Plug-in hybrid car energy efficiency
The following table compares EPA's estimated out-of-pocket fuel costs and fuel economy ratings of serial production plug-in hybrid electric vehicles rated by EPA as of January 2017[update] expressed in miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpg-e),[1][2] versus the most fuel efficient gasoline-electric hybrid car, the 2016 Toyota Prius Eco (fourth generation), rated 56 mpg‑US (4.2 L/100 km; 67 mpg‑imp), and EPA's average new 2016 vehicle, which has a fuel economy of 25 mpg‑US (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg‑imp).[2][3][4] The table also shows the fuel efficiency for plug-in hybrids in all-electric mode expressed as KWh/100 mile, the metric used by EPA to rate electric cars before November 2010.[5]
| Comparison of out-of-pocket fuel costs and fuel economy for plug-in hybrid electric cars rated by EPA as of January 2017[update] with MPGe and conventional MPG(1) (as displayed in the Monroney label and the US DoE fueleconomy.gov website) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle | Year model |
Operating mode (EV range) |
EPA rated Combined fuel economy |
EPA rated city/highway fuel economy |
Fuel cost to drive 25 miles |
Annual fuel cost(1) (15,000 mi) |
Notes |
| Toyota Prius Prime[1][6] | 2017 | Electricity (25 mi) |
133 mpg-e (25 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $0.82 | $550 | The Prius Prime is the most energy-efficient vehicle with a gasoline engine in EV mode.[7] During the first 25 mi might use some gasoline.[6] The 2017 Prime has a combined gasoline/electricity rating of 78 mpg-e (city 83 mpg-e/hwy 73 mpg-e).[8] |
| Gasoline only | 54 mpg | 55 mpg/ 53 mpg |
$1.08 | ||||
| BMW i3 REx (60 A·h)[9][10] | 2014 2015 2016 |
Electricity only (72 mi) |
117 mpg-e (29 kWh/100 mi) |
97 mpg‑e (35 kW⋅h/100 mi)/ 79 mpg‑e (43 kW⋅h/100 mi) |
$0.94 | $650 | The EPA classifies the i3 REx as a series plug-in hybrid while CARB as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx). The 2014/16 i3 REx is the most fuel efficient EPA-certified current year vehicle with a gasoline engine with a combined gasoline/electricity rating of 88 mpg-e (city 97 mpg-e/hwy 79 mpg-e).[11][8] |
| Gasoline only (78 mi) |
39 mpg | 41 mpg/ 37 mpg |
$1.79 | ||||
| Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid[12] | 2014 | Electricity and gasoline (13 mi) |
115 mpg-e (29 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.03 | $650 | The 2014 Accord is the most fuel efficient plug-in hybrid in blended EV mode with a rating of 115 mpg-e. The Accord has a rating for combined EV/hybrid operation of 57 mpg-e.[13] |
| Gasoline only | 46 mpg | 47 mpg/ 46 mpg |
$1.11 | ||||
| BMW i3 REx (94 A·h)[1][14] | 2017 | Electricity only (97 mi) |
111 mpg-e (30 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $0.98 | $650 | The EPA classifies the i3 REx as a series plug-in hybrid while CARB as a range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx). The 2017 i3 REx (94 A·h) has a combined gasoline/electricity rating of 88 mpg-e (city 95 mpg-e/hwy 81 mpg-e), the highest rating among 2017 MY plug-in hybrids.[8] |
| Gasoline only (83 mi) |
35 mpg | 36 mpg/ 33 mpg |
$1.99 | ||||
| Chevrolet Volt (2nd gen)[15][16] | 2016 2017 |
Electricity only (53 mi) |
106 mpg-e (31 kWh/100 mi) |
113 mpg-e (29 kWh/100 mi)/ 99 mpg-e (34 kWh/100 mi) |
$1.01 | $650 | The 2016/17 Volt has a combined gasoline/electricity rating of 77 mpg-e (city 82 mpg-e/hwy 72 mpg-e).[8] Regular gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 42 mpg | 43 mpg/ 42 mpg |
$1.39 | ||||
| Hyundai Sonata PHEV[17] | 2016 | Electricity and gasoline (27 mi) |
99mpg-e (34 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.19 | $700 | During the first 27 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 27 mi.[17] |
| Gasoline only | 40 mpg | - | $1.28 | ||||
| Chevrolet Volt (1st gen)[18][19] | 2013 2014 2015 |
Electricity only (38 mi) |
98 mpg-e (35 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.01 | $650 | The 2013/15 Volt has a combined gasoline/electricity rating of 62 mpg-e (city 63 mpg-e/hwy 61 mpg-e).[11] Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 37 mpg | 35 mpg/ 40 mpg |
