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A private forest (also private woodland or private wood) is a forest that is not owned by municipal authorities (such as a corporate forest), church authorities or the state (e.g. a state forest or national forest). It can refer to woodland owned by a natural or juridical person or a partnership.It is the forest which is planted, nurtured or conserved in any private land.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, private forests are defined as forests owned by individuals, families, communities, private co-operatives, corporations and other business entities, religious and private educational institutions, pension or investment funds, NGOs, nature conservation associations and other private institutions.[1]

Currently, 22 percent [of the world’s forests] are privately owned.[2]

Globally, the share of publicly owned forests has decreased since 1990 and the area of forest under private ownership has increased.[2]

Categories

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In forestry terms, private forest may be divided into various sub-categories. For example, in Germany private forest is categorised by size as follows:

  • Smallest private forest (Kleinstprivatwald): below 5 hectares
  • Small private forest (Kleinprivatwald): 5 - 200 hectares
  • Medium private forest (Mittlerer Privatwald): 200 - 1,000 hectares
  • Large private forest (Großprivatwald): over 1,000 hectares which only represents about 6 percent of the forest area of the old (West German) federal states. In the former East Germany the Evangelical churches, by contrast, still own over 30,000 hectares of private forest and an important private forestry authority with its own uniform and badges.[3]

Emergence

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Private forests arise for a variety of reasons. In Europe:

  • Large private forest estates arose predominantly because mediatised territorial lordships,(e. g. those of princely families[4]) although stripped of their sovereignty, were allowed to keep almost all of their forest estates.
    For example, the forest estate of the House of Thurn and Taxis, the largest forest in Germany owned by a private person with 28,000 hectares (according to a 2012 report;[5] according to their own 2010 report: after a major sale to Adolf Merckle still had 20,000 hectares).[6] In Austria, the almost equally large Mayr-Melnhof estate but success of a middle-class merchant dynasty. The Habsburg estates were forcibly acquired and turned into federal forests.
  • Middle private forests arose (and still arise) either as a result of the division of large private forests (e. g. through inheritance division or sale), but primarily through the sale of forests
    Examples here are the nine federal states of Germany: in 1945-49 in the wake of the land reforms in East Germany, large landowners were stripped of their estates in the Soviet Zone of Occupation and the land was given to refugees and former farmers in a move known as Junkerland in Bauernhand ("princes' land into farmers' hands"). After the fall of the Berlin Wall it was decided, not the give the private forests in East Germany back to their original owners, but with the help of a trust company (Treuhandgesellschaft) to transfer them to new private owners. This resulted in plots of private land between 200 and 1,000 hectares in area.
  • Small private forests are mostly areas of farm woodland. In the 19th century the hitherto common land was divided up and given to the entitled farmers. In order to ensure a sensible division of the woodland the farmers were not usually given one plot, but several plots of varying soil quality and tillering. In regions where gavelkind applied (South Germany, Austria), the sometimes very small plots were further divided, which led to a fragmentation of the forests and makes management today impossible in places.

Distribution

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Forest ownership, by region, 2015[7]

Of the regions, Oceania, North and Central America and South America have the highest proportions of private forests.[2]

Europe

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European Union

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In the European Union (EU-28) 42% of the area is covered by forest. 60% of the European forest area is private. The share of private forest area is ranging from 13% in Bulgaria up to 98% in Portugal.[8] Almost all European private forest is small holdings, only 1% of European private forest holdings have units over 50 ha.[9]

Austria

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Forest cover approximately 40.000 km² which represent 48% of Austria. 82% of the forest area is in private ownership. Most private forest owner held small forest (under 200 hectare).[10] Traditionally, private forest owner in Austria were predominantly farmers and forest were used to cover the personal needs of wood products and occasionally to finance larger investments. Due to societal change and the associated urbanization a new group of “remote urban forest owners” have emerged. These are owners of small-scale forest, who predominately have inherited but do not manage or actively cultivate their forest. Meanwhile one third of private forest owners belong to this new group.[11]

Catalonia (North-East Spain)

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Around two thirds of total area of Catalonia (32,108 km2) is covered by forests (2,050,000 ha) and 75% of this surface are private forests. Forests ownership is scattered and with a large proportion of small properties (221,779 private states, probably more than 260,000 forest owners). The mean surface of the forest estates of Catalonia is 6.7 ha. Moreover, the 52 % of the forest estates do not exceed 1 ha, even they represent just the 2.8% of the private forest area. Just 4.75 % of the properties have more than 25 ha, although they represent the 67.25% of the global private forests and only 1.2 % of private properties are bigger than 100 ha (represent 41.5% of the total private forest area).

