Pure autonomic failure
| Pure autonomic failure | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome, idiopathic orthostatic hypotension.[1] |
 | |
| Function of the autonomic nervous system. | |
| Specialty | Neurology  |
| Symptoms | Orthostatic hypotension and other autonomic symptoms.[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Clinical evaluation.[2] |
| Treatment | Symptomatic treatment.[2] |
Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is an uncommon, sporadic neurodegenerative condition marked by a steadily declining autonomic regulation.[3] Bradbury and Eggleston originally described pure autonomic failure in 1925.[4]
Patients usually present with orthostatic hypotension or syncope in midlife or later. In addition, genitourinary, thermoregulatory, and bowel dysfunction can be signs of autonomic failure.[5]
Pure autonomic failure originates from peripheral autonomic nervous system lesions.[6]
The diagnosis of pure autonomic failure relies on the absence of other neurologic abnormalities, specifically Parkinsonism, cognitive impairment, cerebellar ataxia, or tremors, and on compatible clinical features of subtle, progressive pan autonomic failure, most notably orthostatic hypotension.[7]
Signs and symptoms
[edit]The majority of symptoms that patients with PAF exhibit are associated with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, or orthostatic hypotension brought on by severe sympathetic failure. Within three minutes of standing up straight, orthostatic hypotension is defined as a drop in systolic blood pressure of at least 20 mm Hg or a drop in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg.[7]
About half of PAF patients also have concurrent supine hypertension, even though all PAF patients by definition have orthostatic hypotension.[8]
For some PAF patients, genitourinary dysfunction may be the first or presenting symptom. Urgency and frequency are the most common bladder symptoms in PAF, but more severe dysfunction including urinary retention and incontinence can also occur.[5]
Over half of PAF patients report having constipation,[9] which is frequently an early sign of the illness.[10]
About half of all PAF patients report abnormal sweating, which can manifest as either excessive or decreased sweating, with the latter being the result of compensatory hyperhidrosis.[11]
Pathology
[edit]The pathology of pure autonomic failure is not yet completely understood. However, a loss of cells in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord has been documented, as has a loss of catecholamine uptake and catecholamine fluorescence in sympathetic postganglionic neurons. In general, levels of catecholamines in these patients are very low while lying down, and do not increase much upon standing.
Treatment
[edit]Pharmacological methods of treatment include fludrocortisone, midodrine, somatostatin, erythropoietin, and other vasopressor agents. However, often a patient with pure autonomic failure can mitigate his or her symptoms with far less costly means. Compressing the legs and lower body, through crossing the legs, squatting, or the use of compression stockings can help. Use of an abdominal binder is even more effective. Also, ingesting more water than usual can increase blood pressure and relieve some symptoms.[citation needed]
History
[edit]In 1925, Bradbury and Eggleston first characterized three patients seemingly with a common syndrome, with what they described as "the occurrence of syncopal attacks after or during exertion or even after standing erect for some minutes. Other features in the three patients are a slow, unchanging pulse rate, incapacity to perspire, a lowered basal metabolism and signs of slight and indefinite changes in the nervous system. Each of these patients felt much worse during the heat of summer."[12][13] Further research identified multiple causes for these syndromic findings, now grouped as primary autonomic disorders (also called primary dysautonomia), including Pure Autonomic Failure, Multiple System Atrophy, and Parkinson's. The primary differentiating characteristic of Pure autonomic failure is decreased circulation and synthesis of norepinephrine, and dysfunction localized peripherally. It is relevant to note that progression to central nervous system neurodegeneration can also occur.[13]
Eponym
[edit]It is also known as Bradbury-Eggleston syndrome, named after Samuel Bradbury and Cary Eggleston who first described it in 1925.[14][12][15]
References
[edit]- ^ "Monarch Initiative". Monarch Initiative. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
- ^ a b c Coon, Elizabeth (July 3, 2023). "Pure Autonomic Failure". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
- ^ Kabir, M. Ashish; Chelimsky, Thomas C. (2019). "Pure autonomic failure". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 161. Elsevier. pp. 413–422. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64142-7.00064-3. ISBN 978-0-444-64142-7. ISSN 0072-9752.
- ^ Bradbury, Samuel; Eggleston, Cary (1925). "Postural hypotension". American Heart Journal. 1 (1). Elsevier BV: 73–86. doi:10.1016/s0002-8703(25)90007-5. ISSN 0002-8703.
- ^ a b Coon, Elizabeth A.; Singer, Wolfgang; Low, Phillip A. (2019). "Pure Autonomic Failure". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 94 (10). Elsevier BV: 2087–2098. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.03.009. ISSN 0025-6196. PMC 6826339. PMID 31515103.
- ^ Garland, Emily M.; Hooper, William B.; Robertson, David (2013). "Pure autonomic failure". Autonomic Nervous System. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 117. Elsevier. pp. 243–257. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00020-1. ISBN 978-0-444-53491-0. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 24095130.
- ^ a b Thaisetthawatkul, Pariwat (2016). "Pure Autonomic Failure". Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 16 (8): 74. doi:10.1007/s11910-016-0673-2. ISSN 1528-4042. PMID 27338613.
- ^ Shannon, John; Jordan, Jens; Costa, Fernando; Robertson, Rose Marie; Biaggioni, Italo (1997). "The Hypertension of Autonomic Failure and Its Treatment". Hypertension. 30 (5). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health): 1062–1067. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.30.5.1062. ISSN 0194-911X. PMID 9369256.
- ^ Kaufmann, Horacio; Norcliffe-Kaufmann, Lucy; Palma, Jose-Alberto; Biaggioni, Italo; Low, Phillip A.; Singer, Wolfgang; Goldstein, David S.; Peltier, Amanda C.; Shibao, Cyndia A.; Gibbons, Christopher H.; Freeman, Roy; Robertson, David (2017). "Natural history of pure autonomic failure: A <scp>U</scp>nited <scp>S</scp>tates prospective cohort". Annals of Neurology. 81 (2). Wiley: 287–297. doi:10.1002/ana.24877. ISSN 0364-5134. PMC 5323269. PMID 28093795.
- ^ Mabuchi, N (July 1, 2005). "Progression and prognosis in pure autonomic failure (PAF): comparison with multiple system atrophy". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 76 (7). BMJ: 947–952. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.049023. ISSN 0022-3050. PMC 1739727. PMID 15965200.
- ^ BANNISTER, ROGER; ARDILL, LESLIE; FENTEM, PETER (1967). "Defective Autonomic Control of Blood Vessels in Idiopathic Orthostatic Hypotension". Brain. 90 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 725–746. doi:10.1093/brain/90.4.725. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 6075807.
- ^ a b S. Bradbury, C. Eggleston. Postural hypotension: A report of three cases. American Heart Journal, St. Louis, 1925, 1: 73-86.
- ^ a b Garland, Emily M.; Hooper, William B.; Robertson, David (2013-01-01). Swaab, Ruud M. Buijs and Dick F. (ed.). Chapter 20 - Pure autonomic failure. Autonomic Nervous System. Vol. 117. Elsevier. pp. 243–257. doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53491-0.00020-1. ISBN 9780444534910. PMID 24095130.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ "Critical review of pure autonomic failure raises awareness for early signs of Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, and Multiple System Atrophy". ean.org. 6 February 2019. Retrieved 2020-09-09.
- ^ synd/2102 at Who Named It?