$1.21 | ||||
| Ford Fusion Energi[20] | 2017 | Electricity and gasoline (22 mi) |
97 mpg-e (35 kW-h/100 mi) |
- | $1.14 | $700 | The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 21 mi.[20] |
| Gasoline only | 42 mpg | - | $1.21 | ||||
| Toyota Prius PHV[21] | 2012 2013 2014 2015 |
Electricity and gasoline (11 mi) |
95 mpg-e (29 kWh/100 mi plus 0.2 gallons/100 mi) |
- | $1.03 | $600 | After the first 11 miles the car functions like a regular Prius hybrid The 2012/15 Prius has a combined gasoline/electricity rating of 58 mpg-e (city 59 mpg-e/hwy 56 mpg-e).[11] |
| Gasoline only | 50 mpg | 51 mpg/ 49 mpg |
$1.02 | ||||
| Chevrolet Volt[22] | 2011 2012 |
Electricity only | 94 mpg-e (36 kWh/100 mi) |
95 mpg-e (36 kWh/100 mi)/ 93 mpg-e (37 kWh/100 mi) |
$1.17 | $800 | Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 37 mpg | 35 mpg/ 40 mpg |
$1.70 | ||||
| Ford C-Max Energi[23] Ford Fusion Energi[23] |
2013 2014 2015 2016 |
Electricity and gasoline (20 mi) |
88 mpg-e (37 kWh/100 mi) |
95 mpg‑e (35 kW⋅h/100 mi)/ 81 mpg‑e (42 kW⋅h/100 mi) |
$1.25 | $750 | The Energi did not use any gasoline for the first 20 miles in EPA tests, but depending on the driving style, the car may use both gasoline and electricity during EV mode. The Energi models have a combined EV/hybrid operation rating of 51 mpg-e (city 55 mpg-e/hwy 46 mpg-e).[11] |
| Gasoline only | 38 mpg | 40 mpg/ 36 mpg |
$1.34 | ||||
| Audi A3 e-tron ultra[24] | 2016 | Electricity only (17 mi) |
86 mpg-e (38 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.37 | $900 | During the first 17 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 17 mi.[24] |
| Gasoline only | 39 mpg | - | $1.61 | ||||
| Cadillac ELR[25] | 2014 2015 |
Electricity only (37 mi) |
82 mpg-e (41 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.33 | $900 | The 2014/15 ELR has a combined gasoline/electricity rating of 54 mpg-e (city 54 mpg-e/hwy 55 mpg-e).[11] |
| Gasoline only | 33 mpg | 31 mpg/ 35 mpg |
$1.90 | ||||
| Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid[26] | 2017 | Electricity only (33 mi) |
84 mpg-e (40 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.73 | $900 | During the first 33 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 33 mi.[26] |
| Gasoline only | 32 mpg | - | $1.83 | ||||
| Audi A3 e-tron[24] | 2016 | Electricity only (16 mi) |
83 mpg-e (40 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.49 | $950 | During the first 16 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 16 mi.[24] |
| Gasoline only | 35 mpg | - | $1.79 | ||||
| BMW i8[9][27] | 2014 2015 2016 |
Electricity and gasoline (15 mi) |
76 mpg-e (43 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.77 | $1,150 | The i8 does not run on 100% electricity as it consumes 0.1 gallons per 100 mi in EV mode (all-electric range = 0 mi) The i8 has a rating for combined EV/hybrid operation of 37 mpg-e.[13] |
| Gasoline only | 28 mpg | 28 mpg/ 29 mpg |
$2.24 | ||||
| BMW 330e[28] | 2016 | Electricity and gasoline (14 mi) |
72 mpg-e (47 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.74 | $1,050 | During the first 14 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 14 mi.[28] Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 31 mpg | - | $2.02 | ||||
| Porsche 918 Spyder[9][29] | 2015 | Electricity only (12 mi) |
67 mpg-e (50 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $1.62 | $1,500 | Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 22 mpg | 20 mpg/ 24 mpg |
$2.85 | ||||
| BMW 740e iPerformance[30] | 2017 | Electricity only (14 mi) |
64 mpg-e (52 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $2.03 | $1,350 | During the first 14 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 14 mi.[30] |
| Gasoline only | 27 mpg | - | $2.48 | ||||
| BMW X5 xDrive40e[31] | 2016 | Electricity only (14 mi) |
56 mpg-e (59 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $2.23 | $1,450 | During the first 14 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 14 mi.[31] |
| Gasoline only | 24 mpg | - | $2.61 | ||||
