Porga of Croatia
| Porga | |
|---|---|
| Ruler of the Croats | |
| Reign | First half of the 7th century |
| Religion | Christianity |
Porga (Greek: Ποργά) or Porin (Greek: Πορίνος), was an early ruler of the Duchy of Croatia during which rule the Croats were baptized. He succeeded his father as the archon of Croats, who ruled when the Croats successfully fought the Avars during the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius (610–641).
Etymology
[edit]Early scholars like Henry Hoyle Howorth believed that Porga was the son of one of the five brothers of White Croats who had left White Croatia. They noted that the name was uncommon and probably not of Slavic origin.[1] Slovak historian Pavel Jozef Šafárik compared the name to Purgas, which was the name of a Mordvins chief mentioned in 1229. Howorth considered that the Croats were subject to "alien princes, perhaps of Avar descent".[1] Franjo Rački considered that Porga could have been a foreign transcription of the Slavic name Borko.[2][3] Vladimir Mažuranić noted that it was a genuine personal name which was attested in medieval Kingdom of Croatia at least since 12th as well Banate and Kingdom of Bosnia since 13th century in the form of Porug (Porugh de genere Boić, nobilis de Tetachich near terrae Mogorovich), Poruga, Porča, Purća / Purča, and Purđa (vir nobilis nomine Purthio quondam Streimiri).[4]
Recently, Serbian linguist Aleksandar Loma and historian Tibor Živković also argued that the name comes from the Iranian phrase pouru-gâo, translated as "rich in cattle".[5][6][7] Croatian historian and archaeologist Ante Milošević proposed a new thesis, that the differences in names in chapters 30 and 31 of De Administrando Imperio are due to differences in the folk tradition. According to Milošević, chapter 30 resembles the tradition of the Longobards, whose first legendary rulers – Godin, Peron, and Klafon – were not actual historical figures, but deities equivalent to Norse Odin and Balto-Slavic Perun. In chapter 30, Porin – like Longobard Peron, although probably intended as Porga – wasn't an actual ruler name, but the Slavic deity Perun.[8][9] Hence, Porin and Porga were two different variants of the deity Perun, and not one or two names of separate historical rulers.[10] The thesis was subsequently supported by Denis J. Alimov, who noted that the name of 13th-century Mordvin chief Purgas derives from the deity of thunder Purgin, as well in the 10th-century Kievan Rus Perun became the supreme deity associated with the ruler.[10]
History
[edit]De Administrando Imperio
[edit]According to Constantine VII (r. 913 to 959) in De Administrando Imperio Porga was baptized during the reign of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641) Chapter 30, 2.10, says, "From that time they remained independent and autonomous, and they requested holy baptism from Rome, so bishops were sent to baptize them in the time of their archon Πορίνου (Porinou)".[11] Chapter 31, 1.3-1.4, says, "These same Romani were expelled by the Avars in the days of this same emperor of the Romaioi Heraclius, and their countries were left desolate. Now, by the command of the Emperor Heraclius, these same Croats fought and expelled the Avars from those parts, and, by mandate of Heraclius the emperor they settled down in that same country of the Avars, where they now dwell. These same Croats had the father of Ποργα (Porga) for their archon at that time",[12] and, 1.5, "The Emperor Heraclius ordered and brought priests from Rome, and made of them an archbishop and a bishop and presbyters and deacons, and baptized the Croats; at that time these Croats had Porga for their archon."[13]
Dates
[edit]Živković pointed out that Porga could not be Borna (r. 810–821) or Branimir (879–892), with whom the older generation of scholars have tried to identify him.[14] The change of noble personal names, which shifted from Iranian (or another language of different origin) to Slavic, simply could not have happened in a mere few generations.[15] As such, the time of the White Croat conquest of the Avars is estimated to be during the 7th, and not 9th, century.[15] Missing the chronology, the early scholar Henry Hoyle Howorth believed that Porga was the son of one of the five brothers mentioned in chapter 30 who had left White Croatia. Working on that assumption, Croatian historian Ivo Omrčanin believed that Porga would have ruled in ca. 660–680, while his father would have ruled ca. 635–660.[16] Serbian historian Tibor Živković noted therefore that since the earliest possible date of Croat arrival would have been ca. 630,[17] the baptism had to be before 638, while Heraclius was still on good terms with the pope. However, that would mean that the Croats had two archons at the time of Heraclius, and would rule for six or seven years, which is unlikely.[17] Živković, based on De Administrando Imperio, thinks that the Croats' baptism is connected to Constans II (r. 641–668), as the event that distinguishes the father of Porga (Heraclius I) from Porga (Heraclius Constantine).[18]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, JSTOR (Organization) (1878). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 7. p. 331.
Their prince at this time was named Porga, the son of one of the five brothers already named. Porga is a curious and uncommon name, apparently not Slavic ; and Schafarik compares it with Purgas, the name of a Mordwin chief mentioned in the year 1228 (op. cit., ii, 280, note), a fact which makes it probable that the Croats were at this time subject to alien princes, perhaps of Avar descent.
- ^ Franjo Rački, Documenta historiae Croaticae periodum antiaquam illustrantia, p. 291
- ^ Živković 2012, pp. 114–115.
- ^ Mažuranić, Vladimir (1908–1922). Prinosi za hrvatski pravno-povijesni rječnik [Contributions to the Croatian legal-historical dictionary]. JAZU. pp. 89, 253, 942, 1007, 1010, 1029, 1197, 1619.
- ^ Dvornik 1962, p. 124.
- ^ Loma, Aleksandar (1999). "Serbisches und kroatisches Sprachgut bei Konstantin Porphyrogennetos". Зборник радова Византолошког института (in German) (38). Vizantološki institut SANU: 122.
- ^ Živković 2012, p. 54.
- ^ Milošević, Ante (2013). "Tko je Porin iz 30. glave De administrando imperio?" [Who is Porin in the 30th chapter of De Administrando imperio?]. Starohrvatska Prosvjeta (in Croatian). III (40). Split: Museum of Croatian Archaeological Monuments. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
- ^ Igor Brešan (8 August 2014). "Dr. Ante Milošević: Porin nije povijesna ličnost! On je bog, a ne knez!" [Dr. Ante Milošević: Porin isn't historical figure! He is a god, not knez!]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ a b Budak 2018, pp. 95.
- ^ Živković 2012, p. 140.
- ^ Živković 2012, p. 49, 54.
- ^ Živković 2012, p. 56.
- ^ Živković 2012, pp. 54, 142–143.
- ^ a b Živković 2012, p. 55.
- ^ Ivo Omrčanin (1972). Diplomatic and political history of Croatia. Dorrance. pp. 247–. ISBN 9780805916041.
- ^ a b Živković 2012, p. 59.
- ^ Živković 2012, p. 60-61.
Sources
[edit]- Budak, Neven (2018). Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100 [Croatian history from 550 until 1100]. Leykam international. pp. 86–118. ISBN 978-953-340-061-7.
- Francis Dvornik; Romilly Jenkins; Bernard Lewis; Gyula Moravcsik; Dimitri Obolensky; Steven Runciman (1962). Jenkins, Romilly (ed.). De Administrando Imperio: Volume II Commentary. London: The Athlone Press, University of London. ISBN 9780884020219.
- Constantine Porphyregonitus (1967) [1949]. Moravcsik, Gyula (ed.). De Administrando Imperio. R.J.H. Jenkins transl. (2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9780884020219.
- Živković, Tibor (2012). De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source. Belgrade: The Institute of History.