, 102, 344°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

At right is displayed a Crayola color formulated in 1949; it was originally called brilliant rose but the name was changed in 1958 to magenta.

This color has a hue angle of 329, which is close to the hue angle of the color rose, which is 330.

Dark magenta

Dark Magenta

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#8B008B
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(139, 0, 139)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 100%, 55%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(33, 74, 308°)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the web color dark magenta.

Hot magenta

Hot Magenta

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FF1DCE
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(255, 29, 206)
HSV (h, s, v)	(313°, 89%, 100%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(59, 124, 326°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color hot magenta.

This color was formulated by Crayola in 1990, recycling the name from the color now known as "razzle dazzle rose".

Magenta haze

Magenta Haze

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#9F4576
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(159, 69, 118)
HSV (h, s, v)	(327°, 57%, 62%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(43, 56, 339°)
Source	Pantone TPX^[4]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Moderate purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color magenta haze.

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #18-2525 TPX—Magenta Haze.^[5]

Magnetic magenta

Magnetic Magenta

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#BF3981
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(191, 57, 129)
HSV (h, s, v)	(328°, 70%, 75%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(46, 82, 343°)
Source	Crayola
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color magnetic magenta.

This color was formulated by Crayola in 2019 as a Metallic FX color.

This is supposed to be a metallic color; however, there is no mechanism for displaying metallic colors on a flat computer screen.

Quinacridone magenta

Quinacridone Magenta

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#9A114F
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(154, 17, 79)
HSV (h, s, v)	(333°, 89%, 60%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(34, 80, 354°)
Source	Liquitex^[6]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

At right is displayed the color quinacridone magenta.

Quinacridone magenta is a color made from quinacridone pigment. It is sold in tubes at art supply stores. By mixing various amounts of white with it, artists may create a wide range of light, bright, brilliant, vivid, rich, or deep tints of magenta.

Sky magenta

Sky Magenta

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#CF71AF
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(207, 113, 175)
HSV (h, s, v)	(320°, 45%, 81%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(60, 62, 329°)
Source	Venus C.P.^[7]^{[not specific enough to verify]}
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep purplish pink
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color sky magenta. The color sky magenta is a representation of the color of the sky near the Sun during the brief period of civil twilight, when the pink hues after sunset transition into the blue shades of early dusk. This color was one of the colors in the set of Venus Paradise colored pencils, a popular brand of colored pencils in the 1950s.

This color is also called medium lavender pink.

A photograph of the sky displaying the color sky magenta in its natural context by photographer Dave Horne is displayed here.

Telemagenta

Telemagenta

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#CF3476
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(207, 52, 118)
HSV (h, s, v)	(334°, 75%, 81%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(48, 98, 353°)
Source	RAL
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purplish red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color telemagenta.

This is one of the colors in the RAL color matching system, a color system widely used in Europe. The RAL color list first originated in 1927, and it reached its present form in 1961.

Amaranth

Amaranth purple


Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#AB274F
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(171, 39, 79)
HSV (h, s, v)	(342°, 77%, 67%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(39, 88, 1°)
Source	Maerz and Paul^[8]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid red
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Amaranth (color) is a reddish-rose color that is a representation of the color of the flower of the amaranth plant. The color amaranth purple is displayed at right.

Orchid

Orchid

Pink orchid
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#DA70D6
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(218, 112, 214)
HSV (h, s, v)	(302°, 49%, 85%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(63, 80, 310°)
Source	X11
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color orchid, since it has a hue code of 302, may be classified as a rich tone of magenta. Orchid is a representation of the color of the orchid flower.

The first recorded use of orchid as a color name in English was in 1915.^[9]

In 1987, orchid was included as one of the X11 colors. After the invention of the World Wide Web in 1991, these became known as the X11 web colors.

Pale purple

Pale Purple

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FAE6FA
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(250, 230, 250)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 8%, 98%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(93, 17, 308°)
Source	Pantone TPX
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Pale purplish pink
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Pale purple is a pale tint of magenta despite it being called a purple.

Plum

Plum (Crayola)

Plum fruit
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#843179
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(132, 49, 121)
HSV (h, s, v)	(308°, 63%, 52%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(35, 54, 316°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Deep reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color plum, since it has a hue code of 307, may be regarded as a dark tone of magenta. The color plum is a close representation of the average color of the plum fruit.

