Andinia Plan
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The Andinia Plan (Spanish: Plan Andinia) is a conspiracy theory that alleged plans to establish a Jewish state in parts of Argentina and Chile. It is partly based on historical organized Jewish migration to Argentina and proposals for a Jewish state there in the late 19th and the early 20th century.
This alleged plan has been used in Argentina as a rhetorical device by far right circles to attack Jews and Jewish institutions. In 1971 a leaflet appeared among officers in the Argentinean army under the name "Plan Andinia," which accused international Jewry and Zionists of planning to take over southern Argentina.
No evidence of a plan's actual existence has ever been brought up, making it, according to the US-based Anti-Defamation League, an example of a conspiracy theory.[1]
Jewish migration to Argentina and early Zionist plans
[edit]Starting in 1880, Argentine governments had a policy of massive immigration, and the liberal tendencies of the Roca administration were instrumental in making European Jews feel welcome.
Maurice de Hirsch sponsored the Jewish Colonization Association, initially promoted by French rabbi Zadoc Kahn, for the support of agricultural settlements, and the idea was seriously considered as an alternative to Palestine by leading Zionists. It is unclear if Theodor Herzl seriously considered this alternative plan,[2] however, these plans only included a local Jewish autonomy, rather than an independent Jewish state. The notion of a Jewish homeland, not in Palestine, but elsewhere in the world, such as a region of South America or in East Africa, eventually led to the schism of the Jewish Territorialist Organization. The actual early 20th-century Jewish settlement effort was rather focused on the other extremity of the country, Entre Ríos Province and surroundings, where it coexisted alongside other European settlements.
The Jewish population in Argentina grew and prospered in the ensuing years, though the community eventually became much more urban.
Conspiracy theory
[edit]The extreme right-wing had a strong foothold in the Argentine military, mostly through the teachings of Jordán Bruno Genta. In these circles, the Andinia Plan was sometimes assumed to be a fact, even though the Zionist movement had abandoned all plans related to Argentina decades earlier,[3] and Argentine Jewish institutions (headed by Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas) were recognized by (and conversant with) all Argentine governments, including military juntas.
Later versions of the Plan, as published in Argentine Neo-Nazi media in the 1970s, involved an alleged Israel with the intention to conquer parts of Patagonia in Argentina's south, and declare a Jewish state. This theory did not take hold in mainstream political discourse. Many Israelis tour South America, some of them immediately after their military service as a gap year experience, with Patagonia being a favored destination,[4] this is believed by conspiracy theories to be attempts to carry out the aforementioned Andinia Plan.[5] However, there are strong reasons to doubt the relationship of these facts with the materialization of a plot to make Patagonia a second Israel, of which there is no evidence according to academic studies and the facts.[6]
During the 1976–1983 dictatorship, some Jewish prisoners of the armed forces, notably Jacobo Timerman,[7][8] were tortured for information about the Andinia plan, and were asked to provide details regarding the alleged preparations of the Israel Defense Forces for the invasion of Patagonia.[9]
Timerman recalled details of the interrogation about the Plan Andinia – and his response to the absurdity of such a concept – in Preso Sin Nombre, Celda Sin Número (Prisoner without a Name, Cell without a Number).[9]
On December 27, 2011, Israeli tourist Rother Singer started an accidental fire in Torres del Paine National Park, Chilean Patagonia.[10] The fire took several days to be extinguished and burned more than 17,000 hectares (42,000 acres).[11] Singer was taken into custody by Chilean police and entered a plea in which he agreed to pay 4.8 million Chilean pesos (US$10,000) to CONAF and leave the country.[12] This caused rage amongst some Chileans, who expected a prison sentence, with some protesters gathering outside the courthouse.[13] In 2015, Chilean Supreme Court ratified the sentence.[10] This case was reported in national and international media, introducing the "Plan Andinia" concept into the common Chilean knowledge, leading that in 2012, some Chilean politicians including members of the National Congress from the Christian Democratic Party and the Party for Democracy alleged that the fire in the Chilean Patagonia was in some way connected to the Andinia plan, prompting condemnation from the ADL.[1] In a February 2017 interview, the director of CONAF Magallanes stated that according to park statistics for the past five years, Israeli tourists accounted for almost two thirds of expulsions from Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, resulting in local hostels not taking in Israeli nationals [14]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b "ADL Outraged by Anti-Semitic Conspiracies Circulating in Connection with Tragic Fire in Chilean Patagonia". Anti-Defamation League. January 5, 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
- ^ Friedman, M. (Motti) (2021). Theodor Herzl's Zionist Journey – Exodus and Return. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp.239-240
- ^ Calabrese, Frank J. (1994). The Palestine legacy: a politico-legal history, 1917–1990. UNIFO Publishers. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89111-031-6.
- ^ "Conducta espantosa de turistas israelíes « Diario y Radio U Chile". Diario y Radio U Chile (in Spanish). 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
- ^ "Cómo avanza la ocupación extranjera de la Patagonia – Rebelion". 9 August 2023.
- ^ "Conspiración imaginada en la Patagonia: ¿es el Plan Andinia una real amenaza? Esbozo de una respuesta histórica". December 13, 2018. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
- ^ Rein, Raanan; Davidi, Efraim (2010). "Exile of the World". Jewish Social Studies. 16 (3): 4. doi:10.2979/jewisocistud.16.3.1. S2CID 159797082.
Timerman stressed that the issue of his Judaism came up repeatedly during every interrogation, which included questions about Israeli schemes to send military forces to Argentina in order to implement the 'Andinia Plan', an apocryphal Zionist conspiracy to occupy a broad section of the Patagonian provinces in southern Argentina and establish a second Jewish state there.
- ^ Timerman 1981, pp. 29–30.
- ^ a b Timerman 1981, pp. 73–74.
- ^ a b "T13 | Tele 13". www.t13.cl. 4 August 2015.
- ^ "El israelí que causó el incendio en Torres del Paine paga 7.530 € para no ser juzgado | Noticias | elmundo.es". www.elmundo.es.
- ^ "Fiscal ante críticas por acuerdo con turista israelí: La otra opción eran 150 mil pesos". Cooperativa.cl.
- ^ "Rotem Singer: Me gustaría volver a Torres del Paine y conocer". Cooperativa.cl.
- ^ "Conaf confirma que mayoría de expulsiones de Torres del Paine corresponden a turistas israelíes". www.duna.cl.
External links
[edit]- "The Andinia Plan". Andinia.com. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- "The Andinia Plan – Articles". Andinia.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- Herzl, Theodor (2006). The Jewish State. Filiquarian. ISBN 978-1-59986-998-8.
- Timerman, Jacobo (1981). Prisoner Without A Name, Cell Without A Number. Translated by Talbot, Toby. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-51448-3.