Punic building, Żurrieq
 The Punic building with tower as painted by Jean-Pierre Houël around 1770s | |
  Shown within Malta | |
| Alternative name | Punic Tower, Żurrieq Tower |
|---|---|
| Location | Żurrieq, Malta |
| Coordinates | 35°49′48.7″N 14°28′32.9″E / 35.830194°N 14.475806°E |
| History | |
| Material | Limestone |
| Founded | c. 6th century BC |
| Periods | Phoenician/Punic |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1938, 1964 |
| Archaeologists | R. V. Galea, Charles Zammit |
| Condition | Partially intact |
| Public access | By appointment |
The remains of an unidentified Punic building exist incorporated into several properties in Żurrieq, Malta. They include a well-preserved structure commonly known as the Punic Tower[1] or the Żurrieq Tower[2] which is found inside the private garden of the Domus Curialis, the house of the town's archpriest, and which is the most substantial surviving example of Punic architecture on the island.
Description
[edit]
The site consists of a well-preserved 5.6 m (18 ft)-high tower with a square plan topped by a cavetto cornice showing inspiration from ancient Egyptian architecture, along with some adjacent walls which are believed to have originally formed part of a larger building. Both the tower and the walls are constructed out of ashlar limestone masonry without mortar, with each block having dimensions of up to 66 cm × 180 cm (26 in × 71 in).[3][4][5]
The building's age and purpose are not known, but it might date back to around the late 6th century BC.[2] The tower's architecture suggests that it formed part of a prominent building,[6] and it has been speculated that it could have been a temple,[7] possibly that of Melqart which was mentioned by Ptolemy.[8] It might have also been a country house[8] or a monumental tomb.[9] The building is not believed to have been a defensive tower, and it has a different typology from other Punic-Roman towers whose remains have been found in Malta.[6]
History
[edit]The building's existence was first recorded by Bishop Miguel Jerónimo de Molina in 1680.[10] Believing that the ruins were of Greek origin, Jean-Pierre Houël visited the site around the 1770s and produced paintings and plans of it which were included in his 1785 work Voyage Pittoresque de Sicile, Malte et Lipari.[6][11] Houël's illustrations document the ruins while they were freestanding, prior to their incorporation into later buildings.[3]
In his 1882 Report on the Phœnician and Roman Antiquities in the group of the islands of Malta, Antonio Annetto Caruana referred to the building as "an old Greek house." By that time, the remains had been incorporated into the house of the parish priest of Żurrieq, and the tower was "in complete preservation" while the adjacent walls' cornice which had been depicted by Houël no longer existed.[12] Today the remains of the building still survive within the priest's residence (known as the Domus Curialis) and in adjacent properties at nos. 134–138, Carmel Street (Maltese: Triq il-Karmnu),[13] with the tower being located within the archpriest's private garden.[6]
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The building was noted by archaeologists Albert Mayr in 1909 and Thomas Ashby in 1915, with the latter identifying it as "the remains of a pre-Roman building, probably a country house of the Phoenician period."[8] The first archaeological investigation of the site was carried out on 13 June 1938 by R. V. Galea and Charles Zammit of the Archaeological Section of the Museum, who were accompanied by Dun Ġwann Farrugia, a priest from Żejtun. They determined that most of the remains depicted by Houël still existed despite some alterations, and they identified a nearby cellar which might have been the quarry from where the limestone used to construct the building was extracted.[3]
Further excavations were carried out in 1964 in an attempt to date the tower,[8] and they revealed the building's foundations and found pottery ranging from the Punic to the modern periods. This matched the building's attribution to the Phoenician/Punic period but it did not conclusively prove it.[9] The structural technique used in the tower's cornice is typical of Punic architecture.[8]
The remains of the building, especially the well-preserved tower, are regarded as "the most outstanding surviving structure of the Punic period" within the Maltese Islands.[14] The Planning Authority scheduled the remains as a Class A archaeological site on 17 April 1998, while the Domus Curialis and the adjacent buildings into which the Punic structure has been incorporated were scheduled as Grade 2 properties.[13] The tower is not normally open to the public and it can only be accessed by appointment.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Archaeology". Żurrieq Local Council. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021.
- ^ a b "An overview of Punic Malta". Times of Malta. 16 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 March 2021.
- ^ a b c Galea, R. V. (1939). "Report by the Hon. Professor R. V. Galea, O.B.E., A. & C.E., on the Archaeological Section from May to September, 1938" (PDF). Reports on the working of Government Departments during the financial year 1938–1939. Government of Malta. pp. 150–155. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2021.
- ^ Bonanno, Anthony (1991). Malta: an Archaeological Paradise. Valletta: M. J. Publications Ltd. pp. 53–54.
- ^ Bonanno, Anthony (2017). The Archaeology of Malta & Gozo (5000 BC–AD 1091). Heritage Malta. p. 94. ISBN 9789993257479.
- ^ a b c d Bonanno, Anthony; Vella, Nicholas C. (2000). "Il-wirt arkeoloġiku ta' Ħal Kirkop". In Vella, H. C. R. (ed.). Ħal Kirkop u l-inħawi ta' madwaru (PDF) (in Maltese). Malta: University of Malta Press. pp. 1–12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2021.
- ^ Bonanno, Anthony (1982). "Quintinus and the location of the temple of Hercules at Marsaxlokk" (PDF). Melita Historica. 8 (3): 190–204. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Gouder, Tancred C. (1991). "Malta and the Phoenicians". Annual Report 1991. Lombard Bank Malta Ltd. pp. 3–20.
- ^ a b "Phoenician Remains at Zurrieq". Culture Malta. 13 March 2018. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b Vella, Nicholas C. (1 October 2016). "Editorial". Malta Archaeological Review (11). Valletta: Archaeological Society of Malta: 2–7. ISSN 2224-8722.
- ^ Guillaumier, Alfie (1987). Bliet u Rħula Maltin (in Maltese). Valletta: Valletta Publishing & Promotion Co Ltd. p. 968.
- ^ Caruana, A. A. (1882). Report on the Phœnician and Roman Antiquities in the group of the islands of Malta. Malta: Government Printing Office. p. 94.
- ^ a b "G.N. 0313 of 1998 – Scheduling of Property – Section 46 of the Development Planning Act, 1992" (PDF). Malta Government Gazette. 17 April 1998. pp. 2677–2691. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2021.
- ^ Bonanno, Anthony (2005). Malta: Phoenician, Punic, and Roman. Midsea Books. p. 91. ISBN 99932-7-034-2.
Further reading
[edit]- Greek House
- Guillaumier, Alfie (2005). Bliet u Rħula Maltin (in Maltese). Vol. 2. Klabb Kotba Maltin. p. 1045. ISBN 99932-39-40-2.
- Sagona, Claudia (2015). "Melita and Gaulos during the Punic Period". The Archaeology of Malta: From the Neolithic through the Roman Period. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–263. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139030465.008. ISBN 9781139030465.
Media related to Punic building, Żurrieq at Wikimedia Commons