Ptosis (breasts)
| Breast ptosis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Cooper's droop[1] |
 | |
| Specialty | Plastic surgery |
| Treatment | Mastopexy |
Ptosis or sagging of the female breast is a natural consequence of aging. The rate at which a woman's breasts drop and the degree of ptosis depends on many factors. The key factors influencing breast ptosis over a woman's lifetime are cigarette smoking, her number of pregnancies, higher body mass index, larger bra cup size, and significant weight change.[2][3] Post-menopausal women or people with collagen deficiencies may experience increased ptosis due to a loss of skin elasticity. Many women and medical professionals mistakenly believe that breastfeeding increases sagging. It is also commonly believed that the breast itself offers insufficient support and that wearing a bra prevents sagging, which has not been found to be true.[4]
Plastic surgeons categorize the degree of ptosis by evaluating the position of the nipple relative to the infra-mammary fold, the point at which the underside of the breasts attach to the chest wall. In the most advanced stage, the nipples are below the fold and point toward the ground.
Signs and symptoms
[edit]
A woman's breasts change in size, volume, and position on her chest throughout her life. In young women with large breasts, sagging may occur early in life due to the effect of gravity. It may be primarily caused by the volume and weight of the breasts which are disproportionate to her body size.[2]
Impact of pregnancy
[edit]During pregnancy, the ovaries and the placenta produce estrogen and progesterone. These hormones stimulate the 15 to 20 lobes of the milk-secreting glands in the breasts to develop. Women who experience multiple pregnancies repeatedly stretch the skin envelope during engorgement while lactating. As a woman's breasts change in size during repeated pregnancies, the size of her breasts change as her mammary glands are engorged with milk and as she gains and loses weight with each pregnancy.[5] In addition, when milk production stops (usually as a child is weaned), the voluminous mammary glands diminish in volume, but they still add bulk and firmness to the breast. A 2010 review found that weight gain during pregnancy and breastfeeding were not significant risk factors for ptosis.[3]
Middle-aged women
[edit]In middle-aged women, breast ptosis is caused by a combination of factors. If a woman has been pregnant, postpartum hormonal changes will cause her depleted milk glands to atrophy. Breast tissue and suspensory ligaments may also be stretched if the woman is overweight or loses and gains weight. When these factors are at play, the breast prolapses, or falls forward. When a woman with sagging breasts stands, the underside or inferior skin of the breast folds over the infra-mammary fold and lies against the chest wall. The nipple-areola complex tends to move lower on the breast relative to the inframammary crease. The nipple of the breast may also tend to point downward.
Post-menopausal women
[edit]In post-menopausal women, breast atrophy is aggravated by the inelasticity of over-stretched, aged skin.[6] This is due in part to the reduction in estrogen, which affects all body tissues, including breast tissue. The loss of estrogen reduces breast size and fullness. Estrogen is also essential to maintaining a fibrous protein called collagen, which makes up much of the breast's connective tissue.[citation needed]
Ptosis scale
[edit]
Plastic surgeons describe the degree of breast sagging using a ptosis scale like the modified Regnault ptosis scale below:[7][8]
- Grade I: Mild ptosis—The nipple is at the level of the infra-mammary fold and above most of the lower breast tissue.
- Grade II: Moderate ptosis—The nipple is located below the infra-mammary fold but higher than most of the breast tissue hangs.
- Grade III: Advanced ptosis—The nipple is below the inframammary fold and at the level of maximum breast projection.
- Pseudoptosis—The nipple is located either at or above the infra-mammary fold, while the lower half of the breast sags below the fold. This is most often seen when a woman stops nursing, as her milk glands atrophy, causing her breast tissue to sag.
