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Prostatic congestion

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Prostatic congestion is a medical condition of the prostate gland that happens when the prostate becomes swollen by excess fluid and can be caused by prostatosis. The condition often results in a person with prostatic congestion feeling the urge to urinate frequently. Prostatic congestion has been associated with prostate disease, which can progress due to age. Oftentimes, the prostate will grow in size which can lead to further problems, such as prostatitis, enlarged prostate, or prostate cancer.[1]

Prostatic congestion is commonly observed in individuals between the ages of 20 and 40 years. It can however occur at any age.[2] Chronic prostatitis is one of the main causes of this condition and this occurs when there is accumulation of fluid that can lead to swelling of the prostate that can therefore lead to congestion.[3] Other possible causes of prostatic congestion include benign prostatic hyperplasia,[4] prostate cancer,[5] urinary tract cysts,[6] and infrequent ejaculations.[7][8]

Symptoms are often patient-specific, and diagnosis includes a workup and a digital rectal examination. Individuals are often referred to a urologist for further examination.

Treatments identified for prostatic congestion include mechanical treatments such as varicocele sclerotherapy,[4] minimally invasive treatments,[9] and alternative treatments such as massaging the prostate regularly,[10][11] acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese medicine, dietary supplementation, exercise, and other therapies such as warm baths, local therapy with heating pads, and physical therapy. An alternative form of medicine called ayurveda is also used for treatment. Medical consultation is recommended before attempting these treatments.

Possible causes of prostatic congestion

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  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) – The testicular and prostatic veins are connected. According to Bernoulli's and Pascal's laws, fluid flowing through connected columns has the same pressure. BPH causes a destruction of spermatic veins, thereby increasing the hydrostatic pressure in these columns. Pressure in the testicles also becomes elevated, thereby causing a pressure gradient. As a result, free testosterone is diverted from the testicles into the prostate, thereby causing prostatic congestion.[4]
  • Chronic prostatitis (infection of the prostate) – An infection of the prostate can lead to the buildup of fluid due to the bodies natural defense mechanism leading to inflammation. Along with excessive fluid production, the fluid may also become thickened due to the active infection which can become harder to release into the urethra during ejaculation.[12]
  • Excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages – Although the exact mechanism in unknown, alcohol damages the prostate tissue just like it damages the nervous system and other organs. In a study conducted in rats split into four groups (normal rats, ethanol drinking rats, chronic non-bacterial prostatitis rats, ethanol drinking chronic non-bacterial prostatitis rats), prostate glands were exposed. Ethanol drinking chronic non-bacterial prostatitis rats showed the most prostatic congestion compared to other groups.[13]
  • Prostate cancer – A cancer that forms in tissues of the prostate that usually occurs in older adults. The prostate is a gland that is found under the rectum and below the bladder in the male reproductive system.[5] Five randomized controlled trials were conducted to determine whether prostate cancer screening reduces mortality associated with prostate cancer where 341,342 participants within the age range of 45–80 years were included in the study. The results of the study were statistically insignificant between the screening group and the control group in all-cause mortality from prostate cancer. The results of the study were significant in the number of men diagnosed with advanced prostate between the screening group and the control group. The results of the study did not provide sufficient evidence on the quality of life in individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer, including urinary tract symptoms and prostatic congestion.[14]
  • Urinary tract cysts – A benign condition of the urinary bladder in which there is a change of the bladder mucosa-associated cysts formation. This change is usually a reactive inflammatory change.[6]
  • Infrequent ejaculations – Decreased ejaculation frequency can contribute to an accumulation of secretions within the prostate gland. As a result, the prostate may appear larger, tender, and inflamed, in addition to possible urinary disorders.[15][7]

