Portrait of Margaret van Eyck

Portrait of Margaret van Eyck, 41.2cm x 34.6 cm

Portrait of Margaret van Eyck (or Margaret, the Artist's Wife) is a 1439 oil on wood painting by the Early Netherlandish master Jan van Eyck. It is one of the latest of his surviving paintings, and one of the earliest European artworks to depict a painter's spouse. Completed when Margaret van Eyck was around 34, it was hung until the early 18th century in the Bruges Chapel of the Guild of Painters.

Art historians believe it was once a pendant (diptych) panel for Jan's likely self-portrait in the National Gallery, London. Margaret's portrait is in the collection of the Groeningemuseum in Bruges, Belgium.

Description

Margaret is shown in three-quarter view, that is her body almost directly facing the viewer but not quite. She is set against a flat black and featureless background, wearing an elegant red woolen gown with grey fur lining (in the medieval period fur often represented female sexuality), probably from squirrel, in the neck and cuffs. Her horned wimple is decorated with multiple layers of crimped linen. Her left eye shows evidence of a squint, a feature unusually evident in northern Europeans of the era. The painter has taken a number of liberties with representation to accentuate the features of his wife. Her head is out of proportion to her body, and her forehead unusually and fashionably high, a device which allows the artist to concentrate on the facial features of his wife. In addition, the geometric pattern formed by her head-dress, arms and the V of her neck-line allows her face to dominate the image.

Van Eyck died within two years of this work. He inscribed plates on the top and ends of the frame in Greek lettering with the words, My husband Johannes completed me in the year 1439 on 17 June, at the age of 33. As I can. "As I can" (ALS ICH KAN) was something of a personal motto and motif for van Eyck, as well as a pun on his surname. It can be found inscribed on several of his religious paintings, though on only two portraits.

Background

Portrait of a Man (Self Portrait?), 25.5 × 19cm, 1433. National Gallery, London

The reasons for the painting's commissioning are unknown but appears that it was created for private rather than public viewing given the sitter's unidealised representation and her direct but plaintive gaze towards the viewer, which creates an intimate, informal atmosphere. It was probably intended to mark an occasion; maybe to commemorate the couple's anniversary, or her birthday.

Jan and Margaret likely married around 1432–33, soon after his move to Bruges - she is not mentioned before he relocated, and their first child is recorded as born in 1434. Very little is known of Margaret, even her maiden name is lost. The surviving contemporary records refer to her as Damoiselle Marguierite. She is thought to have been of aristocratic birth, though from the lower nobility, evidenced from her clothes in this portrait which are fashionable but not of the sumptuousness worn by the bride in van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait. The fabrics and colours worn by people of the 15th century were informally regulated by their social position; for example, black, an expensive dye, could only be worn by the upper reaches of society. Although the widow of a renowned painter and diplomat, Margaret was only given a modest pension by the city of Bruges after Jan's death.

Attribution

Although the Early Netherlandish painters are highly regarded today, they were almost forgotten by the early 1800s. This work was not rediscovered until the late 18th century when it was found for sale in a Belgian fish market, although accounts differ. As with most of the rediscovered works of its era, it underwent a number of attributions before a broad consensus on its origin was formed. The portrait is still in its original frame and is in very good condition with the colours and paint well preserved. It was cleaned and restored by the National Gallery, London in 1998.

Many early collectors and later art historians speculated that it might have once formed half of a diptych. It was paired as a pendant for a time with a self-portrait by van Eyck when two of his works were acquired by the chapel of the Guild of Saint Luke before 1769. Some critics, when supporting the theory of a diptych, mention a now-lost male portrait known to be similar to his Portrait of a Man, now in the National Gallery, London. A third painting is suspected, but not known, to be a portrait of Margaret: the 1436 Lucca Madonna. However, art historian Max Friedländer warned against assumptions based on facial resemblance, believing that artists of the time may have projected the likeness of the women in their lives onto female subjects in their religious work.

References

Sources

• Borchert, Till-Holger. "Margaret van Eyck", in Van Eyck to Durer. London: Thames & Hudson, 2011. ISBN 978-0-500-23883-7
• Campbell, Lorne. The Fifteenth-Century Netherlandish Paintings. London, National Gallery. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-300-07701-7
• Harbison, Craig. Jan van Eyck: The Play of Realism. Reaktion Books, 1997. ISBN 0-948462-79-5
• Benton, Janetta Rebold. "Materials, Methods, and Masterpieces of Medieval Art". Praeger, 2009. ISBN 0-275-99418-X
• Smith, Jeffrey Chipps. The Northern Renaissance. London: Phaidon Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7148-3867-5
• Van Der Elst, Joseph. The Last Flowering of the Middle Ages. Kessinger Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-4191-3806-5
• Van Buren, Anne H. Illuminating Fashion: Dress in the Art of Medieval France and the Netherlands, 1325-1515. New York: Morgan Library & Museum, 2011. ISBN 978-1-9048-3290-4