Some forest states are also linked to agriculture activities (actually, decreasing), apart from forest activities. Ownership, traditionally, has been passed from parents to their children. Family heritage is estimated to account for 60% of the transmissions.

There is no any concrete definition of small scale forest owners, the definition depends on many aspects. However, in Catalonia, law defines as minimum forest unit, 25 ha

Germany

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Germany has around 11.4 million hectares of woodland of which 48.0 percent is in private ownership. The state of North Rhine-Westphalia has the greatest proportion of private forest (66.8%); Hesse has the lowest proportion (24.5%).[12] In Germany there are just under 2 million private forest owners. The average size of German private woods is 3 hectares. Only 13% of private woods are over 1,000 hectares in area; 50% of the area is made of up small private forests of up to 20 hectares in area and they account for 98% of the owners. The DBU Naturerbe, with around 60,000 ha, is the largest private forest owner in Germany.[13][14] Of the churches in Germany, around 150,000 ha of forest is divided between 6,500 legal owners (parishes, abbeys, foundations, bishoprics). Even though the churches are mostly corporate bodies, the woodlands they own are considered to be private forests.[15]

Federal state Private forests up to 20 ha[16] Private forests over 20 to 50 ha[16] Private forests over 50 to 100 ha[16] Private forests over 100 to 200 ha[16] Private forests over 200 to 500 ha[16] Private forests over 500 to 1,000 ha[16] Private forests over 1,000 ha[16] Private forests total[16]
Baden-Württemberg 242,232 ha 50,628 ha 28,516 ha 19,210 ha 20,611 ha 17,510 ha 114,162 ha 492,869 ha
Bavaria 950,045 ha 159,527 ha 69,758 ha 49,359 ha 61,725 ha 49,726 ha 110,839 ha 1,450,979 ha
Brandenburg + Berlin 254,678 ha 75,021 ha 35,536 ha 31,193 ha 69,493 ha 70,678 ha 102,661 ha 668,479 ha
Hamburg + Bremen 6,725 ha - 791 ha - - - - 7,516 ha
Hesse 67,983 ha 5,999 ha 9,998 ha 18,395 ha 26,793 ha 19,595 ha 69,983 ha 218,746 ha
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 64,575 ha 16,591 ha 17,286 ha 28,115 ha 32,188 ha 19,968 ha 15,200 ha 220,646 ha
Lower Saxony 314,954 ha 98,615 ha 74,322 ha 66,339 ha 67,928 ha 29,790 ha 54,875 ha 706,823 ha
North Rhine-Westphalia 239,010 ha 59,255 ha 48,916 ha 37,780 ha 62,437 ha 37,383 ha 122,885 ha 607,666 ha
Rhineland-Palatinate 154,401 ha 5,475 ha 6,968 ha 11,349 ha 17,322 ha 11,448 ha 17.322 ha 224,284 ha
Saarland 20,370 ha 783 ha 1,175 ha 783 ha 5,484 ha 783 ha - 29,380 ha
Saxony 127,371 ha 11,362 ha 10,166 ha 9,966 ha 25,913 ha 16,544 ha 29,102 ha 240,790 ha
Saxony-Anhalt 121,064 ha 27,102 ha 12,555 ha 16,740 ha 29,394 ha 32,782 ha 25,608 ha 289,257 ha
Schleswig-Holstein 39,788 ha 4,687 ha 4,986 ha 6,881 ha 8,775 ha 9,972 ha 13,961 ha 89,050 ha
Thuringia 130,193 ha 13,984 ha 12,555 ha 12,799 ha 14,534 ha 12,607 ha 27,534 ha 239,193 ha
Germany total 2,733.389 ha 529,029 ha 333,526 ha 308,910 ha 442,597 ha 328,787 ha 704,132 ha 5,485,679 ha
  • including private forest of unknown category

