Plant-induced systemic resistance
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Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a resistance mechanism in plants that is activated by infection. Its mode of action does not depend on direct killing or inhibition of the invading pathogen, but rather on increasing physical or chemical barrier of the host plant.[1] Like the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) a plant can develop defenses against an invader such as a pathogen or parasite if an infection takes place. In contrast to SAR, which is triggered by the accumulation of salicylic acid, ISR instead relies on signal transduction pathways activated by jasmonate and ethylene.[2]
Discovery
[edit]The induction of plant-induced resistance to pathogen protection was identified in 1901 and was described as the "system of acquired resistance." Subsequently, several different terms have been used, namely, "acquired physiological immunity", "resistance displacement", "plant immune function" and "induced system resistance."[3] Many forms of stimulus have been found to induce the plant to the virus, bacteria and fungi and other disease resistance including mechanical factors (dry ice damage, electromagnetic, ultraviolet, and low temperature and high temperature treatment, etc.), chemical factors (heavy metal salts, water, salicylic acid), and biological factors (fungi, bacteria, viruses, and their metabolites).[4]
Mode of action
[edit]Induced resistance of plants has 2 major modes of action: the SAR pathway and the ISR pathway. SAR can elicit a rapid local reaction, or hypersensitive response, the pathogen is limited to a small area of the site of infection. As mentioned, salicylic acid is the mode of action for the SAR pathway. ISR enhances the defense systems of the plant by jasmonic acid (JA) mode of action. Both act on the effect of the NPR-1, but SAR utilizes PR genes. It is important to note that the two mediated responses have regulatory effects on one another. As SA goes up, it can inhibit the effect of JA. There is a balance to be maintained when activating both responses.[5]
ISR responses can be mediated by rhizobacteria. This has shown to be effective against necrotrophic pathogens and insect herbivores that are sensitive to JA/ET defenses.[6] The importance of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR has been widely reported.[7][8][9]
The biological factors of plant-induced system resistance generally include two broad categories, namely classical plant-induced resistance to disease induction (PGPR) or fungi that promote plant growth (PGPF), and plant growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria (PGPR) or plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). The difference is mainly due to the fact that the latter can effectively promote plant growth and increase crop yield while causing (or increasing) plant resistance to diseases (sometimes including pests).[10]
Effects on insects
[edit]Some studies have also reported negative effects of beneficial microbes on plant-insect interactions.[11]
Applied research
[edit]To date, work on induction of plant systemic resistance has shown that inducing plant system resistance work has important implications for basic and applied research.
Induced resistance applications in melons, tobacco, bean, potato, and rice have achieved significant success. Over the past decade, the study of induced system resistance has become a very active field of research.[12]
Methods to artificially activate the ISR pathway is an active area of research.[13] The research and application of inducing plant system resistance have been encouraging but are not yet a major factor in controlling plant pathogens. Incorporation into integrated pest management programs have shown some promising results. There is research regarding defense against leaf chewing insect pests, by the activation of jasmonic acid signalling triggered by root-associated microorganisms.[14]
Some ongoing research into ISR includes (1) how to systematically improve the selection of induction factors; (2) the injury of induced factors; (3) the phenomenon of multi-effect of induced factors; (4) the effects of chemical induction factors on environmental factors; (5) Establishment of population stability of multivariate biological inducible factor. Research into ISR is driven largely by a response to pesticide use including 1) Increasing resistance by pathogens to pesticides, 2) the necessity to remove some of the more toxic pesticides from the market, 3) health and environment problems caused as an effect of pesticide use, and 4) the inability of certain pesticides to control some pathogens.[15]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Choudhary, Devendra K.; Prakash, Anil; Johri, B. N. (December 2007). "Induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants: mechanism of action". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 47 (4): 289–297. doi:10.1007/s12088-007-0054-2. PMC 3450033. PMID 23100680.
- ^ Yan, Zhinong; Reddy, M. S.; Ryu, Choong-Min; McInroy, John A.; Wilson, Mark; Kloepper, Joseph W. (December 2002). "Induced Systemic Protection Against Tomato Late Blight Elicited by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria". Phytopathology. 92 (12): 1329–1333. doi:10.1094/phyto.2002.92.12.1329. PMID 18943888.
