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Calamus (palm)

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Calamus
Calamus gibbsianus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Family: Arecaceae
Subfamily: Calamoideae
Tribe: Calameae
Genus: Calamus
L.
Species

Numerous, see text

Synonyms[1]
  • Calospatha Becc.
  • Ceratolobus Blume ex Schult. & Schult.f.
  • Cornera Furtado
  • Daemonorops Blume
  • Palmijuncus Rumph. ex Kuntze
  • Pogonotium J.Dransf.
  • Retispatha J.Dransf.
  • Rotang Adans.
  • Rotanga Boehm.
  • Schizospatha Furtado
  • Zalaccella Becc.

Calamus is a genus of flowering plants in the palm family Arecaceae that is one of several genera known as rattan palms. There are an estimated 400 species in this genus, all native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia.[2][3][4]

Description

[edit]

They are dioecious,[5] mostly leaf-climbing lianas with slender, reedy stems. To aid scrambling some species have evolved hooks on the underside of the midrib, or more commonly by modified "pinnae" or tendrils in the form of stout, backward-pointing spines. These stems may grow to lengths of 200 metres.[6][7]

The fruits of certain species, in particular Calamus draco, produce a red resin known as "Dragon's blood".[8]

Species

[edit]

As of April 2022, Plants of the World Online recognises 415 species:[1]

