Pteraspis

Pteraspis; Temporal range: Lochkovian-Eifelian; ~416–386 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Restoration of P. rostrata
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Infraphylum:	Agnatha
Class:	†Pteraspidomorphi
Subclass:	†Heterostraci
Order:	†Pteraspidiformes
Family:	†Pteraspididae
Genus:	†Pteraspis; Kner, 1847
Type species
	Cephalaspis rostrata; Agassiz, 1835
Species
	P. rostrata (Agassiz, 1835); P. dixoni (White, 1938); P. mitchelli (Powrie, 1864);

Pteraspis (from Greek: πτερόν pteron 'wing' or 'fin' and Greek: ἀσπίς aspís 'shield') is an extinct genus of pteraspidid heterostracan jawless fish. It lived from the Lochkovian to Eifelian epochs of the Devonian period in what is now Brazil (Eifelian Maecuru Formation), Britain (Lochkovian Ditton Group), Ukraine (Lochkovian Ivane Suite, Pragian Babin Sandstone) and Belgium.^{[citation needed]}

Description

Like other heterostracan fishes, Pteraspis had a protective armored plating covering the front of its body. Though lacking fins other than its lobed tail, it is thought to have been a good swimmer due to stiff, wing-like protrusions derived from the armoured plates over its gills. This, along with the horn-like rostrum, made Pteraspis very streamlined in shape, which is good for swimming. Pteraspis also had some stiff spikes on its back, possibly an additional form of protection against predators. It is thought to have fed from shoals of plankton just under the ocean surface.^[1] Some records are found in association with marine fossils,^[2]^[3] while some others are found in freshwater environment.^[4]

Pteraspis grew to an estimated length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in).^{[citation needed]}

Gallery

1908 P. rostrata reconstruction
2024 P. rostrata reconstruction.
1908 illustration of P. rostrata's dorsal shield.
P. crouchi from Britain, at the FMNH.
P. rostrata fossil
P. rostrata reconstruction.

References

^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 23. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.
^ Lankester, E. R. (1870). "I.—On a New Cephalaspis Discovered in America, etc". Geological Magazine. 7 (75): 397–399. Bibcode:1870GeoM....7..397L. doi:10.1017/S0016756800209485. S2CID 140161565.
^ White, E. I. (1938). "New Pteraspids from South Wales". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 94 (1–4): 85–116. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1938.094.01-04.05. S2CID 130276490.
^ Davies, Benjamin Evan (2009-07-03). An experimental morphological investigation into the hydrodynamics and locomotion of the Palaeozoic jawless vertebrates Poraspis, Errivaspis and Ateleaspis (thesis thesis). University of Leicester.

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[EoDP-1] Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 23. ISBN 1-84028-152-9.

[Lankester2009-2] Lankester, E. R. (1870). "I.—On a New Cephalaspis Discovered in America, etc". Geological Magazine. 7 (75): 397–399. Bibcode:1870GeoM....7..397L. doi:10.1017/S0016756800209485. S2CID 140161565.

[White1938-3] White, E. I. (1938). "New Pteraspids from South Wales". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. 94 (1–4): 85–116. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1938.094.01-04.05. S2CID 130276490.

[4] Davies, Benjamin Evan (2009-07-03). An experimental morphological investigation into the hydrodynamics and locomotion of the Palaeozoic jawless vertebrates Poraspis, Errivaspis and Ateleaspis (thesis thesis). University of Leicester.

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