Liechtenstein

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In Liechtenstein around 43% or 6,865 hectares of the country is wooded. Of that, 8% is in private hands.[17]

Slovakia

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In Slovakia over 45.1% (2.221 million ha) of total area is covered by forests. In 2017, the state owned 769 thousand ha of forest land, or 39.5% of its total area. The state forest enterprises managed 1.01 million ha of forest land, or 52.4% of its total area. The remaining area of forest land was managed by non-state forest enterprises which own and manage private, municipal, community and church forests as well as forests of agricultural cooperatives. In private ownership is 214 thousand ha of forests. According to Forestry code the owner of a forest plot or several fragmented forest plots whose aggregate area within forest unit does not exceed 50 hectares is defined as a small forest owner.[18]

Sweden

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Sweden is located in the boreal region and forests cover about half of Sweden’s habitable land area. About 80% of the forest land consists of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch. The standing volume was estimated to 3.5 billion m3 in 2018, and the annual increment exceeds yearly gross felling, and has done so since the 1950s.[19] In 2018, almost half (48%) of the productive 23.7 million hectare productive forest land was owned by about 330,000 (non-industrial) private forest owners, approximately 24% is owned by private companies, 13% was owned by state companies and the remaining 15% by other private (e.g. foundations) and public owners.[20] The forest land was divided into 234,093 forest holdings, of which 228,350 were owned by private forest owners. Private companies and the state had larger holdings than private forest owners. In 2012, the average age of private forest owners was 57 years, and 39% of the owners were women.[21] The average holding size for private owners was 34.4 hectares, but 16% of the private owners had forest holdings larger than 100 hectares.[22] Almost a third of the owners, 31%, lived in another municipality than their holdings was located in, and the average distance between the owners place of residence and his/her forest holding increased from 37.1 km in 1990 to 58.3 km in 2010. Although the number of owners living over 90 km from their holding has increased, the median distance of 2.2 km indicates that half of the owners still live within walking distance from their holding.[23]

Switzerland

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In Switzerland the forests cover 1.3 million hectare and 30 percentage of the forest area is private. 97% of the 250.000 forest owners are private with an average holding of 1.42 hectare.[24]

Sources

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 This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​, FAO, FAO.