There is limited information available on prostatic congestion, as it has been commonly associated as a side effect or complication of other conditions, such as chronic prostatitis. Due to this, there are lifestyle factors that can influence the symptoms of such conditions due to their relation to prostatic congestions. In a nationwide epidemiological survey in China, it was found that an increase in alcohol consumption was related to an increase in symptoms of discomfort or pain from their chronic prostatitis. This was due to the understanding that alcohol in circulation can exacerbate prostatic congestion, contributing to such symptoms.[16] The prostate is sensitive to alcohol, therefore, alcohol consumption can also increase how severe the congestion may be.[17] This is because acetaldehyde, a breakdown product of ethanol, can lead to vasodilation and therefore prostate congestion and cause inflammation.[15]

Signs and symptoms

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Common symptoms

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Symptoms vary depending on the cause of the prostatic congestion.[8][18]

  • Lower back, groin, or abdomen pain
  • Pain or discomfort around the penis or testicles
  • Swelling or enlargement of the prostate
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Frequent urination or nocturia
  • Dysuria – pain during urination
  • Prostate palpitations
  • Tender prostate gland

In addition to these symptoms, prostatitis can be a complication of recurrent prostatic congestion. In cases where an individual engages in minimal sexual activities resulting in reduced ejaculation frequency, there can be an accumulation of secretion leading to prostatic congestion. This can block the prostatic ducts, ultimately increasing the person's risk of developing prostatitis.[19]

Serious symptoms

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If an individual experiences the following symptoms, it is highly encouraged to seek medical attention for a proper diagnosis.[18]

  • Fever coupled with difficulty urinating
  • Loss of ability to urinate
  • Severe pain
  • Blood found in urine

Diagnosis

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A workup is an important factor for diagnosis since symptoms can vary and are patient-specific. One exam that is performed is a digital rectal examination to examine the prostate. The doctor may refer the individual to another doctor that specializes in urinary tract disease, also known as a urologist. A urologist may perform additional tests such as a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test or a bladder pressure testing. Imaging tests such as transrectal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might also be performed. Although prostatitis does not increase the risk of prostate cancer, a prostate biopsy may be performed.[20]

Treatment

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Mechanical treatments

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Varicocele sclerotherapy

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Since the testicular and prostatic veins are connected, backflow of fluid from the testicular veins can cause fluid to be backed up into the prostate. Varicocele sclerotherapy is a procedure that seals off veins that contain a lot of fluid and redirects blood flow through other veins, thereby relieving fluid backed up to the prostate. A study with 36 participants aged 40–80 was conducted, and the results were statistically significant in that varicocele sclerotherapy helps relieve pressure on the prostate, thereby relieving prostatic congestion.[4]

Minimally invasive treatments

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Although there are not many studies on this, due to expense and lack of support from healthcare systems, minimally invasive therapies include a form of heating the prostate. A needle is inserted directly into the prostate, or, a catheter, endoscope, or probe is inserted into the urethra. There are two types of heating: low energy and high energy. Low-energy heating includes using laser, microwave, or electrical methods, and high energy includes vaporization of the prostatic tissue. Vaporization usually requires anesthesia.[9]

Alternative treatments

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Massaging prostate regularly

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Physicians have recommended massaging the prostate regularly to reduce congestion in the prostate. In 1980, a study was conducted in which participants were given 10 sessions of prostate massages in 3–4 weeks and hyperplasia (enlargement of an organ) was reduced in almost all participants.[11] Massaging the prostate causes a release of accumulated fluids. This method has been historically used as a treatment for prostatitis, as prostatic congestion has been commonly associated with prostatitis.[10]

There is still limited information available on prostatic congestion treatment, however, there have been studies that combined therapies to address prostatic congestion in the presence of prostatitis. For example, the combination of antibiotics and prostatic massage was found to help relieve chronic pelvic pain syndromes in people with chronic prostatitis. This was based on the understanding that massage treatment has been previously shown to help relieve prostatic congestion.[21]

Acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese medicine

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Acupuncture combined with Chinese medicine can alleviate symptoms caused by prostate congestion and can be used as an effective treatment method for chronic prostatitis. A systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2021 used 19 randomized controlled trial studies with a total of 1831 cases to come to this conclusion. The results highlighted that acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese medicine could improve patients’ urination symptoms, alleviate pain symptoms, and overall improve quality of life. In addition, results showed that with these alternative treatments there was no increase in adverse reactions.[22]

