Polychrome brickwork

Polychrome brickwork is a style of architectural brickwork in which bricks of different colours are used to create decorative patterns or highlight architectural features in the walls of a building. Historically it was used in the late Gothic period in Europe, and the Tudor period in England. This style was revived in Britain in the 1850s as a feature of Gothic Revival architecture. Later, in the 19th century and into the early 20th century it was adopted in various forms in Europe for all manner of buildings such as French eclectic villas, Dutch row houses, and German railway stations, and as far away as Melbourne, Australia, where the technique reached heights of popularity and elaboration in the 1880s.

Beginnings in the British Gothic Revival

The revival of polychrome brickwork is generally thought to have been instigated by British critic and architectural theorist John Ruskin, in his 1849 book The Seven Lamps of Architecture, where he lauded not only Medieval and Gothic architecture as 'truer' than the Classical, but also the ‘honest’ medieval use of materials as both structure and decoration, above the use of applied colours or veneered materials. He gave as examples Tuscan and Venetian Romanesque and Gothic buildings such as the Doge's Palace in Venice, which has a facade of white stone and pink marble in a diaper pattern (which is in fact a veneer). Other theorists and architects at the same time were also exploring the medieval use of materials in this way, later described as ‘constructional polychromy’.^[1] While some designers had already used more than one colour of brick, William Butterfield made lavish use of the technique in his All Saints Margaret Street, built between 1850–59, with an exterior of banded and diaper patterned brickwork in black and cream on a red brick background.^[2] Butterfield went on to use polychrome brick in more projects, and other architects also adopted the new technique at the same time. For example George Edmund Street used black bricks on a red background in his 1858–61 St James the Less in Pimlico, considered one of his finest designs, and George Gilbert Scott used black brick stripes on a red background on the Sandbach Literary Institute in 1857.

The use of coloured brick effects became quite popular in Gothic Revival across the United Kingdom, often in combination with stone, usually with far less elaboration that Butterfield. Some architects in the 1870s-80s were more enthusiastic, such as in the work of Watson Fothergill in Nottingham, and in Bristol in the 1860s-80s it was often used is what is now known as 'Bristol Byzantine' style, for instance the 1869 Welsh Back Granary.

Use in Europe

Polychrome brickwork also became popular in Europe in the later 19th century as part of the various medieval and Romanesque revivals. In France, the Menier Chocolate Factory in Noisiel, designed by Jules Saulnier and completed in 1872, is an early and very elaborate example, which is also noted for its early use of iron structure. Later, the use of two tone brickwork was popular in eclectic picturesque villas, as well as other building types. Examples, again usually restrained use of two colours, can also be found in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany 'Gründerzeit' style buildings sometimes employed decorative brick.

Use in Australasia

In Australia, the first use of polychrome brickwork is generally attributed to architect Joseph Reed's Independent Church (now St Michaels) in Melbourne's Collins Street, completed in 1866, closely followed by St Jude's Church, Carlton. Crouch & Wilson followed with early examples such as the Victorian College for the Deaf. The style became immensely popular in Melbourne and is featured in many of the terrace houses from the 1870s and 1880s. Crouch & Wilson and Percy Oakden soon also employed it on church design, while Reed also applied it on houses, notably the Rippon Lea Estate. Following Crouch & Wilson's award winning primary school design Henry R. Bastow templated it and as a result majority of the State Schools in his commission during the 1870s-80s were in the gothic style with at least two colours.^[3]

Rare examples of its use can be found in elsewhere, however it is most prevalent in the Architecture of Melbourne, where it began, and where it became increasingly popular, reaching a peak in the boom years of the 1880s when it was used extensively on all manner of buildings from terrace houses to villas, from shops to factories.