References

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  1. ^ Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Terms and definitions (PDF). Rome: FAO. 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings. Rome: FAO. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8753en. ISBN 978-92-5-132581-0. S2CID 130116768.
  3. ^ Forstwirtschaft der östlichen evangelischen Kirchen: zwischen 1945 und 1991, Fred Ruchhöft und Kurt-Winkelmann-Stiftung, BoD – Books on Demand, 2012.
  4. ^ Even today several princely families hold the largest private forest estates in Germany: Thurn and Taxis: 20,000 hectares, Fürstenberg: 18,000 hectares, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen: 15,000 hectares, Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg: 15,000 hectares, Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg: 13,100 hectares, Oettingen-Wallerstein: 11,000 hectares, Waldburg-Zeil: 10,000 hectares and in Austria: Esterházy: 28,300 hectares, Liechtenstein: 24,000 hectares, Schwarzenberg: 23,280 hectares. Source: Wald-Prinz.de date 28 June 2014: Waldbesitzer: Wem gehört der Wald?
  5. ^ Wald-Prinz.de dated 20 July 2012: Waldbesitzer: Wem gehört der Wald?
  6. ^ Christine Mattauch on 26 December 2010 in Wirtschaftswoche: Gloria von Thurn und Taxis: "Wir sind das Land der Bedenkenträger"
  7. ^ Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings. Rome: FAO. 2020. doi:10.4060/ca8753en. ISBN 978-92-5-132581-0. S2CID 130116768.
  8. ^ EUROSTAT. "Agriculture, forestry and fishery statistics — 2014 edition".
  9. ^ Schmithüsen & Hirsch. "Private forest ownership in Europe, Geneva timber and forest study paper. UNECE, Forestry and Timber Section, Geneva, Switzerland" (PDF).
  10. ^ BMLRT. "Sustainable Forest Management in Austria, Austrian Forest Report 2015".
  11. ^ Weiss, Gerhard; Hogl, Karl; Rametsteiner, Ewald; Sekot, Walter (2007). "Privatwald in Österreich – neu entdeckt | Private forest property in Austria – newly discovered". Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen. 158 (9): 293–301. doi:10.3188/szf.2007.0293.
  12. ^ Ergebnisdatenbank der Dritten Bundeswaldinventur (2012). Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  13. ^ H. Polley, P. Hennig: Waldeigentum im Spiegel der Bundeswaldinventur. In: AFZ-Der Wald. 6/2015.
  14. ^ BMEL (publ.): Der Wald in Deutschland – Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der dritten Bundeswaldinventur. pp. 9ff. Online version (pdf; 5 MB)
  15. ^ K. Giesen: Wem gehört der deutsche Wald? In: AFZ-Der Wald. 9/2015.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Results database of the Dritten Bundeswaldinventur (2012). Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  17. ^ Amt für Wald, Natur und Landschaft des Fürstentums Liechtenstein: Landeswaldinventar 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  18. ^ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. "Report on the Forest Sector of the Slovak republic 2017 - Green Report 2018".
  19. ^ Skogstyrelsen 2014. Skogsstatistisk årsbok 2014, Swedish Statistical Yearbook of Forestry (PDF). ISBN 978-91-87535-05-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ "Swedish Forest Agency, database".
  21. ^ Westin, K.; Eriksson, L.; Lidestav, G.; Karppinen, H.; Haugen, K.; Nordlund, A. (2017). Keskitalo, C. (ed.). "Individual forest owners in context". Globalisation and Change in Forest Ownership and Forest Use. Natural Resource Management in Transition. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57116-8. ISBN 978-1-137-57115-1.
  22. ^ Lidestav, G., Thellbro, C, Sandström, P., Lind, T., Holm, E., Olsson, O., Westin, K., Karppinen, H. & Ficko, A. (2017). Keskitalo, C. (ed.). "Interactions between forest owners and their forests". Globalisation and Change in Forest Ownership and Forest Use. Natural Resource Management in Transition. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-57116-8. ISBN 978-1-137-57115-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Haugen, K., Karlsson, S. & Westin, K. (2016). "New forest owners: Change and continuity in the characteristics of Swedish non-industrial private forest owners (NIPF owners) 1990-2010". Small-Scale-Forestry. 15 (4): 533–550. Bibcode:2016SSFor..15..533H. doi:10.1007/s11842-016-9338-x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU). "Waldbericht 2015".

Literature

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  • Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft (BMEL, publ.): Der Wald in Deutschland – Ausgewählte Ergebnisse der dritten Bundeswaldinventur. Berlin, 2014. (Online version, pdf; 5 MB)
  • Hans Leibundgut: Waldbau im Privatwald. Anregungen und Hinweise zu erfolgreicher Waldpflege für den Waldbesitzer. Haupt, Bern/ Stuttgart, 1989, ISBN 3-258-04082-6.
  • Jochen Berlit: Betriebskonzept zur Bewirtschaftung eines Privatwaldes. (= Taxationspraxis: F, Forstwirtschaft. Band 14). Sachverständigen-Kuratorium für Landwirtschaft, Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Landespflege, Weinbau, Binnenfischerei, Pferdehaltung. SVK-Verlag, Erndtebrück, 1996, ISBN 3-89061-106-0.
  • Ulrich Schraml, Karl-Reinhard Volz (eds.): Urbane Waldbesitzer. Studien zur Beratung und Betreuung im nichtbäuerlichen Kleinprivatwald. (= Freiburger Schriften zur Forst- und Umweltpolitik. Vol. 1). Kessel, Remagen-Oberwinter, 2003, ISBN 3-935638-27-2.
  • Karl-Reinhard Volz: Wem gehört eigentlich der Wald? In: er Bürger im Staat. 1, 2001, pp. 51ff. Der deutsche Wald. (Online-Version; pdf; 3.6 MB)
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