Portal:Viruses/Selected article/20

Rabies is a disease of humans and some other mammals, generally caused by the rabies virus, an RNA virus in the Rhabdoviridae family. A few cases have involved the closely related Australian bat lyssavirus. Rabies virus has a wide host range. Globally, dogs are the main source of human infections, with bats being important in the Americas; other naturally infected animals include monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle, horses, wolves, coyotes, cats, mongooses, bears, groundhogs, weasels and other carnivores. Transmission is commonly via saliva, usually but not always from bites; it can potentially occur via aerosols contacting mucous membranes. The typical human incubation period is 1–3 months. The neurotropic virus travels along neural pathways into the CNS and brain, where it causes meningoencephalitis. Nonspecific symptoms such as fever and headache are followed by neurological symptoms, including partial paralysis, confusion, agitation, paranoia, hallucinations and sometimes hydrophobia, which progress to delirium, coma and death. Around 17,400 people died from rabies in 2015, mainly in Asia and Africa.

Rabies is mentioned in the Codex of Eshnunna of around 1930 BC. The first vaccine was developed in 1885 by Louis Pasteur and Émile Roux. Prophylactic vaccination is used in people at high risk, pets and wild animals. Post-exposure prophylaxis, including vaccine and immunoglobulin, is completely effective if begun immediately after exposure, but survival is extremely rare once symptoms have begun.