  1. Calamus acamptostachys (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  2. Calamus acanthochlamys J.Dransf.
  3. Calamus acanthophyllus Becc.
  4. Calamus acanthospathus Griff.
  5. Calamus acaulis A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
  6. Calamus adspersus Blume
  7. Calamus aidae Fernando
  8. Calamus albidus L.X.Guo & A.J.Hend.
  9. Calamus altiscandens Burret
  10. Calamus andamanicus Kurz
  11. Calamus anomalus Burret
  12. Calamus applanatus (A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung) A.J.Hend.
  13. Calamus arborescens Griff.
  14. Calamus aruensis Becc.
  15. Calamus arugda Becc.
  16. Calamus ashtonii J.Dransf.
  17. Calamus asperrimus Blume
  18. Calamus asteracanthus (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  19. Calamus ater (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  20. Calamus australis Mart.
  21. Calamus axillaris Becc.
  22. Calamus bacularis Becc.
  23. Calamus badius J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  24. Calamus baiyerensis W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  25. Calamus balerensis Fernando
  26. Calamus balingensis Furtado
  27. Calamus banggiensis (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  28. Calamus bankae W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  29. Calamus baratangensis Renuka & Vijayak.
  30. Calamus barbatus Zipp. ex Blume
  31. Calamus barfodii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  32. Calamus barisanensis A.J.Hend.
  33. Calamus batanensis (Becc.) Baja-Lapis
  34. Calamus beccarii A.J.Hend.
  35. Calamus bicolor Becc.
  36. Calamus billitonensis Becc. ex K.Heyne
  37. Calamus bimanifer T.Evans, Sengdala, Viengkham, Thamm. & J.Dransf.
  38. Calamus boniensis Becc. ex K.Heyne
  39. Calamus bousigonii Pierre ex Becc.
  40. Calamus brandisii Becc.
  41. Calamus brevicaulis (A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung) W.J.Baker
  42. Calamus brevissimus A.J.Hend.
  43. Calamus brunneus A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  44. Calamus bulubabi W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  45. Calamus burckianus Becc.
  46. Calamus burkillianus Becc. ex Ridl.
  47. Calamus caesius Blume
  48. Calamus calapparius Mart.
  49. Calamus calciphilus A.J.Hend.
  50. Calamus calicarpus Griff.
  51. Calamus calospathus (Ridl.) W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  52. Calamus capillosus W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  53. Calamus carsicola Adorador & Fernando
  54. Calamus caryotoides A.Cunn. ex Mart.
  55. Calamus castaneus Griff.
  56. Calamus caurinus A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
  57. Calamus centralis A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
  58. Calamus ceratophorus Conrard
  59. Calamus cheirophyllus J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  60. Calamus ciliaris Blume
  61. Calamus cinereus A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  62. Calamus clivorum A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  63. Calamus cockburnii J.Dransf.
  64. Calamus compsostachys Burret
  65. Calamus comptus J.Dransf.
  66. Calamus concinnus Mart.
  67. Calamus concolor (Blume) W.J.Baker
  68. Calamus confusus (Furtado) W.J.Baker
  69. Calamus conirostris Becc.
  70. Calamus conjugatus Furtado
  71. Calamus conspectus W.J.Baker
  72. Calamus convallium J.Dransf.
  73. Calamus crassifolius J.Dransf.
  74. Calamus crinitus (Blume) Miq.
  75. Calamus cristatus (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  76. Calamus croftii J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  77. Calamus cumingianus Becc.
  78. Calamus cuthbertsonii Becc.
  79. Calamus dasyacanthus W.J.Baker, Bayton, J.Dransf. & Maturb.
  80. Calamus deerratus G.Mann & H.Wendl.
  81. Calamus delicatulus Thwaites
  82. Calamus densifloropsis A.J.Hend.
  83. Calamus densiflorus Becc.
  84. Calamus depauperatus Ridl.
  85. Calamus dianbaiensis C.F.Wei
  86. Calamus didymocarpus Warb. ex Becc.
  87. Calamus diepenhorstii Miq.
  88. Calamus digitatus Becc.
  89. Calamus dilaceratus Becc.
  90. Calamus dioicus Lour.
  91. Calamus discolor Mart.
  92. Calamus disjunctus A.J.Hend.
  93. Calamus distentus Burret
  94. Calamus divaricatus Becc.
  95. Calamus divergens A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  96. Calamus dongnaiensis Pierre ex Becc.
  97. Calamus dracunculus (Ridl.) W.J.Baker
  98. Calamus dumetosus (J.Dransf.) A.J.Hend. & Floda
  99. Calamus egregius Burret
  100. Calamus elegans Becc. ex Ridl.
  101. Calamus erectus Roxb.
  102. Calamus erinaceus (Becc.) Becc.
  103. Calamus erioacanthus Becc.
  104. Calamus erythrocarpus W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  105. Calamus essigii W.J.Baker
  106. Calamus eugenei W.J.Baker
  107. Calamus evansii A.J.Hend.
  108. Calamus exiguus A.J.Hend.