| Mercedes-Benz S 500 e[32] | 2015 | Electricity and gasoline (14 mi) |
58 mpg-e (59 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $2.13 | $1,350 | During the first 14 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 12 mi.[32] Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 26 mpg | - | $2.41 | ||||
| Fisker Karma[33] | 2012 | Electricity only (33 mi) |
54 mpg-e (62 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $2.02 | $1,450 | Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 20 mpg | 20 mpg/ 21 mpg |
$3.14 | ||||
| Volvo XC90 T8[34] | 2016 | Electricity and gasoline (14 mi) |
53 mpg-e (58 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $2.19 | $1,400 | During the first 14 mi uses some gasoline. The actual all-electric range is between 0 to 13 mi.[34] Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 25 mpg | - | $2.51 | ||||
| Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid[35] | 2016 | Electricity and gasoline (16 mi) |
51 mpg-e (51 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $2.15 | $1,350 | The all-electric range is between 0 to 15 mi Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 25 mpg | 23 mpg/ 29 mpg |
$2.51 | ||||
| Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid[35] | 2014 2015 |
Electricity and gasoline (16 mi) |
50 mpg-e (52 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $2.18 | $1,400 | The all-electric range is between 0 to 15 mi The S E-Hybrid has a rating for combined EV/hybrid operation of 31 mpg-e.[13] |
| Gasoline only | 25 mpg | 23 mpg/ 29 mpg |
$2.51 | ||||
| Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid[9][36] | 2015 2016 |
Electricity and gasoline (14 mi) |
47 mpg-e (69 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $2.24 | $1,550 | Premium gasoline. |
| Gasoline only | 22 mpg | 21 mpg/ 24 mpg |
$2.85 | ||||
| McLaren P1[9][37] | 2014 2015 |
Electricity and gasoline (19 mi) |
18 mpg-e (25 kWh/100 mi) |
- | $3.79 | $2,200 | The P1 does not run on 100% electricity as it consumes 4.8 gallons per 100 mi in EV mode (all-electric range = 0 mi)[37] The P1 has a rating for combined EV/hybrid operation of 17 mpg-e.[13] |
| Gasoline only | 17 mpg | 16 mpg/ 20 mpg |
$3.69 | ||||
| 2016 Toyota Prius Eco (4th gen)[4] | 2016 | Gasoline-electric hybrid |
56 mpg | 58 mpg/ 53 mpg |
$0.91 | $550 | Most fuel efficient hybrid electric car.[2] |
| Ford Fusion AWD 2.0L[2][38] (Average new vehicle) |
2016 | Gasoline only | 25 mpg | 22 mpg/ 31 mpg |
$2.04 | $1,200 | Other 2016 MY cars achieving 25 mpg combined city/hwy include the Honda Accord 3.5L, Toyota Camry 3.5L and Toyota RAV4 2.5L.[2][38] |
| Notes: (1) Based on 45% highway and 55% city driving. Electricity cost of US$0.13/kWh, premium gasoline price of US$2.51 per gallon (used by the 2015 Volt, i3 REx, ELR, i8, Mercedes S500e, Karma and all Porsche models), and regular gasoline price of US$2.04 per gallon (as of 18 December 2015[update]). Conversion 1 gallon of gasoline=33.7 kWh. | |||||||
References
[edit]- ^ a b c United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2017-01-11). "Model Year 2017 Fuel Economy Guide - Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles" (PDF). fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-16. See pp. 34 - 38 for all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
- ^ a b c d e United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Model Year 2016 Fuel Economy Guide - Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles" (PDF). fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-18. See pp. 27-28 for all-electric vehicles and pp. 30-31 for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The average 2016 vehicle gets 25 mpg
- ^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-08-14). "2015 Best and Worst Fuel Economy Vehicles - (excluding electric vehicles)". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-17. See the tab "Cars excl. EVs" - The Prius c is the most fuel efficient in the compact class and the conventional Prius is the most fuel efficient in the midsize class, and both rank ahead of the most fuel efficient in any other clars.