The first recorded use of plum as a color name in English was in 1805.^[10]

Purple pizzazz

Purple Pizzazz

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FE4EDA
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(254, 78, 218)
HSV (h, s, v)	(312°, 69%, 100%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(63, 111, 322°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color purple pizzazz.

This color was formulated by Crayola in 1990.

Razzle dazzle rose

Razzle dazzle rose

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FF33CC
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(255, 51, 204)
HSV (h, s, v)	(315°, 80%, 100%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(60, 119, 328°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the color razzle dazzle rose.

This color is a vivid tone of rose tending toward magenta.

This is a Crayola crayon color formulated in 1972 and called hot magenta. In 1990 the name changed to razzle dazzle rose.

Rose quartz

Rose quartz

Rose quartz crystals
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#AA98A9
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(170, 152, 169)
HSV (h, s, v)	(303°, 11%, 67%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(65, 14, 310°)
Source	ISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Pale purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

There is a grayish shade of magenta that is called rose quartz.

The first recorded use of rose quartz as a color name in English was in 1926.^[11]

Shocking pink

Shocking Pink

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FC0FC0
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(252, 15, 192)
HSV (h, s, v)	(315°, 94%, 99%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(57, 124, 331°)
Source	Internet^{[not specific enough to verify]}
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Shocking pink (the original 1937 shocking pink) takes its name from the tone of pink used in the lettering on the box of the perfume called Shocking,^[12] designed by Leonor Fini for the Surrealist fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli in 1937.

Shocking pink (Crayola)

Shocking Pink (Crayola), formerly known as Ultra Pink

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#FF6FFF
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(255, 111, 255)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 56%, 100%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(69, 108, 308°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Displayed at right is the Crayola color shocking pink.

This is a Crayola crayon color formulated in 1972 and called ultra pink. In 1990 the name was changed to shocking pink.

Steel pink

Steel Pink

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#CC33CC
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(204, 51, 204)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 75%, 80%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(51, 102, 308°)
Source	Crayola
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color steel pink is displayed at right.

The color steel pink was introduced by Crayola in January 2011, when the Ultra Hot and Super Cool set of Crayola colored pencils was fully introduced.

"Steel pink" is a deep tone of magenta.

Web color violet

Violet (web color)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#EE82EE
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(238, 130, 238)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 45%, 93%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(70, 85, 308°)
Source	X11^[13] X11 color names^[14]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Vivid purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Although called violet, it is actually a shade of magenta.

African violet

African Violet

African violets
Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#B284BE
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(178, 132, 190)
HSV (h, s, v)	(288°, 31%, 75%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(61, 45, 298°)
Source	Pantone TPX^[15]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Light purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color African violet is displayed at right.

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #16-3250 TPX—African Violet.^[16]

English violet

English Violet

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#563C5C
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(86, 60, 92)
HSV (h, s, v)	(289°, 35%, 36%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(29, 23, 299°)
Source	ISCC-NBS
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Dark purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color English violet is displayed at right.

The first recorded use of English violet as a color name in English was in 1928.^[17]

Chinese violet

Chinese Violet

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#856088
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(133, 96, 136)
HSV (h, s, v)	(296°, 29%, 53%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(46, 32, 304°)
Source	Pantone TPX^[18]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Moderate purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color Chinese violet is displayed at right.

The first recorded use of Chinese violet as a color name in English was in 1912.^[19]

The source of this color is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" color list, color #18-3418 TPX—Chinese Violet.^[20]

Japanese violet

Violet (JTC)

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#5B3256
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(91, 50, 86)
HSV (h, s, v)	(307°, 45%, 36%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(27, 28, 314°)
Source	JTC
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Dark reddish purple
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color Japanese violet is shown at right.

This is the color called "violet" in the traditional Japanese colors group, a group of colors in use since beginning in 660 CE in the form of various dyes that are used in designing kimono.^[21]^[22]

The name of this color in Japanese is sumire-iro, meaning "violet color".

Finn

Finn

Color coordinates
Hex triplet	#683068
sRGB^B (r, g, b)	(104, 48, 104)
HSV (h, s, v)	(300°, 54%, 41%)
CIELCh_uv (L, C, h)	(30, 40, 308°)
Source	[3]
ISCC–NBS descriptor	Dark magenta
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

The color Finn is displayed at right.

Finn is a dark magenta color.