- Parenchymal Maldistribution—The lower breast tissue is lacking fullness, the inframammary fold is very high, and the nipple and areola are relatively close to the fold. This is usually a developmental deformity.[8]
Causes
[edit]University of Kentucky plastic surgeon Brian Rinker encountered many women in his practice who attributed their sagging breasts to breastfeeding, which was also the usual belief among medical practitioners.[9] He decided to find out if this was true, and between 1998 and 2006 he and other researchers interviewed 132 women who were seeking breast augmentation or breast lifts. They studied the women's medical history, body mass index (BMI), their number of pregnancies, their breast cup size before pregnancy, and smoking status. The study results were presented at a conference of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.[2] [10]
According to Rinker's research, there are several key factors. A history of cigarette smoking "breaks down a protein in the skin called elastin, which gives youthful skin its elastic appearance and supports the breast." The number of pregnancies was strongly correlated with ptosis, with the effects increasing with each pregnancy.[2] As most women age, breasts naturally yield to gravity and tend to sag and fold over the inframammary crease, the lower attachment point to the chest wall. This is more true for larger-breasted women. The fourth reason was significant weight gain or loss (greater than 50 pounds (23 kg)).[2] Other significant factors were higher body mass index and larger bra cup size.[11]
In Rinker's study, 55% of respondents reported an adverse change in breast shape after pregnancy. Many women mistakenly attribute the changes and their sagging breasts to breastfeeding,[12] and as a result some are reluctant to nurse their infants. Research shows that breastfeeding is not the factor that many thought it was.[2] Rinker concluded that "Expectant mothers should be reassured that breastfeeding does not appear to have an adverse effect upon breast appearance."[2] Also discounted as causes affecting ptosis are weight gain during pregnancy and lack of participation in regular upper body exercise.[11]
Effect of vigorous exercise
[edit]When running, breasts may move three-dimensionally: vertically, horizontally and laterally, in an overall figure-8 motion. Unrestrained movement of large breasts may contribute to sagging over time.[5] Motion studies have revealed that when a woman runs, more than 50% of the breast's total movement is vertical, 22% is side-to-side, and 27% is in-and-out.[13] A 2007 study found that encapsulation-type sports bras, in which each cup is separately molded, are more effective than compression-type bras, which press the breasts close to the body, at reducing total breast motion during exercise. Encapsulation bras reduce motion in two of the three planes, while compression bras reduce motion in only one plane.[14] Previously, it was commonly believed that a woman with small to medium-size breasts benefited most from a compression-type sports bra, and women with larger breasts need an encapsulation-type sports bra.[13]
Mechanism
[edit]Anatomically, a female's breasts do not contain any muscle but are composed of soft, glandular tissue. Breasts are composed of mammary glands, milk ducts, adipose tissue (fat tissue) and Cooper's ligaments.
Mammary glands remain relatively constant throughout life. Fat tissue surrounds the mammary glands, and its volume will normally vary throughout life. Although the exact mechanisms that determine breast shape and size are largely unknown,[15] the amount and distribution of fat tissue and, to a lesser extent, mammary tissue, cause variations in breast size, shape and volume. Some experts[who?] believe Cooper's ligaments, which are connective tissue with the breast, provide some support within breasts,[16] but there is no agreement on whether they provide support or simply divide breast tissue into compartments.[17]
Treatment
[edit]Bras
[edit]Since breasts are an external organ and do not contain muscle, exercise cannot improve their shape. They are not protected from external forces and are subject to gravity. Many women mistakenly believe that breasts cannot anatomically support themselves and that wearing a brassiere will prevent their breasts from sagging later in life.[18] Researchers, bra manufacturers, and health professionals cannot find any evidence to support the idea that wearing a bra for any amount of time slows breast ptosis.[19] Bra manufacturers are careful to claim that bras only affect the shape of breasts while they are being worn.[18][20]
There is some evidence that bra use reduces the development of Cooper's ligaments, connective tissue that supports breast shape. That atrophy from bra-wearing may therefore lead to more breast sag in the long run, much as the connective tissue in a limb weakens while it is in a cast and must be re-strengthened afterward.[21] Studies have actually documented that, after an initial period of adjustment, women experienced a significant increase in comfort and breast firmness from going without bras.[22][23]
Surgery
[edit]Some women with ptosis choose to undergo plastic surgery to make their breasts less ptotic. Plastic surgeons offer several procedures for lifting sagging breasts. Surgery to correct the size, contour, and elevation of sagging breasts is called mastopexy.[24][25] Women can also choose breast implants, or may undergo both procedures. The breast-lift procedure surgically elevates the parenchymal tissue (breast mass), cuts and re-sizes the skin envelope, and transposes the nipple-areola complex higher upon the breast hemisphere. If sagging is present and the woman opts not to undergo mastopexy, implants are typically placed above the muscle, to fill out the breast skin and tissue. Submuscular placement can result in deformity. In these cases, the implant appears to be high on the chest, while the natural breast tissue hangs down over the implant.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "The Nation: Cooper's Droop". Time Magazine. 14 February 1972. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rinker, B; Veneracion, M; Walsh, C (2008). "The Effect of Breastfeeding on Breast Aesthetics". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 28 (5): 534–537. doi:10.1016/j.asj.2008.07.004. PMID 19083576.