Dietary supplements

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Saw palmetto, a phytotherapeutic agent, has been shown to reduce prostatic congestion and urinary symptoms related to benign prostate hyperplasia. The exact mechanism is unknown however it is commonly believed to work by inhibiting the enzyme 5-alpha reductase that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, its active metabolite.[23] An individual with benign prostate hyperplasia may produce an excessive amount of dihydrotestosterone. Increase in dihydrotestosterone levels can lead to enlargement of the prostate since it plays a role in the hyperplasia of the prostate stomal and epithelial cells.[24]

Exercise

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Walking or performing regular exercise for 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week can help alleviate symptoms of an enlarged prostate or acute prostatitis that can lead to congestion. It can also help prevent the development of congestion in the prostate in the future and help reduce any pain experienced due to congestion.[25]

Other

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Other treatments can include warm baths, local heat therapy with heating pads, and physical therapy. Some examples of physical therapy would be pelvic muscle exercises which strengthen and relax muscles that hold the bladder in place. Myofascial release is a trigger point release which can also help in relieving pain symptoms. This includes pressing and stretching with a warming or cooling device the muscles in the lower back and pelvic area.[26]

Clinical studies

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Medication

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Bangshil and Fortege are commonly used as an alternative form of medication called Ayurveda. When taken together, they have said to help with prostatic congestion and other symptoms experienced during urination. Bangshil tablets contain the following ingredients: Shilajit (Asphaltum), Guggul (Balsamodendron Mukul), Svarnamakshika Bhasma (Ferri sulphuratum), Kasis (Ferr: sulphas),Vanslochan (Bambusa arundinaecia), Bang Bhasma (Tin Bhasma), Sandalwood oil, Chandraprabha Co. Some of the ingredients found in Bangshil are thought to have antibacterial properties to help keep the prostate free of infection. Fortege tablets contain the following ingredients: Kamboji (Breynia patens), Kuuncha beej (Mucuna pruriens), Suddha Kachura (Stryclmos yuxvQmica), Samudra Sesh Beej (Argyria speciosa), Vardhara beej (Rourea santaloides seeds), Asan (Withania Somnifera), Vardhara mool (Rourea santaloids root). Some of the ingredients found in Fortege are thought to help strengthen the genitourinary system.[2]

Between January 1978 and June 1979, a study of 104 individuals between the ages 17–60 years old were given Bangshil and Fortege for 6 weeks where prostatic congestion resolved for 40.2% of cases, “much improved” for 42.3% of cases, “slight improvement” seen in 5.8% of cases and no improvement for 11.5% of cases. There was also improvement of symptoms such as burning urination and low back pain in most participants. The study observed these improvements for most patients in two weeks and reported absence of side effects from the treatments.[2]