  109. Calamus exilis Griff.
  110. Calamus fertilis Becc.
  111. Calamus filipendulus Becc.
  112. Calamus filispadix Becc.
  113. Calamus fissilis A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
  114. Calamus flabellatus Becc.
  115. Calamus flagellum Griff. ex Walp.
  116. Calamus floribundus Griff.
  117. Calamus formicarius (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  118. Calamus formosanus Becc.
  119. Calamus furvus A.J.Hend.
  120. Calamus gaharuensis A.J.Hend.
  121. Calamus gajoensis A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
  122. Calamus gamblei Becc.
  123. Calamus geniculatus Griff.
  124. Calamus gibbsianus Becc.
  125. Calamus glaucescens (Blume) D.Dietr.
  126. Calamus godefroyi Becc.
  127. Calamus gonospermus Becc.
  128. Calamus goramensis A.J.Hend.
  129. Calamus gracilipes Miq.
  130. Calamus gracilis Roxb.
  131. Calamus griseus J.Dransf.
  132. Calamus guruba Buch.-Ham. ex Mart.
  133. Calamus hallierianus (Becc. ex K.Heyne) W.J.Baker
  134. Calamus harmandii Pierre ex Becc.
  135. Calamus heatubunii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  136. Calamus helferianus Kurz
  137. Calamus henryanus Becc.
  138. Calamus heteracanthopsis A.J.Hend.
  139. Calamus heteracanthus Zipp. ex Blume
  140. Calamus heteroideus Blume
  141. Calamus hirsutus (Blume) Miq.
  142. Calamus holttumii Furtado
  143. Calamus hookerianus Becc.
  144. Calamus horrens Blume
  145. Calamus hosensis A.J.Hend.
  146. Calamus hukaungensis A.J.Hend.
  147. Calamus impressus A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  148. Calamus inermis T.Anderson
  149. Calamus ingens (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  150. Calamus inops Becc. ex K.Heyne
  151. Calamus insignis Griff.
  152. Calamus insolitus A.J.Hend.
  153. Calamus insularis A.J.Hend.
  154. Calamus interruptus Becc.
  155. Calamus jacobsii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  156. Calamus javensis Blume
  157. Calamus johanis A.J.Hend.
  158. Calamus johndransfieldii W.J.Baker
  159. Calamus johnsii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  160. Calamus kampucheaensis A.J.Hend. & Hourt
  161. Calamus kandariensis Becc.
  162. Calamus karuensis Ridl.
  163. Calamus katikii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  164. Calamus kebariensis Maturb., J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  165. Calamus kinabaluensis A.J.Hend.
  166. Calamus kingianus Becc.
  167. Calamus kjellbergii Furtado
  168. Calamus klossii Ridl.
  169. Calamus kontumensis A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
  170. Calamus koordersianus Becc.
  171. Calamus kostermansii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  172. Calamus kubahensis A.J.Hend.
  173. Calamus kunstleri (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  174. Calamus lakshmanae Renuka
  175. Calamus lambirensis J.Dransf.
  176. Calamus lamprolepis (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  177. Calamus laoensis T.Evans, Sengdala, Viengkham, Thamm. & J.Dransf.
  178. Calamus lateralis A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
  179. Calamus latifolius Roxb.
  180. Calamus latus A.J.Hend.
  181. Calamus lauterbachii Becc.
  182. Calamus laxissimus Ridl.
  183. Calamus leiocaulis Becc. ex K.Heyne
  184. Calamus leloi J.Dransf.
  185. Calamus lengguanii A.J.Hend.
  186. Calamus leptopus Griff.
  187. Calamus leptospadix Griff.
  188. Calamus leptostachys Becc. ex K.Heyne
  189. Calamus lobatus A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  190. Calamus lobbianus Becc.
  191. Calamus loherianus (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  192. Calamus longibracteatus W.J.Baker
  193. Calamus longipes Griff.
  194. Calamus longipinna K.Schum. & Lauterb.
  195. Calamus longisetus Griff.
  196. Calamus longispatha Ridl.
  197. Calamus longiusculus A.J.Hend.
  198. Calamus lucysmithiae W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  199. Calamus macrochlamys Becc.
  200. Calamus macropterus Miq.
  201. Calamus macrorhynchus Burret
  202. Calamus macrosphaerion Becc.
  203. Calamus maculatus (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  204. Calamus mahanandensis S.Mondal, S.K.Basu & M.Chowdhury
  205. Calamus maiadum J.Dransf.
  206. Calamus malawaliensis J.Dransf.
  207. Calamus manan Miq.
  208. Calamus manglaensis A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  209. Calamus manillensis (Mart.) H.Wendl.
  210. Calamus marginatus (Blume) Mart. ex Walp.
  211. Calamus maturbongsii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  212. Calamus megaphyllus Becc.
  213. Calamus meghalayensis A.J.Hend.
  214. Calamus melanacanthos Mart.
  215. Calamus melanochaetes (Blume) Miq.
  216. Calamus melanochrous Burret
  217. Calamus melanoloma Mart.
  218. Calamus melanorhynchus Becc.
  219. Calamus metzianus Schltdl.