- ^ a b Rinker, Brian; Veneracion, Melissa; Walsh, Catherine P. (May 2010). "Breast ptosis: causes and cure". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 64 (5): 579–584. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181c39377. ISSN 1536-3708. PMID 20354434. S2CID 8953778.
- ^ Stuart, Julia (November 2, 2000). "Don't burn your bra just yet". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ a b Toffelmire, Amy. "Why do breasts sag?". MedBroadcast.com. Archived from the original on 26 May 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ De la Torre, J. I. (2009). "Breast Mastopexy". Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Younai, S. Sean. "Breast Sagging - Ptosis". Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Anatomy of Breast Ptosis – How Breasts Sag". Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ Lauersen, Niels H.; Stukane, Eileen (1998). The Complete Book of Breast Care. New York: Fawcett Columbine/Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-449-91241-6.
...there is no medical reason to wear a bra, so the decision is yours, based on your own personal comfort and aesthetics. Whether you have always worn a bra or always gone braless, age and breastfeeding will naturally cause your breasts to sag.
- ^ "Dr. Ram Chandra – Vampire Breast". Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ a b Rinker, Brian; Veneracion, Melissa; Walsh, Catherine P. (March 2010). "Breast Ptosis". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 64 (5): 579–584. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181c39377. PMID 20354434. S2CID 8953778.
- ^ "Sagging Breasts". Channel 4. 2009. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 3 February 2012.
- ^ a b "Healthy Breast: Why You Should Wear Sports Bras on Every Workout?". Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
- ^ Scurr, Joanna C.; White, Jennifer L.; Hedger, Wendy (2010). "The effect of breast support on the kinematics of the breast during the running gait cycle". Journal of Sports Sciences. 28 (10): 1103–1109. doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.497542. PMID 20686995. S2CID 24387606.
- ^ Page, KA; Steele, JR (April 1999). "Breast motion and sports brassiere design: Implications for future research". Sports Medicine. 27 (4): 205–211. doi:10.2165/00007256-199927040-00001. PMID 10367331. S2CID 32512448. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11.
- ^ "The Cooper's Ligaments". Boobuddy. Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
- ^ "For the Last Time, "Tribal African Women" Are Not Proof That Bras Prevent Breast Sagging I The Lingerie Addict". The Lingerie Addict - Expert Lingerie Advice, News, Trends & Reviews. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Female Intelligence Agency: Why do women wear bras?". 007b Breast. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- ^ "Female Intelligence Agency: What causes sagging of breasts?". 007b Breast. Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
- ^ Cawthorn, Simon (November 2000). "Bras, the Bare Facts". Channel 4. Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2012-01-31.
- ^ Smith, Ken L. (February 2017). "Bras Actually CAUSE Breast Sagging". Breastnotes. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
These women's breasts were not being suspended by the Cooper's Ligaments when they wore a bra, so removing their bra placed some stress upon those ligaments, which ligaments require in order to develop. They will not develop without a need... without some stress or pressure placed upon them. The ligaments in a casted leg are 'on vacation'... no stress... no weight... because the doctor said "I don't want you to put any pressure on that leg for six weeks!" But when the cast came off, the ligaments had to go back to work, just like the breast ligaments had to go back to work when the bra came off, after lolling around in that bra for decades.
- ^ "Breast Support: When Do Bras Help or Harm?". Dr Pepi. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ Glynn, Sarah (13 April 2013). "Bras Make Breasts Sag, 15-Year Study Concludes". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
- ^ Mastopexy at eMedicine
- ^ Smith, Dr. R. Scott. "Fuller Breasts: A Woman's Guide to Breast Augmentation". Breastbook.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
Further reading
[edit]- "Soutien-gorge de sport", in Thierry Adam, Gynécologie du sport (in French). Springer 2012, pp. 305–309.
- "Facteurs de l'évolution morphologique du sein après arrêt du port du soutien-gorge : étude ouverte préliminaire longitudinale chez 50 volontaires. Olivier Roussel; Jean-Denis Rouillon; Université de Franche-Comté. Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie" (in French). Thèse d’exercice : Médecine : Besançon : 2009.