- ^ Conrath U (July 2006). "Systemic acquired resistance". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 1 (4): 179–84. Bibcode:2006PlSiB...1..179C. doi:10.4161/psb.1.4.3221. PMC 2634024. PMID 19521483.
- ^ Walters, Dale R.; Ratsep, Jaan; Havis, Neil D. (March 2013). "Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance: challenges for the future". Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (5): 1263–1280. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert026. PMID 23386685.
- ^ Traw, M. Brian; Bergelson, Joy (1 November 2003). "Interactive Effects of Jasmonic Acid, Salicylic Acid, and Gibberellin on Induction of Trichomes in Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology. 133 (3): 1367–1375. doi:10.1104/pp.103.027086. PMC 281631. PMID 14551332.
- ^ Pieterse, Corné M.J.; Zamioudis, Christos; Berendsen, Roeland L.; Weller, David M.; Van Wees, Saskia C.M.; Bakker, Peter A.H.M. (4 August 2014). "Induced Systemic Resistance by Beneficial Microbes". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 52 (1): 347–375. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102340. hdl:1874/297859. PMID 24906124. S2CID 207551516.
- ^ Pieterse, Corné M.J.; Van Pelt, Johan A.; Van Wees, Saskia C.M.; Ton, Jurriaan; Léon-Kloosterziel, Karen M.; Keurentjes, Joost J.B.; Verhagen, Bas W.M.; Knoester, Marga; Van Der Sluis, Ientse; Bakker, Peter A.H.M.; Van Loon, L.C. (2001). "Rhizobacteria-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance: Triggering, Signalling and Expression". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 107 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1023/a:1008747926678. hdl:1874/7715. S2CID 24450948.
- ^ Siddiqui, I. A.; Shaukat, S. S. (September 2002). "Rhizobacteria-mediated Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR) in Tomato against Meloidogyne javanica". Journal of Phytopathology. 150 (8–9): 469–473. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00784.x.
- ^ Bakker, P. A. H. M.; Ran, L. X.; Pieterse, C. M. J.; van Loon, L. C. (March 2003). "Understanding the involvement of rhizobacteria-mediated induction of systemic resistance in biocontrol of plant diseases". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 25 (1): 5–9. Bibcode:2003CaJPP..25....5B. doi:10.1080/07060660309507043. hdl:1874/7767. S2CID 15977931.
- ^ Beneduzi, Anelise; Ambrosini, Adriana; Passaglia, Luciana M.P. (2012). "Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): their potential as antagonists and biocontrol agents". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 35 (4 suppl 1): 1044–1051. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572012000600020. PMC 3571425. PMID 23411488.
- ^ Pineda, Ana; Dicke, Marcel; Pieterse, Corné M.J.; Pozo, María J. (June 2013). "Beneficial microbes in a changing environment: are they always helping plants to deal with insects?". Functional Ecology. 27 (3): 574–586. Bibcode:2013FuEco..27..574P. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12050. hdl:1874/276314.
- ^ Heil, M. (1 May 2002). "Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) Against Pathogens in the Context of Induced Plant Defences". Annals of Botany. 89 (5): 503–512. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf076. PMC 4233886. PMID 12099523.
- ^ Welling, Linda L (October 2001). "Induced resistance: from the basic to the applied". Trends in Plant Science. 6 (10): 445–7. Bibcode:2001TPS.....6..445W. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02046-5. PMID 11686134.
- ^ Jung, Sabine C.; Martinez-Medina, Ainhoa; Lopez-Raez, Juan A.; Pozo, Maria J. (June 2012). "Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance and Priming of Plant Defenses". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 38 (6): 651–664. Bibcode:2012JCEco..38..651J. doi:10.1007/s10886-012-0134-6. hdl:10261/344431. PMID 22623151. S2CID 12918193.
- ^ Sadik, Tuzun; Elizabeth, Bent (2006-10-26). Multigenic and Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-23266-9.