References

^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 126 Plate 52 Color Sample K12--Magenta (Color shown is color shown above as rich magenta)
^ Type the word "Magenta" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
^ Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the word "Magenta" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:
^ Type the words "Magenta Haze" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
^ Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the words "Magenta Haze" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:
^ Click on the Liquitex Heavy Body window on the indicated web page and a PDF of the Liquitex Heavy Body color chart will appear. It will have the color Quinacridone Magenta on it (color #114), possessing the color coding indicated above.
^ The color in the color box above matches the color called sky magenta in Venus Paradise colored pencils, a popular brand of colored pencils sold during the 1950s.
^ The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called amaranth purple in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color amaranth purple is displayed on page 129, Plate 53, Color Sample L3.
^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 200; Color Sample of Orchid: Page 105 Plate 41 Color Sample F5
^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 202; Color Sample of Plum: Page 117 Plate 47 Color Sample J9 Note: The color designated plum (color #8E4585) that is displayed above matches the color identified as plum in the color sample in Maerz and Paul
^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203 Color Sample: Page 129 Plate 53 Color Sample B3
^ Woods, Vicki (2003), "Chic value", The Daily Telegraph, London (published 2003-10-24), archived from the original on 2008-05-18, retrieved 2008-04-26
^ W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, SVG color keywords. W3C. (May 2003). Retrieved on 30 January 2008.
^ "X11 rgb.txt". Archived from the original on 2015-11-07.
^ Type the words "African Violet" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
^ Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder
^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 194; Color Sample of English Violet: Page 111 Plate 44 Color Sample K9
^ Type the words "Chinese Violet" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.
^ Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 192; Color Sample of Chinese Violet: Page 107 Plate 42 Color Sample I7
^ Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder Type the words "Chinese Violet" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear
^ Nagasaki, Seiki. Nihon no dentoshoku : sono shikimei to shikicho, Seigensha, 2001. ISBN 4-916094-53-0
^ Nihon Shikisai Gakkai. Shinpen shikisai kagaku handobukku, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1985. ISBN 4-13-061000-7

External links

[1] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 126 Plate 52 Color Sample K12--Magenta (Color shown is color shown above as rich magenta)

[2] Type the word "Magenta" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.

[3] Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the word "Magenta" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:

[4] Type the words "Magenta Haze" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.

[5] Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder--Type the words "Magenta Haze" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear:

[6] Click on the Liquitex Heavy Body window on the indicated web page and a PDF of the Liquitex Heavy Body color chart will appear. It will have the color Quinacridone Magenta on it (color #114), possessing the color coding indicated above.

[7] The color in the color box above matches the color called sky magenta in Venus Paradise colored pencils, a popular brand of colored pencils sold during the 1950s.

[8] The color displayed in the color box above matches the color called amaranth purple in the 1930 book by Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill; the color amaranth purple is displayed on page 129, Plate 53, Color Sample L3.

[9] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 200; Color Sample of Orchid: Page 105 Plate 41 Color Sample F5

[10] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 202; Color Sample of Plum: Page 117 Plate 47 Color Sample J9 Note: The color designated plum (color #8E4585) that is displayed above matches the color identified as plum in the color sample in Maerz and Paul

[11] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 203 Color Sample: Page 129 Plate 53 Color Sample B3

[Schiaparelli-12] Woods, Vicki (2003), "Chic value", The Daily Telegraph, London (published 2003-10-24), archived from the original on 2008-05-18, retrieved 2008-04-26

[svg-color-13] W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, SVG color keywords. W3C. (May 2003). Retrieved on 30 January 2008.

[14] "X11 rgb.txt". Archived from the original on 2015-11-07.

[15] Type the words "African Violet" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.

[16] Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder

[17] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 194; Color Sample of English Violet: Page 111 Plate 44 Color Sample K9

[18] Type the words "Chinese Violet" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear.

[19] Maerz and Paul A Dictionary of Color New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 192; Color Sample of Chinese Violet: Page 107 Plate 42 Color Sample I7

[20] Pantone TPX Pantone Color Finder Type the words "Chinese Violet" into the indicated window on the Pantone Color Finder and the color will appear

[21] Nagasaki, Seiki. Nihon no dentoshoku : sono shikimei to shikicho, Seigensha, 2001. ISBN 4-916094-53-0

[22] Nihon Shikisai Gakkai. Shinpen shikisai kagaku handobukku, Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai, 1985. ISBN 4-13-061000-7

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