  220. Calamus micracanthus Griff.
  221. Calamus micranthus Blume
  222. Calamus microsphaerion Becc.
  223. Calamus minahassae Warb. ex Becc.
  224. Calamus minor A.J.Hend.
  225. Calamus minutus J.Dransf.
  226. Calamus mirabilis Mart.
  227. Calamus mitis Becc.
  228. Calamus modestus T.Evans & T.P.Anh
  229. Calamus mogeae J.Dransf.
  230. Calamus mollispinus (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  231. Calamus moorei (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  232. Calamus moorhousei Furtado
  233. Calamus moseleyanus Becc.
  234. Calamus moszkowskianus Becc.
  235. Calamus moti F.M.Bailey
  236. Calamus muelleri H.Wendl.
  237. Calamus multispicatus Burret
  238. Calamus muricatus Becc.
  239. Calamus myriacanthus Becc.
  240. Calamus myrianthus Becc.
  241. Calamus nagbettai R.R.Fernandez & Dey
  242. Calamus nambariensis Becc.
  243. Calamus nanduensis W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  244. Calamus nannostachys Burret
  245. Calamus nanodendron J.Dransf.
  246. Calamus nematospadix Becc.
  247. Calamus nicobaricus Becc.
  248. Calamus nielsenii J.Dransf.
  249. Calamus nitidus Mart.
  250. Calamus notabilis A.J.Hend.
  251. Calamus novae-georgii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  252. Calamus nudus W.J.Baker & S.Venter
  253. Calamus nuichuaensis A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
  254. Calamus nuralievii A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  255. Calamus obiensis A.J.Hend.
  256. Calamus oblatus (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  257. Calamus oblongus Reinw. ex Blume
  258. Calamus occidentalis Witono & J.Dransf.
  259. Calamus ochrolepis (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  260. Calamus ocreatus (A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung) W.J.Baker
  261. Calamus oligostachys T.Evans, Sengdala, Viengkham, Thamm. & J.Dransf.
  262. Calamus optimus Becc.
  263. Calamus oresbiopsis A.J.Hend.
  264. Calamus oresbius W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  265. Calamus ornatus Blume
  266. Calamus ovoideus Thwaites ex Trimen
  267. Calamus oxleyanus Teijsm. & Binn. ex Miq.
  268. Calamus oxleyoides A.J.Hend.
  269. Calamus oxycarpus Becc.
  270. Calamus oxycoccus W.J.Baker
  271. Calamus pachystemonus Thwaites
  272. Calamus padangensis Furtado
  273. Calamus pahangensis A.J.Hend.
  274. Calamus pandanosmus Furtado
  275. Calamus papuanus Becc.
  276. Calamus parutan Fernando
  277. Calamus parvulus A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  278. Calamus paspalanthus Becc.
  279. Calamus paulii J.Dransf.
  280. Calamus pedicellaris (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  281. Calamus pedicellatus Becc. ex K.Heyne
  282. Calamus penicillatus Roxb.
  283. Calamus perakensis Becc.
  284. Calamus peregrinus Furtado
  285. Calamus periacanthus (Miq.) Miq.
  286. Calamus pertenuis A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
  287. Calamus pholidostachys J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  288. Calamus pilosellus Becc.
  289. Calamus pilosissimus Becc.
  290. Calamus platyspathus Mart. ex Kunth
  291. Calamus plicatus Blume
  292. Calamus poensis Becc.
  293. Calamus pogonacanthus Becc. ex H.J.P.Winkl.
  294. Calamus pogonotium W.J.Baker
  295. Calamus poilanei Conrard
  296. Calamus politus (Fernando) W.J.Baker
  297. Calamus polycladus Burret
  298. Calamus posoanus Rustiami
  299. Calamus powlingii A.J.Hend.
  300. Calamus praetermissus J.Dransf.
  301. Calamus propinquus (Becc.) A.J.Hend.
  302. Calamus pseudoconcolor (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  303. Calamus pseudomollis Becc.
  304. Calamus pseudotenuis Becc.
  305. Calamus pseudozebrinus Burret
  306. Calamus psilocladus J.Dransf.
  307. Calamus pycnocarpus (Furtado) J.Dransf.
  308. Calamus pygmaeus Becc.
  309. Calamus quangngaiensis A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  310. Calamus radiatus Thwaites
  311. Calamus radicalis H.Wendl. & Drude
  312. Calamus radulosus Becc.
  313. Calamus reinwardtii Mart.
  314. Calamus reticulatus Burret
  315. Calamus retroflexus J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  316. Calamus rhabdocladus Burret
  317. Calamus rheedei Griff.
  318. Calamus rhomboideus Blume
  319. Calamus rhytidomus Becc.
  320. Calamus ridleyanus Becc.
  321. Calamus robinsonianus Becc.
  322. Calamus rotang L.
  323. Calamus ruber Reinw. ex Mart.
  324. Calamus rudentum Lour.
  325. Calamus rugosus Becc.
  326. Calamus rumphii Blume
  327. Calamus ruptilis (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  328. Calamus ruptiloides A.J.Hend.
  329. Calamus ruvidus Becc.
  330. Calamus sabalensis J.Dransf.
  331. Calamus salicifolius Becc.
  332. Calamus saltuensis A.J.Hend.
  333. Calamus samian Becc.
  334. Calamus sandsii Rustiami
  335. Calamus sarawakensis Becc.