References

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  1. ^ "Prostate Diseases". medlineplus.gov. 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b c Joseph MK (1980). "Bangshil and Fortege in prostatic congestion". Current Medical Practice. 24: 311–315.
  3. ^ Mo MQ, Long LL, Xie WL, Chen S, Zhang WH, Luo CQ, Deng LW (December 2014). "Sexual dysfunctions and psychological disorders associated with type IIIa chronic prostatitis: a clinical survey in China". International Urology and Nephrology. 46 (12): 2255–2261. doi:10.1007/s11255-014-0810-2. PMID 25158893. S2CID 22642788.
  4. ^ a b c d Aly ZA, El Gharib M, Hetta WM, Soliman KS (2022). "Role of varicocele sclerotherapy in the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia and its associated lower urinary tract symptoms (pilot study)". Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. 53 (1): 81. doi:10.1186/s43055-022-00758-4. ISSN 2090-4762. S2CID 247924633.
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  6. ^ a b Abdel Magied MH, Badreldin AM, Leslie SW (2022). "Cystitis Cystica". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 35881730. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
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  9. ^ a b Shrivastava A, Gupta VB (January 2012). "Various treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia: A current update". Journal of Mid-Life Health. 3 (1): 10–19. doi:10.4103/0976-7800.98811. PMC 3425142. PMID 22923974.
  10. ^ a b Khattak AS, Raison N, Hawazie A, Khan A, Brunckhorst O, Ahmed K (December 2021). "Contemporary Management of Chronic Prostatitis". Cureus. 13 (12): e20243. doi:10.7759/cureus.20243. PMC 8735884. PMID 35004057.
  11. ^ a b Paz GF, Fainman N, Homonnai ZT, Kraicer PF (1980). "The effect of massage treatment of prostatic congestion on the prostatic size and secretion of citric acid". Andrologia. 12 (1): 30–33. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.1980.tb00573.x. PMID 6155093. S2CID 35814032.
  12. ^ "Prostatic Congestion". Mens Health Handbook. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  13. ^ Liu F, Liu L, Wang Z, Chen L, Yu J, Xu X (May 2019). "The role of ethanol in the pathogenesis of non‑bacterial prostatitis". Molecular Medicine Reports. 19 (5): 3848–3854. doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.9991. PMID 30816531. S2CID 73480376.
  14. ^ Ilic D, Neuberger MM, Djulbegovic M, Dahm P, et al. (Cochrane Urology Group) (January 2013). "Screening for prostate cancer". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (1): CD004720. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004720.pub3. PMC 8406915. PMID 23440794.
  15. ^ a b Chen X, Hu C, Peng Y, Lu J, Yang NQ, Chen L, et al. (March 2016). "Association of diet and lifestyle with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and pain severity: a case-control study". Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 19 (1): 92–99. doi:10.1038/pcan.2015.57. PMID 26666410. S2CID 12493390.
  16. ^ Zhang J, Zhang X, Cai Z, Li N, Li H (2019). "The Lifetime Risk and Prognosis of Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in the Middle-Aged Chinese Males". American Journal of Men's Health. 13 (4): 1557988319865380. doi:10.1177/1557988319865380. PMC 6637838. PMID 31311396.
  17. ^ Liu F, Liu L, Wang Z, Chen L, Yu J, Xu X (May 2019). "The role of ethanol in the pathogenesis of non‑bacterial prostatitis". Molecular Medicine Reports. 19 (5): 3848–3854. doi:10.3892/mmr.2019.9991. PMID 30816531. S2CID 73480376.
  18. ^ a b "Prostatitis – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  19. ^ Ku JH, Kim SW, Paick JS (December 2005). "Epidemiologic risk factors for chronic prostatitis". International Journal of Andrology. 28 (6): 317–327. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00560.x. PMID 16300663.
  20. ^ Domingue GJ, Hellstrom WJ (October 1998). "Prostatitis". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 11 (4): 604–613. doi:10.1128/CMR.11.4.604. PMC 88899. PMID 9767058.
  21. ^ Shoskes DA, Zeitlin SI (May 1999). "Use of prostatic massage in combination with antibiotics in the treatment of chronic prostatitis". Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 2 (3): 159–162. doi:10.1038/sj.pcan.4500308. PMID 12496826. S2CID 24635506.
  22. ^ Li C, Xu L, Lin X, Li Q, Ye P, Wu L, et al. (December 2021). "Effectiveness and safety of acupuncture combined with traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of chronic prostatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Medicine. 100 (49): e28163. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000028163. PMC 8663860. PMID 34889286.
  23. ^ Gerber GS (August 2002). "Phytotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia". Current Urology Reports. 3 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1007/s11934-002-0050-3. PMID 12149159. S2CID 25252776.
  24. ^ Shin IS, Lee MY, Ha HK, Seo CS, Shin HK (April 2012). "Inhibitory effect of Yukmijihwang-tang, a traditional herbal formula against testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 12 (1): 48. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-12-48. PMC 3457905. PMID 22520510.
  25. ^ "How to Use a Fleet Enema Before a Prostate Biopsy". Healthy Living. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  26. ^ "Prostatitis: Inflammation of the Prostate". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Retrieved 2022-08-04.
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