- ^ a b U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2015 Toyota Prius, 2016 Toyota Prius and 2016 Toyota Prius Eco". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-18. The average 2016 vehicle gets 25 mpg.
- ^ "Why are the VOLT and LEAF EVs measured in Miles Per Gallon". Electric Vehicle News. 2009-08-15. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
- ^ a b United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2017-01-16). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2017 Prius Prime". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-16.
- ^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2017-01-16). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2017 Toyota Prius Prime - 2016 BMW i3 REX - 2017 BMW i3 REX (94 Amp-hour battery) - 2017 Chevrolet Volt". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-16. The Prius Prime is the most energy-efficient vehicle with a gasoline engine in EV mode (133 MPG-e).
- ^ a b c d U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2017-01-16). "Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, 2017 Model Year) Excludes EVs". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-16. Current Model Year excludes all-electric vehicles. The 2017 BMW i3 REX (94 Amp-hour battery) has a combined gas/electricity fuel economy rating of 88 mpg-e (95/81 city/hwy), the 2017 Prius Prime has a combined gas/electricity rating of 78 mpg-e (83/73 city/hwy), and the 2017 Chevrolet Volt has a combined gas/electricity rating of 77 mpg-e (82/72 city/hwy).
- ^ a b c d e United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-08-12). "Model Year 2015 Fuel Economy Guide - Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles" (PDF). fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-17. pp. 31-34
- ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-09-16). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2014/2015/2016 BMW i3 REx". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
- ^ a b c d e U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-04). "Fueleconomy.gov's Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, All Years)". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-05. Excludes all-electric vehicles. Click on the tab "Top Fuel Sippers (EPA Ratings, All Years)" - The 2013-2014 Chevrolet Volt has a combined fuel economy of 62 mpg-e, while 2016 Volt has a combined fuel economy of 77 mpg-e. The BMW i3 REx has a combined fuel economy of 88 mpg-e
- ^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2014 Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
- ^ a b c d U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (October 2014). "Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2014" (PDF). EPA. Retrieved 2014-10-12. See table 7.3 - Overall fuel economy (mpg-e), pp. 100.
- ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-09-29). "Compare Side-by-Side: 2015 BMW i3 REX, 2016 BMW i3 REX, 2017 BMW i3 REX (94 Amp-hour battery), and 2017 BMW i3 BEV (94 Amp-hour battery)". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-03-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2017/2016 Chevrolet Volt". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ^ Eric Loveday (2015-09-01). "Detailed Look At 2016 Chevrolet Volt EPA Ratings". InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
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- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2015/2016 Chevrolet Volt". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2013/2014/2015 Chevrolet Volt". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
- ^ a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-05-27). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2016/2017 Ford Fusion Energi Plug-in Hybrid". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-27.
- ^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2012/2013/2014/2015 Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
- ^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2011/2012 Chevrolet Volt". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2014-12-18.
- ^ a b U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-08-14). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2013/2015 Ford C-Max Plug-in Hybrid and 2013/2015 Ford Fusion Plug-in Hybrid". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
- ^ a b c d U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-11-27). "Compare side by side: 2016 Audi A3 e-tron ultra and 2016 Audi A3 e-tron". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-08-14). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2014/2015 Cadillac ELR". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
- ^ a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-12-06). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2017 Chrysler Pacifica Plug-in Hybrid". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-03-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2014/2015/2016 BMW i8". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ^ a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-03-18). "2016 BMW 330e". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
- ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2015 Porsche 918 Spyder". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
- ^ a b Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy and U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and (2016-09-19). "Compare Side-by-Syde - 2017 BMW 740e xDrive". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
- ^ a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "2016 BMW X5 xDrive40e". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
- ^ a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "2015 Mercedes-Benz S550e". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
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- ^ a b U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2016-03-18). "2016 Volvo XC90 AWD PHEV". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
- ^ a b U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2016/2015/2014 Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
- ^ U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2016/2015 Porsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-19.
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