Lisburn House, Dunedin (1865) by Mason and Wales
All Saints' Church, Dunedin (1865) by Mason and Wales
St Michael's Uniting Church, Melbourne (1866) by Joseph Reed
St Jude's Church, Carlton Melbourne (1866) by Reed & Barnes
Victorian College for the Deaf, Melbourne (1866) by Crouch & Wilson
Ripponlea Estate, Elsternwick, Melbourne Victoria (1868) by Joseph Reed
Tortola House, Adelaide (1868)
Chinese Mission Church, Little Collins Street, Melbourne, Crouch & Wilson, 1872
Methodist Church, Sydney Road, Melbourne, Percy Oakden, 1872
Yorkshire Brewery, Collingwood, Melbourne, James Wood 1876
St Kilda Parish Mission Church, St Kilda, Melbourne 1877
Bishop's Building, Trinity College, University of Melbourne (1878)
Terrace House, North Fitzroy, Melbourne (c1880s)
St Kilda Park Primary School, Melbourne (1882)
Holcombe Terrace, Drummond Street, Carlton, Melbourne Victoria (c1884) by Norman Hitchcock
Windsor Station, Melbourne (1885-1886)
St George's Presbyterian, Melbourne (1886)
Coop's Shot Tower, Melbourne (1887)
1-8 Fishley Street, South Melbourne, Victoria (c1887)
Uniting Church St Kilda East Melbourne (1888)
Beswicke Buildings, Fitzroy, Melbourne Victoria (1888) by John Beswicke
Royal Terrace. Charles Street, Abbotsford, Melbourne Victoria (c1889)
Hopetoun Terrace, 1 -11 Elm Place, Windsor, Melbourne Victoria (1890)
Denton Hat Mills, Abbotsford, Melbourne, Victoria (c1890) by William Pitt
Old Museum Building, Brisbane (c1891) by George Henry Male Addison
132-142 and 144-148 Victoria Street Auburn, Melbourne (c1891) by John Beswicke
Former Mount Cook Police Station, Wellington New Zealand (1894)
Spotswood Pumping Station, Melbourne (1897)
Ardmore terrace houses, Fremantle, Western Australia (c. 1898)
Villa Maria Hostel, Brisbane, Queensland (1927)
St. Ignatius Loyola Church, Toowong Brisbane (1929) by John Francis (Jack) Hennessy

Examples

Notable examples of its application include:

Historic examples

Santa Maria e San Donato, Murano, Veneto, Italy, 12th Century
Château de Blois, main front Louis XII wing, Loire Valley France
Fulham Palace, London, late 15th century, all walls in diaper pattern black brick on red brick.
The Vynne, Hampshire, late 16th century.

Nineteenth Century

Great Britain and Ireland

Sandbach Literary Institution, George Gilbert Scott, 1857
St James the Less, Pimlico, George Edmond Street, 1861
House, 24 Cornhill Market, Banbury, UK, William Wilkinson, 1866
Granary, Welsh Back, Bristol, 1869 by Archibald Ponton and William Venn Gough
Midland Hotel at St Pancras railway station (1866–76)
Keble College, Oxford (1870)
Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter (1868)
St Augustine's, Queen's Gate, London (1865)
Naas Presbyterian Church (1868)
Exeter School (1878)
Mageough Home (1878)
Templeton carpet factory, Glasgow (1889–92)
Offices, George Street, Nottingham, Watson Fothergills, 1895

Europe

Reuss Stables, Greiz, 1870
Menier Chocolate Factory, Noisiel, designed by Jules Saulnier, 1872
Water tower, Gutenbergstrasse, Krefeld, 1872–77
Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory (now Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research), Emanuel Spieker, 1879
Maison Le Castel, Vichy, 1893
Villa mon Plesir, Vichy, France, 1894
Luisenhaus, Gesundbrunnen, Berlin, 1893
Maurice Bisschops house, Avenue de la Couronne, Brussels, 1895
Villa Germaine, Avenue Palmerston 24, Brussels, 1897
Grand Market Hall, Budapest, 1897