  336. Calamus sashae J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  337. Calamus scabridulus Becc.
  338. Calamus scabrispathus Becc.
  339. Calamus scapiger (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  340. Calamus schistoacanthus Blume
  341. Calamus schlechteri (Burret) W.J.Baker
  342. Calamus schlechterianus Becc.
  343. Calamus scipionum Lour.
  344. Calamus scleracanthus Becc. ex K.Heyne
  345. Calamus sedens J.Dransf.
  346. Calamus senalingensis J.Dransf.
  347. Calamus septimus A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
  348. Calamus seriatus A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  349. Calamus seropakensis A.J.Hend.
  350. Calamus serpentinus (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  351. Calamus serrulatus Becc.
  352. Calamus sessiliflorus A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
  353. Calamus simplex Becc.
  354. Calamus siphonospathus Mart. ex Walp.
  355. Calamus smitinandii (J.Dransf.) A.J.Hend.
  356. Calamus sordidus J.Dransf.
  357. Calamus spanostachys W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  358. Calamus sparsiflorus (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  359. Calamus spectatissimus Furtado
  360. Calamus spiculifer J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  361. Calamus spinosus A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  362. Calamus spinulinervis Becc.
  363. Calamus spiralis A.J.Hend., N.K.Ban & N.Q.Dung
  364. Calamus suaveolens W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  365. Calamus subangulatus Miq.
  366. Calamus subsolanus A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
  367. Calamus sulawesiensis A.J.Hend.
  368. Calamus sumatranus (Becc.) A.J.Hend.
  369. Calamus superciliatus W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  370. Calamus susukensis A.J.Hend. & Rustiami
  371. Calamus symphysipus Mart. ex Walp.
  372. Calamus tadulakoensis A.J.Hend., Moh.Iqbal, Rusydi & Pitopang
  373. Calamus tambingensis A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  374. Calamus tapanensis A.J.Hend.
  375. Calamus temii T.Evans
  376. Calamus tenompokensis Furtado
  377. Calamus tenuis Roxb.
  378. Calamus tetradactyloides Burret
  379. Calamus tetradactylus Hance
  380. Calamus thwaitesii Becc.
  381. Calamus thysanolepis Hance
  382. Calamus timorensis Becc.
  383. Calamus trachycoleus Becc.
  384. Calamus trigynus A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  385. Calamus tumidus Furtado
  386. Calamus unifarius H.Wendl.
  387. Calamus unijugus (J.Dransf.) W.J.Baker
  388. Calamus ursinus (Becc.) W.J.Baker
  389. Calamus usitatus Blanco
  390. Calamus validus W.J.Baker
  391. Calamus vattayila Renuka
  392. Calamus velutinus A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  393. Calamus verticillaris Griff.
  394. Calamus vestitus Becc.
  395. Calamus vidalianus Becc.
  396. Calamus viminalis Willd.
  397. Calamus vinaceus A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  398. Calamus vinosus Becc.
  399. Calamus viridis A.J.Hend., Pitopang & Moh.Iqbal
  400. Calamus vitiensis Warb. ex Becc.
  401. Calamus walkeri Hance
  402. Calamus wanggaii W.J.Baker & J.Dransf.
  403. Calamus warayanus Adorador & Fernando
  404. Calamus warburgii K.Schum.
  405. Calamus wedaensis A.J.Hend.
  406. Calamus whitmorei J.Dransf.
  407. Calamus wightii Griff.
  408. Calamus womersleyi J.Dransf. & W.J.Baker
  409. Calamus wuliangshanensis San Y.Chen, K.L.Wang & S.J.Pei
  410. Calamus yentuensis A.J.Hend. & N.Q.Dung
  411. Calamus zebrinus Becc.
  412. Calamus zeylanicus Becc.
  413. Calamus zieckii Fernando
  414. Calamus zollingeri Becc.
  415. Calamus zonatus Becc.

Uses

[edit]

The stems may be harvested for their cores, which are used for everything from canes to furniture.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Calamus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  2. ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
  3. ^ Govaerts, Rafaël; Dransfield, John (2005). World Checklist of Palms. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. ISBN 1842460935.
  4. ^ "Calamus". Flora of China. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  5. ^ Kurian, Binoy; Hemanthakumar, A.S.; Jacob, Joemon; Noushad, Muhammad Ali; Sabu, K. K. (2018). "Rapidly evolving sex-specific sequences in Calamus travancoricus Bedd. ex. Becc. and Calamus nagbettai R.R.Fernald & Dey". Tree Genetics & Genomes. 14. doi:10.1007/s11295-017-1220-2. S2CID 3299464.
  6. ^ Dictionary of Flowering Plants and Ferns - JC Willis (1960)
  7. ^ Dransfield 1978.
  8. ^ Gibbs A; Green C; Doctor VM. (1983). "Isolation and anticoagulant properties of polysaccharides of Typha Augustata and Daemonorops species". Thromb. Res. 32 (2): 97–108. doi:10.1016/0049-3848(83)90021-X. PMID 6658717.

Bibliography

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